Rock and Roll Final

6. What are some of the main influences of Heavy Metal?

-Origin of name unclear -Appears as distinct genre in 1980s -Blue-collar roots -England and L.A. -Genre that developed out of the heavier, aggressive side of 1960s and 70s rock -Key models: garage band music (like the kingsmen), early punk (like MC5), progressive psychedelic groups (iron butterfly) -Two main centers of activity are UK and Los Angeles -Origins as an underground scene, but several bands hit it big by the end of the 80s (Bon Jovi, Guns N Roses, Metallica)

5. In which decade did Queen Latifah gain prominence? p.454

1980s Solidified women in rap music Challenged images and stereotypes of black women and that women can't rap "Ladies First" w/ monie love -crossover rap simmons and rubin

57. What were some of the political issues of the 1990's in terms of challenges to the United States? How were these reflected in music?

3rd wave feminism kicked off in the 90's. It's influence can be seen in many women from the singer-songwriter movement such as Tori Amos and Sarah McLachlan. These women were the grandmothers of the #MeToo movement. Both sang very openly about issues affecting women that were once taboo to discuss such as rape and abuse. The fledgling gay rights movement also picked up pace in the 90s and the Indigo Girls wrote many songs relating to it that made it to a mainstream audience. Public Enemy saw mainstream success in the early 90's and they spoke to the black power movement. U2 was also well known for addressing poverty, disease and social injustices in general.

15. What are some trademarks of Uncle Tupelo? p.491

Alt-Country Country music blended with rock from an indie rock perspective Jeff Tweedy and Jay Farrar (friends) formed the band -musical informality -not concerned with commercial appeal -very skilled musicians and song writers

37. Where did the industrial movement stem from?

Alternative - Electronic sounds that evoke a sense of industry in metal music

29. What technology was closely aligned with the development of MTV?

American record companies were initially hesitant to produce videos for MTV because cable television was not widely available in the United States in the early 1980s Artsy, experimental videos synthesizing film and music that were used as promotions at record companies' expense. -Cable TV opened door for it -Debate over programing -Promo videos from record labels vs. experimental videos -Mostly midwestern and white audience -Record label was able to get MJ on it -Quickly rivaled FM Radio -Picked artists with strong or attractive visual appeal -Dance music was core for early stages -Music vs Video importance -VH1 targeted older audiences

19. What were Hip Hops' main stylistic elements?

An aspect of the Hip-Hop culture is the crew or posse that accompanies a rapper everywhere ■ Another frequent image is the hood ■ The culture was referred to as Hip-Hop and included rapping, break dancing, graffiti art, MC-ing and DJ-ing Sugar Hill Records was first main label then Def Jam -from New York's African American and Latino communities -Rap music - Graffiti, Break dancing, Dress, neighborhood parties, DJ's Early rap -DJ Kool Herc -Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five -Technological innovations -breaks and scratching 4 elements: DJing, MCing, Breaking, and Graf Artists MCing Turntablism/DJing B-Boying Graffiti art From NY Musical genre and cultural movement that arose in the South Bronx during the 1970s -Roots in the Jamaican Sound System tradition, via immigrants like Kool Herc

41. Have the Foo Fighters always been a mainstream band?

Started off as a more ironic and non-serious band with their music videos Became more serious in the later 2000s Heavy style oriented at the modern rock market "Rope"

7. Where did the members of KISS come from?

Stylistically they were a blues rock band Kiss is an American hard rock band from New York City, New York. Formed in 1973, the group originally featured rhythm guitarist Paul Stanley, bassist Gene Simmons, lead guitarist Ace Frehley and drummer Peter Criss, all of whom contributed to vocals.[1] The band's lineup remained stable until 1980, when Criss left on May 17.[2] He was replaced by Eric Carr later in the year.[3] Two years later Frehley also left the band, although Stanley and Simmons have claimed that he was fired due to a problem with drug and alcohol abuse.[4] With their make-up and costumes, they took on the personae of comic book-style characters: The Starchild (Stanley), The Demon (Simmons), The Spaceman or Space Ace (Frehley), and The Catman (Criss). Due to creative differences, both Criss and Frehley had departed the group by 1982. Kiss traces their roots to Wicked Lester, a New York City-based rock band led by Gene Simmons and Paul Stanley. They recorded one album, which was shelved by Epic Records, and played a handful of live shows. Simmons and Stanley, feeling a new musical direction was needed, abandoned Wicked Lester in 1972 and began forming a new group.[3][4][5] In late 1972, Simmons and Stanley came across an ad in the East Coast version of Rolling Stone placed by Peter Criss, a veteran drummer from the New York City scene who had previously played in the bands Lips and Chelsea. Simmons and Stanley met him in a nightclub where he was playing drums. After hearing Criss sing, they thought of him being in the band. Criss then auditioned for and later joined the new version of Wicked Lester. The trio focused on a much harder style of rock than Wicked Lester played. They also began experimenting with their image by wearing makeup and various outfits.[6] In November 1972, the trio played a showcase for Epic Records A&R director Don Ellis, in an effort to secure a record deal. Although the performance went well, Ellis disliked the group's image and music. In early January 1973, the group added lead guitarist Ace Frehley. Frehley impressed the group with his first audition, although he showed up wearing two different colored sneakers, one red and one orange. A few weeks after Frehley joined, Wicked Lester changed their name to Kiss.[7]

48. Is Taylor Swift mainstream? 557

Taylor and Underwood incorporated rock styles popular with mainstream audiences

56. How did the DJ's who promoted rap music evolve? Give specific names and techniques used by these people.

The DJ/MC was the most importnant component of early rap. There was no such thing as a rap "album." It was something you had to experience live. The DJ would select the songs, remove the vocals, creating dub plates, and the beats with new words were"rapped" over it called "dubs." Two well known early MCs/DJs were MC Kool (Herc) and DJ Grandmaster Flash. MC Kool Herc came to the Bronx in 1967 at age 13. He was one of the founding fathers of hip hop and introduced the Jamaican tradition of sound system parties and MCing in NYC. He was known for playing hard funk music such as James Brown and he introduced the "break." DJ Grandmaster Flash is credited as one of the first DJs to use the turn-table as an instrument with the backspin / quick mixing technique. He used punch phrasing and scratching. His style was smooth and emphasized cohesion.

59. For years, rock and roll was branded as a dangerous and rebellious music of teenagers. Recently, it seems to have been more readily accepted within our culture. Briefly explain several of the reasons for this change in attitude.

The children that were first introduced to the Rock that offended their parents are now grandparents now and even great-grandparents. With that much time having passed, this generation and those behind it have been able to witness Rock's positive role in social change. Society has moved rock from the fringes to the living room and it is now thought of as listening and dancing music. It doesn't hurt that most of those who were offended are dead or near dead and those of us left look at rock as part of the soundtracks of our lives.

55. Michael Jackson's seminal album, Thriller, is considered to be one of the most important albums/videos of the MTV generation. What did this recording allow Jackson to do that was unusual for the time? Contrast and compare Jackson's use of the music video format with that of either Madonna or Cyndi Lauper.

Thriller was unique in many ways aside from it's crazy length. He collaborated with several artists on that song and not just those in his genre. It was the first album of the MTV generation and it had spaced out songs that would appeal to various audiences. MTV initially wouldn't play it because they claimed their genre wasn't black pop. He broke that barrier and became the 1st black artist on MTV. He used the video format to show off his dancing skills and cinematic prowess as well as his musical abilities. He used extensive choreography in his videos and made famous some of his moves like the Moonwalk. He also used state of the art special effects. Rather than being too overtly political, he used cross-over to bring black and white styles together. Madonna was similar to Jackson in her use of MTV to enhance her career. Her videos were very creative and artistic like Jackson's. She also used the format to display her professional dancing skills. Unlike Jackson, her videos definitely got very controversial as her career progressed. She flaunted sexuality especially. Also unlike Jackson, she didn't write most of her music. Both stars owe a huge portion of their success to their ability to use the music video format to their advantage in every way.

44. Did Eric Clapton come back strong as an electric player in the 90's? 501

Unplugged Album, Tears in Heaven, Ballads

34. Are all rap songs Gangsta?

West coast rap was more angry/graphic and came to be known as "gangsta rap" -"Gangsta rap" ---Ice T and N.W.A West coast Rap More graphic and angry in its manner Ice-T N.W.A. : Gangsta rap group from Compton -Depiction of urban life made popular with white audiences in the midwest

4. Was Madonnas' music all glitzy, superficial dance music or did it contain deeper meaning?

Worked as a professional dancer in NYC before music industry -Earliest recordings hit big on NY dance club scene (which grew out of 1970s disco scene) -Becomes lasting global pop cultural icon during mid 1980s -Highly successful business woman as well as entertainer -3rd wave feminism (paves way for current artists like Nicki Minaj, Beyonce) -Known for being in firm control of her media persona and her career -Sex used to question gender norms -Explored boundaries of sexuality Women's rights, racial issue

30. Did rap see much success in the 2nd ½ of the 80s?

YES ■ Rap began in the South Bronx in the late 1970s ■ Rap is essentially poetry delivered over a musical background ■ It is more like speaking than singing-but is speaking in rhythm ■ Rap's roots are traced back to Jamaica and its tradition of Toasting ■ In fact both of the first rappers were from the Caribbean ■ MC Kool Herc (Jamaica) and DJ Grandmaster Flash (Barbados) toasting, scratching, sampling, and cutting ■ Soon rappers began using their turntables as a new instrument as well ■ Instead of just spinning the record they began scratching the disc back and forth, spinning it backward, repeating a short section of the record, and even using more than one turntable and a fader which controls the volume of the turntables ■ This manipulation of records quickly led to sampling where a riff or bass line from a song is extracted digitally and used as the basis for a new song Hip-hop culture -From New York's African American and Latinx communities -Several components (rap music, graffiti, break dancing, dress) -Neighborhood parties (DJs, early rap) -Technological innovations (breaks, scratching) -Founded Def Jam Recordings in New York -Popularized rap in the mainstream -LL Cool J "I can't live without my radio" '85 -Run DMC "Walk this way" 1986 -"Gangsta rap" ---Ice T and N.W.A Social criticism a. Boogie Down Productions b. Public Enemy c. Queen Latifah

32. Was the DIY attitude a feature of most Metal bands?

Yes It developed from 1970s punk it was rooted in the DIY aesthetic it was typically loud, fast, and agressive

25. Was Janet Jackson simply and imitation of her brother Michael? 416

artist that released singles and albums while regularly appearing on television series including Good Times, Diff'rent Strokes, and Fame two producers from Minneapolis? Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis (worked with Janet Jackson) Dance music 1980s -Popular artist who benefitted from MTV -Younger sister of Jackson 5 "Control" - 1986 New Jack Swing: Made popular by Janet Jackson Fusion of hip-hop, pop, and R&B Heavy use of samples Drum machines Popular in black NYC clubs

8. Who were some of the main "Hair Bands" in the 80s?

bands that used costuming which made their show important? Marketed to "blue collar" people. -Glam-influenced use of clothing, makeup, and teased hair -Power ballads Bon Jovi, Guns and Roses, Poison,Warrant, Winger, Skid Row, Def Leppard, Steel Panther -bon jovi, "livin on a prayer" '86 -guns and roses, "appetite for destruction" '87 -Glam-influenced use of clothing, makeup, teased hair -Poison "Every Rose Has Its Thorn" Power ballads

17. What were Dave Matthew Band main stylistic elements? 503

came from jam-band scene combined grass-roots touring w widespread commercial success combined: Jazz, funk, bluegrass, singer songwriter, large scale improvisation -drums, bass, sax, violin and guitar

14. What are the geographic origins of Industrial? p.484

electronic sounds that evoke a sense of industry in metal music Traced back to British bands of the 1970s Throbbing Gristle & Cabaret Voltaire and Canada's Skinny Puppy. -concept art -anti-conformity -blended electronic sources with live performances -Avant-garde -Disturbing Nine Inch Nails was the premier 90's Industrial. Downward Spiral brought it to mainstream for first time. San Francisco based composer, Trent Reznor backed by rotating studio bands. Marilyn Manson-from Florida, produced by Trent Reznor

10. Was Hardcore more or less aggressive in sound that Punk?

genre that grew out of the late 1970s punk (esp. music of the Ramones and UK punk) -raw elements of punk sound and culture -songs tend to be fairly short and simple; often with profanity -closely linked to local underground scene; release music on small independent labels -Key centers: LA, DC Twin cities -Rejects commercialism and embraces defiance- rely on independent labels and underground scene than heavy metal did -DIY, musical simplicity It developed from 1970s punk it was rooted in the DIY aesthetic it was typically loud, fast, and aggressive

Def Jam Records

hip-hop label that became even more famous and helped popularize rap music in the mainstream Formed by: Russel Simmons and Rick Rubin LL Cool J, Beastie Boys, and Public Enemy were just a few examples of artists -Founded Crossover Rap Which band was the first to utilize digital sampling to create backing tracks- Beastie Boys premiere label for hip hop Formed by college students Russell Simmons and Rick Rubin record company that released music from the leading rappers from the time like LL Cool J, the Beastie Boys, and Public Enemy

1. Which older rockers revived their careers in the 1980s? p.431

members of genesis, peter gabriel, yes, Asia and emerson, lake & palmer had hit albums with new leaner more radio friendly rock style - rolling stones and paul mccartney also released top albums

38. Is Indie rock one specific style?

no -More of a scene than a style -Continuation of 1980s college rock -Independent labels -Annual festivals show case live performances by indie bands such as South) -anti-corporate attitude, DIY, lo-fi

39. Did Indie fans generally approve if one of their bands went mainstream?

no, except for Beck

31. Is Def Leppard the first Metal band to achieve superstar status? 440

no... -Heavy metal -New wave of British heavy metal -Hair Band "Photograph" - 1983

26. Why did Duran Duran receive as much airplay as they did? 418

Because of shortage of videos for MTV part of the "second British INvasion" on MTV? commonly used a synthesizer & guitar, had dance beats, and have a "new wave" sound Dance music 1980s -British act on MTV -Synthesizer- and guitar-heavy new wave sound "Reflex" - 1983

47. Who were the Back Street Boys and *NSYNC modeled after?

Boys II Men : considered the return of motown and teen idols contained highly harmonized and polished vocal harmonies were a model for later boy bands like backstreet boys and NSYNC "End of the Road"

61. The term "bubblegum music" appeared in the late 1950's. Describe the context of the musicians who performed such music and name three artists who would be considered a part of this category.

Bubblegum music is a lighthearted and peppy genre geared toward pre-teens and younger teens. It's not going to delve into any deep lyrics or controversial topics. Some groups, such as the Jackson Five, sang a lot of Bubblegum type music and saw a good bit of success from it with songs like "ABC." Most Bubblegum artists start off as an unknown and release a few, if they're lucky, one-hit wonders. The music is produced assembly line style and is geared toward the single. An example of a one-hot wonder Bubblegum song would be "Come on Eileen" by Dexys Midnight Runners.

16. Did file sharing help the music industry in the 90s? 536-537

Caused a massive free for all of music trading and changed the relationship between the music industry and the customers Pros and Cons for Industry: -listeners gained access to more songs they wouldn't had heard before and suggesting it to friends -PTP democratized and decentralized the power of major labels placing distribution in the hands of listeners -illegal, violated copyright laws -Musicians, songwriters and record companies lost a lot of money -Groups got exposure but didnt get paid -Metallica was very outspoken and got grief for being greedy -Most important this caused large scale decline in physical media - Downloading and hosting files for peers to download makes it hard to track one single sender and receiver Napster BitTorrent Launched on June 1, 1999 -peer to peer downloading network, height in 2000 had 70 million users -Lawsuits started in 2000 (Metallica, Dr. Dre, and A&M records through RIAA) -Other artists offer public support (Public Enemy) -Shut down in 2001

18. What were Sheryl Crowes main stylistic elements?

Feel-good, guitar driven rock "feel-good" rock created for pop music market and live performances featured literal presentations of studio recording and jamming "back to basics" rock from LA style ranges from country to r&b

42. Who are the leading female singer-songwriters of the 90's? p.509

Female Singer-Songwriter movement: Tori Amos, Sara McClauglin, Lilith Fair, -Perception of authinticity -Assertive- Tori Amos & Indigo Girls -Northern Contrasts- Sarah McLahlan, Jewel, and Alanis Morissette

60. Defining form in describing music is equally important in classical music and rock and roll. In your own words, describe what exactly is "form." Support your answer by utilizing one example.

Form is the musical structure of the song. Most rock songs follow one form or another or a modified type of a form. It dictates the order of certain song elements like the introduction, the verse, and the chorus. Tori Amos uses a modified AABA form in her hit song, Crucify. The "A" sections contain a verse, a pre-chorus, a chorus, and an "after-chorus." The AABA form is popular in pop, jazz, and gospel.

12. Where are the Red Hot Chili Peppers from?

Formed 1983 in Hollywood California Influenced just as much by Funk as by Punk- especially the Bassist, Flea 2nd Album in 1985 "Freaky Styley" produced by George Clinton 1989 Mother's Milk 1991 first success Blood Sugar Sex Magik produced by Rick Rubin Innovative Videos

35. Was R.E.M highly successful?

Formed in Athens, GA in 1980 -early releases through independent labels -First mainstream hit was "The One I love", signed with Warner Brothers in 1988 -Has become one of the biggest selling bands of all time -Known for folk-rock like guitar style of Peter Buck (influence of Roger McGuinn) -Also known for political activism ○ Were an underground band for the beginning of their career which drew on diverse influences from the Byrds to Punk ○ Their career has spanned over twenty years and some things have not changed in REM's music-for example Michael Stipe always writes lyrics that are open to interpretation college rock in Athens, Georgia (still considered indie rock) main singer, Michael Stipe driving force to success Known for folk-rock like guitar style of Peter Buck (influence of Roger McGuinn) -Also known for political activism

Kool Herc p.449

Hip-Hop :Musical genre and cultural movement that arose in the South Bronx during the 1970s -Roots in the Jamaican Sound System tradition, via immigrants like Kool Herc Rap's roots are traced back to Jamaica and its tradition of Toasting ■ In fact both of the first rappers were from the Caribbean ■ MC Kool Herc (Jamaica) and DJ Grandmaster Flash (Barbados) 3 Earliest hip-hop djs : Grandmaster Flash, Kool Herc, Afrika Babaataa Coke La Rock and Clark Kent:first MC team know as Kool Herc and the Herculoids Came to the Bronx in 1967 at age 13 -One of the founding fathers of hip hop -Brought Jamaican tradition of sound system parties and MCing over breaks to NY -Known for playing hard funk records (James Brown) and for pioneering the idea of "break"

45. Do Hootie and the Blowfish reference Jakob Dylan in their songs?

Hootie (Only Wanna Be With You) and Counting Crows (Mr.Jones) both referenced BOB Dylan. They were referencing the old dylan not the new dylan- connecting classic dylan with 1990s pop. Time of rekindled interest in Dylan. In 1992 he released his first album since the 60's "Good as I been to you" LA Band The Wallflowers led by his son Jakob Dylan also gained popularity. Jakob avoided using his dads fame but the music was similar to classic dylan.

54. Bruce Springsteen has often been referred to as a working class mainstream rock and roller. First, do you agree with this assessment? If so, describe the characteristics of his style that support this. Second, if you disagree, state how you view Springsteen's style and describe the characteristics of his style that support your viewpoint.

I have always thought of Springsteen as the working class's poster boy. Born in the USA makes many references that certainly not apply to the upper classes. The working man didn't have connections to get out of the draft and when rich boys got in trouble they didn't get sent to war as punishment. There are other working class references in that song but I think the one that best demonstrates his roots is The River. He touches on so many working class issues- young unmarried couple gets pregnant, guy has to drop dreams and go work, join a union and a shot gun no frills wedding. Of course, the chorus of swimming in the river is not a swank way to spend ones time. He suffers job loss (in construction at that) due to poor economy- Seriously, it doesn't get any more working class than Bruce. He called it like he saw it, wasn't fancy about it, and he didn't care for the consequences. I think that's why he was so popular with the working class. Maybe some foreshadowing there of things to come 30 years later! ○ In the 1970s, Springsteen gained a loyal following with material like "Born to Run" ○ He writes lyrics that are a social commentary of working class America told in direct language ○ His music is powerful, has direct lyrics, and is at once straight forward and subtle Born In The USA- Vietnam Vets Dreams and disappointments of working class people, Vietnam, racism, and unemployment. Who was more comfortable on stage than in video?

28. During which decade did Harcore arise?

It developed from 1970s punk it was rooted in the DIY aesthetic it was typically loud, fast, and agressive

43. Where was the first classic rock station?

KRBE (AM), Houston was another early classic rock radio station. In 1983 program director Paul Christy designed a format which played only early album rock, from the 1960s and early 1970s, without any current music or Top 40 material at all. KRBE was the first station to use the term "classic rock" on the air.

40. What stlyes did Rage Against The Machine blend?

LA band that blended driving hard rock tone and style with mostly rapped vocals

22. What is the style of Maroon 5? 546

Mainstream Rock new Millennium good looks, personal relationships LA Mix of r&b, funk and heavier rock Adam Levine- singer songwriter "funk-rock" Later albums dropped the heavier stuff and focused on more dance music, vocals and beat based approach

58. What was the reason for groups like Marilyn Manson within the context of what was going on in society at the time? How did their music (and dress) reflect their attitude and message toward society?

Manson and some of the other extreme industrialist rockers were very anti-establishment, anti-middle class and everything that they represented in the 90's. Everything about Manson and his music was designed to basically flip off middle America. He challenged gender and social norms with is look and he sang lyrics that they would find offensive, repulsive, and even soul damning. I think his message to society was - "FU, I'm gonna do whatever I want, I dare you to try and stop me! Oh, and I'm recruiting your kids to do the same!"

27. Was Bruce Sprinsteen ever new wave?

NO Dead ahead rock and roll, not lumped with the new wavers of the 70s, NJ singer songwriter drew upon older rock traditions, Born in the USA with simple verse chorus, 2 bar melodic feature, lyrics distressed Lyrics: Dreams and disappointments of working class people, Vietnam, racism, and unemployment. Image: A hard-driving, blue-collar rock n' roller with a socially conscious 1960's romantic more comfortable on stage than in video "new traditionalist" return to rocks earlier styles with Tom Petty traditional rock and roll sound

3. Which album(s) sold better than Michael Jacksons "Thriller"?

NONE - 100 million- Produced by Quincy Jones at Epic Michael Jackson Paul McCartney Eddie Van Halen NOT: Prince 1st Album of MTV Generation Born in USA did tie for 7 top ten singles -Best selling album ever; 7 top 10 singles -Ambitious extended video -First album of MTV generation -Spaced out singles with songs for everybody

2. Which musical styles grew out of Punk? p.486

New Wave: The next phase of Punk which has all of the same characteristics, but with the inclusion of lyrics of political and social protest REM :Were an underground band for the beginning of their career which drew on diverse influences from the Byrds to Punk Indie Rock, Alternative Rock, Speed Metal, Regional Hardcore, punk-ska revival (no doubt) Grunge

20. Did digital technology improve royalties for musicians in the 90s?

No

36. Was Gwen Stefani a gospel singer? 482

No No Doubt: Formed in California Part of the punk-ska revival More fun and upbeat than rebellious "Just a Girl"

21. Did Pink avoid rock elements in her music?

No She was signed to her first record label with original R&B girl group Choice in 1995. The label, LaFace Records, only saw potential in Pink, offering her a solo deal. Choice disbanded in 1998. Pink rose as an artist with her debut solo album, Can't Take Me Home (2000). It was certified double-platinum in the United States and spawned two Billboard Hot 100 top-ten hits: "There You Go" and "Most Girls". She gained further recognition with the Moulin Rouge! soundtrack "Lady Marmalade", which gave Pink her first Grammy Award as well as her first number-one single on the Billboard Hot 100. Pink took more artistic control and pursued a pop rock direction for her second album, Missundaztood (2001). It sold more than 12 million copies worldwide and yielded three US top-ten singles, "Get the Party Started", "Don't Let Me Get Me", and "Just Like a Pill". Pink has named Madonna and Janis Joplin as her biggest musical influences.[114] In a 2000 interview with MTV, Pink said that during her childhood she used to think that she was Madonna's daughter, saying: "I've always been the type of person that followed Madonna like a lost puppy. I didn't speak to my mother for a year, because I was sure she adopted me."[115] She stated, "Madonna has always been an inspiration for me... I was a fan right from the first time I heard 'Holiday'."[116] Pink also won her first talent show singing Madonna's "Oh Father".[117] Of Janis Joplin, Pink said "She was so inspiring by singing blues music when it wasn't culturally acceptable for white women, and she wore her heart on her sleeve. She was so witty and charming and intelligent, but she also battled an ugly-duckling syndrome. I would love to play her in a movie."[116] In a tribute performance on her Try This Tour, Pink called Joplin "a woman who inspired me when everyone else ... didn't!"[118] As a child she admired the leader of 4 Non Blondes, Linda Perry, whom she would later track down and form a close relationship with on her second album. She said: "Literally this woman spoke to me. Being in pain and being on drugs and being misunderstood and, yeah she spoke my language. Without having to say anything, she could sing a note and it was what I was feeling. I used to sit at three or four o' clock in the morning, tripping on whatever, screaming 4 Non Blondes out the window until the cops were called".[119] Other influences include Joan Jett, Mary J. Blige, Billy Joel, and Whitney Houston.[120][121]

33. Were there actual record during the early years of hip hop? 451

No. In the early years mixing records and mc was all done live.

46. What was Tori Amos main instrument? 509

Piano- Peabody conservatory -daughter of a methodist minister -child prodigy on the piano -launched career as solo artist in 1990s with albulm Little Earthquakes -became one of the most influential singer-songwriters of the 90s -Has recorded with Atlantic, Epic, Universal -Co-founded RAINN -known for impressive piano playing/complex piano accompaniments -songs are often fairly complex in terms of form as well harmonically -known for poetic lyrics- serious topics -songs referred to as "confessional" bc they address her personal experiences, BUT are in as much political as they are personal -experiments with styles like electronica, dance, R&B, classical, Broadway

11. What are some key features of Alternative Rock? p.474

Roots in hard core and punk's DIY aesthetic -Indie-based community entered mainstream -Marketing label -Antithesis -Nirvana, "Smells like Teen Spirit" '91 -Pearl Jam, Important purveyors of the anticommercial aesthetic of the alt-rock lifestyle Broad term used to refer to music that lies outside of mainstream rock Includes wide variety of sub genres and musical styles -Grunge, gothic, indie, industrial rock, rap, noise pop, riot girrrrl, and more -Describes music linked (at least originally) to small, independent labels and DIY aesthetic, that grew out of 1980s underground scene (college rock and punk) and became increasingly popular over 1990s and then again in the 200s -By middle of the 1990s alternative ends up being mainstream REM considered the fathers of modern alternative rock Nirvana Credited with bringing alternative rock to mainstream attention -Casual dress, anti-MTV style rock heavy metal hair bands, amateur instrumentalists, no long guitar solos, Seattle "home of alternative"

13. What are some features and history of Ska? 481

Ska Revival (see pic for history): Several years after the emergence of Punk Pop (Green Day), Ska came back. Sublime: laid back beach music, hip-hop, and traditional Jamaican music Southern California subculture of tatooed punks interested in wet indian music Mighty Mighty Bosstones: from Cambridge MA, mid-90s, energetic mix of ska and punk called ska-core with a full horn section and a dancer No Doubt: mid 90s, ska revival, largest impression on mainstream, Roots of Reggae extend backward into other Jamaican styles such as ska and rock steady Gabriel's Sledgehammer : Slow 16 beat groove has funk and ska sounds The Clash: Known for broadening sound of punk to include influences from reggae, funk, ska, rockabilly No-Doubt: Part of the punk-ska revival