RS 109 Chapter 1, 2, 5, 6
A radiologist receives an equivalent dose of 100 μSv while standing 25 cm from a patient during a fluoroscopy procedure. Estimate the equivalent dose if the radiologist stood at 10 cm from the patient. 16 μSv 40 μSv 250 μSv 625 μSv
625 μSv
Which of the following is a unit of measurement that a radiation detection device can convert ionizing radiation into? mGy/hr kVp mAs lp/mm
mGy/hr
The function of the photocathode layer within a scintillation detector is to convert: X-rays into electrons Electrons into more electrons Light into electrons X-rays into light
Light into electrons
What is the radiation-sensitive portion of a scintillation detector composed of? Kyber crystal Electron-emissive crystal Light-emissive crystal Ionized air or gas
Light-emissive crystal
What type of crystal is used in a Thermoluminescent Dosimeter (TLD)? Barium sulfate Amorphous silicon Lithium fluoride Cesium iodide
Lithium fluoride
Terrestrial radiation includes which of the following sources? Long-lived radioactive elements such as uranium-238, radium-226, and thorium-232 that are present in variable quantities in the crust of the Earth Radioactive fallout from nuclear weapons tests in which detonation occurred above ground The sun and beyond the solar system Airport surveillance systems and electron microscopes
Long-lived radioactive elements such as uranium-238, radium-226, and thorium-232 that are present in variable quantities in the crust of the Earth
Who is qualified to operate Equipment Survey devices? Radiologists Radiographers Medical Physicists Radiation Safety Officers
Medical Physicists
What is the most common unit of measure of equivalent dose? Coulomb per kilogram Milligray Millisievert MicroLiter
Millisievert
What is the primary purpose of annual effective dose (EfD) limits for radiographers and members of the public? Prevent the risk of radiation-induced teratogenic effects Minimize the risk of acute radiation syndrome Prevent the risk of deterministic radiation effects Minimize the risk of stochastic radiation effects
Minimize the risk of stochastic radiation effects
Of the two sources of ionizing radiation listed below, which source remains fairly constant from year to year? Human-made Natural
Natural
An advantage of optically stimulable luminescent dosimeter (OSL) monitoring badges over thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLD) monitoring badges is that: OSL badges are less expensive OSL badges are more sensitive to radiation OSL badges can only be read once OSL badges fade from heat
OSL badges are more sensitive to radiation
What is the following device used for? Equipment calibrations Gamma spectroscopy Occupational dosimetry Contamination evaluations
Occupational dosimetry
What are personal dosimetry devices designed to evaluate? Radioactive contamination Occupational radiation dose Radiation output of x-ray machines Non-ionizing radiation dose
Occupational radiation dose
Aluminum oxide is a crystalline material used for which of these radiation-monitoring devices? Thermoluminescent Dosimeter (TLD) Scintillation detector Semiconductor detector Optically stimulable luminescent dosimeter (OSL)
Optically stimulable luminescent dosimeter (OSL)
Which of the following devices contains an aluminum oxide detector? Personnel direct ion storage dosimeter Optically stimulated luminescence dosimeter Proportional counter Thermoluminescent ring dosimeter
Optically stimulated luminescence dosimeter
A pocket ionization chamber is used for which of the following? Personal dosimetry Equipment calibrations Gamma spectroscopy Contamination evaluations
Personal dosimetry
The device in the following image is typically used for which of the following? Personal dosimetry Equipment calibrations Gamma spectroscopy Contamination evaluations
Personal dosimetry
What type of radiation detection instrument measures the dose of the radiographer? Equipment survey device Environmental survey device Personal dosimetry device Handheld survey meter
Personal dosimetry device
Which component of the semiconductor detector creates the initial electrical signal? Photoconductor crystal Photocathode Amplifier Metal housing
Photoconductor crystal
When performing gamma spectroscopy, a scintillation detector is used to measure which of the following? Photon energies Effective dose radiation Occupation radiation dose Patient radiation dose
Photon energies
When performing gamma spectroscopy, a semiconductor detector is used to measure which of the following? Photon energies Effective dose radiation Occupation radiation dose Patient radiation dose
Photon energies
Occupational dose reports must be made available to radiographers: Daily Monthly Quarterly Annually
Quarterly
Radiation equipment survey devices are designed to evaluate which of the following? Radioactive contamination Occupational radiation dose Radiation output of x-ray machines Non-ionizing radiation dose
Radiation output of x-ray machines
When a semiconductor is used to measure the range of photon energies produced by a radionuclide, what unit of measurement may be displayed on the output screen? Sv Gy keV Counts per minute (CPM)
keV
The first decay product of radium is cesium. radon. strontium. x-ray.
radon.
The ALARA principle provides a method for comparing the amount of radiation used in various health care facilities in a particular area for specific imaging procedures. This information may be helpful to many: accrediting bodies. advisory groups. radiation standards organizations. regulatory agencies.
regulatory agencies.
If a patient asks a radiographer a question about how much radiation he or she will receive from a specific x-ray procedure, the radiographer can: respond by using an estimation based on the comparison of radiation received from the x-ray to natural background radiation received. avoid the patient's question by changing the subject. tell the patient that it is unethical to discuss such concerns. refuse to answer the question and recommend that he or she speak with the referring physician.
respond by using an estimation based on the comparison of radiation received from the x-ray to natural background radiation received.
What is the annual whole-body effective dose limit for radiographers? 5 mSv 50 mSv 150 mSv 500 mSv
50 mSv
A radiation detection instrument measuring the equivalent dose rate will display units of: seconds (s) Sv/hr C/kg Gy
Sv/hr
Cytosine bonds only with adenine. guanine. nitrogen. thymine.
guanine.
Adenine bonds only with cytosine. guanine. hydrogen. thymine.
thymine.
What is the minimum lead thickness equivalence is required for protective lead gloves? 0.15 mm 0.25 mm 0.35 mm 0.5 mm
0.25 mm
What lead thickness equivalence is required for protective lead curtain and bucky slot cover of a fluoroscopy system? 0.15 mm 0.25 mm 0.35 mm 0.5 mm
0.25 mm
What lead thickness equivalence is required for protective glasses? 0.15 mm 0.25 mm 0.35 mm 0.5 mm
0.35 mm
What lead thickness equivalence is required for protective lead aprons designated for general radiography, surgery, and fluoroscopy? 0.15 mm 0.25 mm 0.35 mm 0.5 mm
0.5 mm
What lead thickness equivalence is required for thyroid shielding? 0.15 mm 0.25 mm 0.35 mm 0.5 mm
0.5 mm
What lead thickness equivalence is required for primary barriers within a general radiography room? 1 inch 1/2 inch 1/16 inch 1/32 inch
1/16 inch
A pregnant radiographer received a radiation dose of 10 mSv while working in the CT department, 2.0 mSv from radon in her home and had several medical exposures during the year, all totaling 112 mSv. The total fetal dose is reported as 4 mSv. What is her total occupational dose for the year? 128 mSv 114 mSv 10 mSv 4 mSv
10 mSv
If the HVL of shielding material is equal to 2 mm, how much radiation will transmit through 6 mm of this material? 75% of the original quantity 50% of the original quantity 25% of the original quantity 12.5% of the original quantity
12.5% of the original quantity
According to the National Corrections Reporting Program (NCRP), the cumulative radiation exposure to the lens of the eye of radiologic technologists should not exceed: 5 mSv 50 mSv 150 mSv 500 mSv
150 mSv
During a surgical procedure using 12 minutes of fluoroscopy time, a radiographer receives an effective dose of 1 mSv. What effective dose would be experienced by the radiographer if the fluoroscopy time is doubled? 24 mSv 4 mSv 2 mSv 0.5 mSv
2 mSv
A radiation worker received a radiation dose of 5 mGy while participating in a fluoroscopy procedure for 10 minutes. What radiation dose would have been received by the worker if they reduced their time in the radiation to only 5 minutes? 1.25 mGy 10 mGy 5 mGy 2.5 mGy
2.5 mGy
A shielding device constructed with a thickness equivalent to 2 HVL will reduce the quantity of radiation to what percentage of the original quantity? 75% 50% 25% 12.5%
25%
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) recommends that action be taken to reduce elevated levels of radon in homes to a concentration less than 200 pCi/L of air. 135 pCi/L of air. 47 pCi/L of air. 4 pCi/L of air.
4 pCi/L of air.
What is the annual whole-body effective dose limit for members of the public? 5 mSv 50 mSv 150 mSv 500 mSv
5 mSv
A radiographer is exposed to a dose rate of 10 mSv/hour while standing 3 ft from the patient during C-arm procedures. What is the approximate dose rate if the radiographer stands 4 ft from the patient? 13.3 mSv/hour 7.5 mSv/hour 17.7 mSv/hour 5.6 mSv/hour
5.6 mSv/hour
A shielding device constructed with a thickness equivalent to 1 HVL will reduce the quantity of radiation to what percentage of the original quantity? 75% 50% 25% 12.5%
50%
What is the National Corrections Reporting Program (NCRP) recommended annual dose limit for the skin and extremities of a radiation worker? 5 mSv 50 mSv 150 mSv 500 mSv
500 mSv
A radiographer receives a dose of 7.5 mSv while working in an x-ray department, a natural background dose of 3 mSv and had 350 mSv of medical exposures during the year. What is the total occupational dose? 375.5 mSv 23.5 mSv 7.5 mSv 0 mSv
7.5 mSv
In the following illustration, what component represents the scintillation layer of the scintillation detector? A B C D
A
In the following illustration, what component represents the semiconductor layer of the semiconductor detector? A B C
A
What is a highly coiled strand that is one of two duplicated portions of DNA in a replicated chromosome that appears during cell division identified as? A centrosome A centromere A chromatid A curl
A chromatid
The term optimization for radiation protection (ORP) is synonymous with which of the following? A. ALARA B. BERT C. EfD D. DE
A. ALARA
When laser light is incident on the sensing material in an OSL dosimeter, the material: A. Becomes luminescent in proportion to the amount of radiation exposure received B. Fluoresces in proportion to the amount of radiation exposure received and then emits beta particles C. Phosphoresces in proportion to the amount of radiation exposure received and then darkens D. Turns ice blue in color and fluoresces in proportion to the amount of radiation exposure received
A. Becomes luminescent in proportion to the amount of radiation exposure received
During routine radiographic procedures, when a protective apron is not being worn, the primary personnel dosimeter should be attached to the clothing on the front of the body at: A. Collar level to approximate the location of maximal radiation dose to the thyroid and the head and neck B. Chest level to approximate the location of maximal radiation dose to the heart and lungs C. Hip level to approximate the location of maximal radiation dose to the reproductive organs D. Waist level to approximate the location of maximal radiation dose to the small intestine
A. Collar level to approximate the location of maximal radiation dose to the thyroid and the head and neck
Which of the following instruments should be used to locate a lost radioactive source or detect low-level radioactive contamination? A. GM survey meter B. Proportional counter C. Ionization chamber-type survey meter (cutie pie) D. Direct ion storage dosimeter
A. GM survey meter
Which of the following processes is the foundation for imaging of the interaction of x-rays with human tissue? A. Ionization B. Linear acceleration C. Particle emission D. Radioactive decay
A. Ionization
Which of the following are compounds called purines? Adenine and cytosine Adenine and guanine Adenine and thymine All of the options
Adenine and guanine
The radiation absorption characteristics of an ionization chamber is most similar to what substance within the human body? Air Mineral bone Adipose tissue Blood
Air
The radiation-sensitive portion of an ionization chamber is composed of: Tungsten Semiconductor crystal Scintillation crystal Air
Air
What characteristics of lead makes it a valuable material for radiation shielding devices? High atomic number High density High attenuation All of the above
All of the above
In general, which of the following can human cells do? 1. Move, grow, react, and protect themselves 2. Repair damage and regulate life processes 3. Reproduce 1 and 2 only 1 and 3 only 2 and 3 only All of the options
All of the options
In the human body mineral salts are necessary for 1. proper cell function 2. creation of energy 3. conduction of impulses along nerves 1 and 2 only 1 and 3 only 2 and 3 only All of the options
All of the options
What do the highly organized enzymes in the inner membranes of the mitochondria break down? Carbohydrates Fats Proteins All of the options
All of the options
Which of the following are major tasks of the cytoplasm? 1. Accepts and builds up unrefined materials and assembles from these materials new substances such as carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. 2. Breaks down organic materials to produce energy. 3. Packages substances for distribution to other areas of the cell or to various sites in the body through the circulation. 4. Eliminates waste products. 1, 2, and 3 only 1, 3, and 4 only 2, 3, and 4 only All of the options
All of the options
Consequences of ionization in human cells include: 1. creation of unstable atoms. 2. production of free electrons. 3. creation of highly reactive free molecules (called free radicals) capable of producing substances poisonous to the cell. 4. creation of new biologic molecules detrimental to the living cell. 5. injury to the cell that may manifest itself as abnormal function or loss of function. 6. production of low-energy x-ray photons. 1, 2, 3, and 4 only 2, 3, 4, and 5 only 3, 4, 5, and 6 only All the options
All the options
The cardinal principles of radiation protection include which of the following? Time Distance Shielding All the options
All the options
Through which of the following routes can radon enter houses? 1. Crawl spaces under the living areas 2. Floor drains and sump pumps 3. Porous cement block foundations 1 and 2 only 1 and 3 only 2 and 3 only All the options
All the options
What organization was founded in 2007 that continues their pursuit to raise awareness of the need for dose reduction protocols by promoting pediatric-specified scan protocols to be used for both radiology and non-radiology users of CT? U.S. Food and Drug Administration Alliance for Radiation Safety in Pediatric Imaging American Registry of Radiologic Technologists The Joint Commission
Alliance for Radiation Safety in Pediatric Imaging
Three different filters are incorporated into the detector packet of the optically stimulated luminescence dosimeter. Of what are these filters made? Aluminum, tin, and copper Aluminum, tin, and lead Zinc, copper, and barium Zinc, copper, and lead
Aluminum, tin, and copper
Who is required to wear personal dosimetry devices? Anyone that undergoes a procedure involving ionizing radiation Only radiologic technologists Anyone that is employed in a healthcare facility Anyone that is exposed to ionizing radiation as a part of their occupation
Anyone that is exposed to ionizing radiation as a part of their occupation
A dosimeter for occupational dose monitoring should be worn: At the level of the waist, outside of protective apparel At the level of the collar, outside of protective apparel At the level of the breasts, outside of protective apparel At the level of the waist, inside of protective apparel
At the level of the collar, outside of protective apparel
In the following illustration, what component is responsible for converting light photons into an electrical signal? A B C D
B
In the following illustration, what component represents the photocathode of the scintillation detector? A B C D
B
Antibodies are protein molecules created by specialized cells in the bone marrow called B lymphocytes. R lymphocytes. megakaryocytes. oocytes.
B lymphocytes.
The Russian liquidators who worked during 1986 and 1987 at the Chernobyl power complex demonstrated a statistically significant rise in the number of: 1. Breast cancer cases 2. Leukemia cases 3. Prostate cancer cases A. 1 only B. 2 only C. 3 only D. All of the options
B. 2 only
An equivalent dose as low as 250 mSv delivered to the whole body may cause which of the following within a few days? A. An increase in the number of lymphocytes in the circulating blood B. A substantial decrease within a few days in the number of lymphocytes or white blood cells that are the body's primary defense against disease C. A drop immediately to zero in the lymphocyte count D. A large increase in the number of platelets
B. A substantial decrease within a few days in the number of lymphocytes or white blood cells that are the body's primary defense against disease
Which of the following is a method that can be used to answer patients' questions about the amount of radiation received from a radiographic procedure? A. ALARA B. BERT C. PULSE D. EPA
B. BERT
Which of the following instruments should be used in an x-ray installation to assess the fluoroscopic scatter radiation exposure rate? A. Geiger detector B. Cutie pie C. Proportional counter D. Direct ion storage dosimeter
B. Cutie pie
If a child receives a dose of radiation in a CT scan where adult protocols are used, the child, because of being smaller in size, will receive a: A. Lethal dose of radiation B. Higher effective dose than would an adult, but the image produced will appear to be of acceptable quality C. Lower effective dose than would an adult, and the image produced will be of acceptable quality D. Severe radiation burns
B. Higher effective dose than would an adult, but the image produced will appear to be of acceptable quality
Why are the long-term effects, such as an increased incidence of cancer in the exposed population living near Japan's Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Plant, unable to be accurately determined? A. After the tsunami, winds carried all the radiation back out at sea B. It was extremely difficult to measure the amounts of radiation people received C. Radiation from the crippled reactors was negligible D. Radiation levels exceeded the reading scales on the instruments used to measure population exposure
B. It was extremely difficult to measure the amounts of radiation people received
For X-ray and gamma-ray photons with energies from 5KeV to greater than 40 MeV, the _______ gives an accurate reading as low as 10uSV (1 mrem) A. Personnel direct ion storage dosimeter B. OSL dosimeter C. Ionization chamber-type survey meter (cutie pie) D. TLD ring dosimeter
B. OSL dosimeter
Which of the following are natural sources of ionizing radiation? A. Medical x-radiation and cosmic radiation B. Radioactive elements in the crust of the Earth and in the human body C. Radioactive elements in the human body and a diagnostic x-ray machine D. Radioactive fallout and environs of atomic energy plants
B. Radioactive elements in the crust of the Earth and in the human body
If exposure to ionizing radiation damages the components involved in molecular synthesis beyond repair, cells do which of the following? A. continue to function normally B. function abnormally or die C. repair themselves immediately because of the enzymatic proteins they contain D. reproduce themselves in pairs
B. function abnormally or die
Which of the following produces antibodies? A. erythrocytes B. lymphocytes C. thrombocytes D. platelets
B. lymphocytes
Radiation-induced chromosome damage may be evaluated during which of the following processes? A. prophase B. metaphase C. anaphase D. telophase
B. metaphase
Somatic cells divide through the process of: A. meiosis B. mitosis C. mapping D. metabolism
B. mitosis
In DNA macromolecule, the sequence of __ determines the characteristics of every living thing. A. Sugars B. Phosphates C. Nitrogenous organic bases D. Hydrogen bonds
C. Nitrogenous organic bases
Which of the following is a method of explaining radiation to the public? ALARA BERT ORP NEXT
BERT
Why should the selection of technical exposure factors for all medical imaging procedures always follow ALARA? So that referring physicians ordering imaging procedures do not have to accept responsibility for patient radiation safety. So that radiographers and radiologists do not have to accept responsibility for patient radiation safety. Because radiation-induced cancer does not appear to have a fixed threshold, that is, a dose level below which a person would have no chance of developing this disease. Because radiation-induced cancer does have a dose level at which individuals would have a chance of developing this disease.
Because radiation-induced cancer does not appear to have a fixed threshold, that is, a dose level below which a person would have no chance of developing this disease.
In the following illustration, what component represents the photomultiplier tube (PMT) of the scintillation detector? A B C D
C
The shielding material that is most commonly used in medical imaging is: Tungsten Aluminum Nickel Lead
Lead
The millisievert (mSv) is equal to: A. 1/10 of a sievert B. 1/100 of a sievert C. 1/1000 of a sievert D. 1/10,000 of a sievert
C. 1/1000 of a sievert
According to the most recent available data from 2016, what is the radiation dose from natural background radiation attributed to exposure from radon and thoron? A. 0.3 mSv B. 1.5 mSv C. 2.3 mSv D. 5.5 mSv
C. 2.3 mSv
How many base pairs are there in the human genome? A. 2.58 X 10 ^4 B. 2.58 X 10^-4 C. 2.9 X 10^9 D. 2.9 X 10^-9
C. 2.9 X 10^9
Water comprises approximately _____________ of the weight of the human body. A. 50% to 55% B. 60% to 70% C. 80% to 85% D. 90% to 95%
C. 80% to 85%
When a radiologic procedure requires the hands of a radiation worker to be near the primary beam, the equivalent dose to the hands of that individual may be determined through the use of: A. The primary personnel monitor worn at collar level B. A proportional counter attached to the wrist watch of the radiation worker C. A TLD ring dosimeter worn on the hand of the radiation worker D. A cutie pie
C. A TLD ring dosimeter worn on the hand of the radiation worker
Monitoring and reporting of patient dose for computed tomography and interventional procedures can lead to: A. An invasion of patient privacy B. An increase in patient radiation dose C. A reduction in patient radiation dose D. Elimination of the need for imaging equipment radiation safety features
C. A reduction in patient radiation dose
Which of the following instruments is used to calibrate radiographic and fluoroscopic X-ray equipment? A. Proportional counter B. GM survey meter C. Ionization chamber with electrometer D. Direct ion storage dosimeter
C. Ionization chamber with electrometer
How is actual radiation dose to the global population from atmospheric fallout from nuclear weapons testing received? A. It is received all at once within a short period of time after such a test B. It is received in large quantities within a period of 2 years after such a test C. It is not received all at once but instead is delivered over a period of years at changing dose rates D. No fallout from such testing is ever received
C. It is not received all at once but instead is delivered over a period of years at changing dose rates
During diagnostic imaging procedures, how should the radiation dose to the abdomen of a pregnant radiographer be monitored during gestation? A. It may be estimated from the radiation dose recorded by the primary monitor worn at the collar level B. It may be obtained from the primary radiation monitor worn at the abdominal level C. It may be obtained from a second radiation monitor worn at the abdominal level D. It is not necessary to monitor the radiation dose to the embryo-fetus that results from occupational exposure of a pregnant radiographer during gestation
C. It may be obtained from a second radiation monitor worn at the abdominal level
Which of the following chemicals functions as the sensing material in a thermoluminescent dosimeter? A. Barium sulfate B. Calcium tungstate C. Lithium fluoride D. Sodium iodide
C. Lithium fluoride
Effective measures employed by radiation workers to safeguard patients, personnel, and the general public from unnecessary exposure to ionizing radiation defines: A. Diagnostic efficacy B. Optimization C. Radiation protection D. Reference values
C. Radiation protection
What term is used to describe chemical secretions that are manufactured by various endocrine glands and carried by the bloodstream to influence the activities of other parts of the body? A. amino acids B. antibodies C. hormones D. disaccharides
C. hormones
What is the unit of measurement of exposure? mAs Sv C/kg Gy
C/kg
Annual radiation dose limits to the lens of the eye are prescribed to prevent which of the following? Cataractogenesis Sacromagenesis Teratogenesis Carcinogenesis
Cataractogenesis
What is the function of the amplifier within a semiconductor detector? Convert x-rays into electrons Convert electrons into more electrons Convert light into electrons Convert x-rays into light
Convert electrons into more electrons
What is the function of the semiconductor crystal within a semiconductor detector? Convert x-rays into electrons Convert electrons into more electrons Convert light into electrons Convert x-rays into light
Convert x-rays into electrons
Which of these materials requires the smallest half-value layer (HVL) to effectively attenuate the x-ray beam? Glass Aluminum Concrete Lead
Lead
Which of the following must the human body provide to ensure efficient cell operation? 1. food as a source of raw material for the release of energy 2. oxygen to help break down food 3. water to transport inorganic substances into and out of the cell A. 1 and 2 only B. 1 and 3 only C. 2 and 3 only D. 1, 2, and 3
D. 1, 2, and 3
As of 2016, which of the following is the total average annual radiation equivalent dose from medical, human-made, and natural radiation? A. 1.5 mSv/year B. 2.3 mSv/year C. 3.1 mSv/year D. 5.5 mSv/year
D. 5.5 mSv/year
An effective radiation safety program requires a firm commitment to radiation safety by: 1. Facilities providing imaging services 2. Radiation workers 3. Patients A. 1 and 2 only B. 1 and 3 only C. 2 and 3 only D. All of the options
D. All of the options
The amount of radiation actually received by a patient from a diagnostic x-ray procedure may be indicated in terms such as: 1. Entrance skin exposure (ESE), which includes skin and glandular dose 2. Bone marrow dose 3. Gonadal dose A. 1 and 2 only B. 1 and 3 only C. 2 and 3 only D. All of the options
D. All of the options
Which of the following requirements should radiation survey instruments fulfill? 1. Instruments must be reliable so that radiation exposure or exposure rate in a given area can be accurately assessed 2. Instruments must be durable enough to withstand normal use 3. Instruments should interact with ionizing radiation similar to the way in which human tissue reacts A. 1 only B. 2 only C. 3 only D. All of the options
D. All of the options
A patient may choose to assume a relatively small statistical risk of exposure to ionizing radiation for a physician to obtain essential diagnostic medical information when: 1. Illness occurs 2. Injury occurs 3. A specific imaging procedure for health screening purposes is called for. A. 1 and 2 only B. 1 and 3 only C. 2 and 3 only D. All the options
D. All the options
The degree to which the diagnostic study accurately reveals the presence or absence of disease in the patient while adhering to radiation safety guidelines defines which of the following terms? A. Radiation protection B. Radiographic pathology C. Effective diagnosis D. Diagnostic efficacy
D. Diagnostic efficacy
The amount of ionization produced in the air when ionizing radiation is present is known as: A. Absorbed dose B. Effective dose C. Efficacy D. Exposure
D. Exposure
Which of the following is recognized as the main adverse health effect from the 1986 Chernobyl nuclear power accident? A. Increase in the incidence of leukemia in adults B. Increase in the incidence of leukemia in children C. Increase in the incidence of thyroid cancer in adults D. Increase in the incidence of thyroid cancer in children and adolescents
D. Increase in the incidence of thyroid cancer in children and adolescents
Which human cell component controls cell division and multiplication as well as biochemical reactions that occur within the cell? A. endoplasmic reticulum B. mitochondria C. lysosomes D. nucleus
D. nucleus
How does increasing x-ray beam energy influence the attenuation properties of shielding materials? Decreased attenuation Increased attenuation Increased energy does not influence attenuation
Decreased attenuation
Which of the following serves as a prototype for messenger RNA (mRNA)? Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) Nitric acid (HNO3) Potassium (K) and sodium (Na) Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
In order to be measured, radiation must interact with the: Tungsten target Detector Grid Collimator
Detector
What type of relationship is shared between the light released by an optically stimulable luminescent dosimeter (OSL) and the dose recorded? Directly proportional Inversely proportional Directly proportional to the square Inversely proportional to the square
Directly proportional
Which cardinal rule of radiation protection is mathematically defined by the inverse square law? Time Shielding Distance Filtration
Distance
If a technologist increases their distance from a radiation source by a factor of 2, how will their radiation dose change? Dose increases by a factor of 2 Dose increases by a factor of 2 squared Dose decreases by a factor of 2 Dose decreases by a factor of 2 squared
Dose decreases by a factor of 2 squared
How does radiation dose change if a technologist decreases their distance from a radiation source by a factor of 3? Dose increases by a factor of 3 Dose increases by a factor of 3 squared Dose decreases by a factor of 3 Dose decreases by a factor of 3 squared
Dose increases by a factor of 3 squared
Which of the following radiation quantities is intended to be the best overall measure of the biologic effects of ionizing radiation? Exposure Effective dose Absorbed dose There is no radiation quantity that is intended to be the best overall measure of the biologic effects of ionizing radiation.
Effective dose
What is the radiation-sensitive portion of a semiconductor detector composed of? Kyber crystal Electron-emissive crystal Light-emissive crystal Ionized air or gas
Electron-emissive crystal
The photomultiplier tube within a scintillation detector is to convert: X-rays into electrons Electrons into more electrons Light into electrons X-rays into light
Electrons into more electrons
What class of radiation detection instruments are used to evaluate the effectiveness of lead shielding installed in the walls of an x-ray room? Equipment survey device Environmental survey device Personal dosimetry device Occupational dosimetry device
Environmental survey device
Which of the following can cause an increase in cellular activity that in turn causes biochemical reactions to occur more rapidly to meet the needs of the cell in stressful situations? Acetic acids Enzymes Hormones Nucleic acids
Enzymes
What type of radiation detection instrument is used to check the mA and kVp accuracy of an x-ray machine? Equipment survey device Environmental survey device Personal dosimetry device Occupational dosimetry device
Equipment survey device
Which of the following is a type of ionization chamber? Thermoluminescent Dosimeters (TLD) Optically Stimulable Luminescent Dosimeter (OSL) High-purity geranium detector Geiger (GM) Counter
Geiger (GM) Counter
An ionization chamber calibrated to measure air kerma will display units of: mAs Sv C/kg Gy
Gy
When processing thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLD) , the stored energy is released from the crystal in response to: Heat Laser Light X-radiation Air
Heat
When processing thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLD), the stored energy is released from the crystal in response to: Heat Light X-radiation Air
Heat
Automatic exposure control (AEC) cells are commonly constructed with an air-filled chamber. An air-filled cavity used for radiation detection is called a (n): Ionization chamber Semiconductor Scintillator Phototimer
Ionization chamber
Which of the following instruments is called a cutie pie? Geiger-Műller survey meter Ionization chamber-type survey meter Optically stimulated luminescence dosimeter Proportional counter
Ionization chamber-type survey meter
A radiation measurement is acquired by an ionization chamber when radiation: Passes through the chamber without interacting Interacts with the metal housing of the chamber Ionizes the air in the chamber Discharged electrical components in the chamber
Ionizes the air in the chamber
X-rays are a form of which of the following kinds of radiation? Environmental Ionizing Internal Nonionizing
Ionizing
Lysosomes are sometimes referred to as "suicide bags," because their enzymes break down and digest not only proteins and certain carbohydrates but also will do the same to the cell itself should the lysosome's surrounding membrane rupture. Exposure to radiation may induce such a rupture. When this occurs what will happen to the cell? It will multiply spontaneously. It will divide very rapidly. It is likely to die. There will not be any effect on the cell.
It is likely to die.
When processing optically stimulable luminescent (OSL), the stored energy is released from the crystal in response to: Heat Laser Light X-radiation Air
Laser Light
The use of leaded glasses is recommended for occupational use in medical imaging in order to prevent which of the following conditions? Radiation-induced cancer Radiation-induced blindness Radiation-induced proptosis Radiation-induced cataracts
Radiation-induced cataracts
Environmental radiation survey instruments are designed to evaluate which of the following? Radioactive contamination Occupational radiation dose Radiation output of x-ray machines Non-ionizing radiation dose
Radioactive contamination
Which of the following radiation exposures is considered by the Environmental Protection Agency to be the second leading cause of lung cancer in the United States? Annual PA and Lateral chest x-rays Cosmic ray exposure Radon exposure A fluoroscopic examination of the upper gastrointestinal system
Radon exposure
What is the primary purpose of the ALARA principle in diagnostic imaging? Maintain optimal image quality Ensure accurate medical diagnosis Reduce the number of repeated and rejected radiographs Reduce radiation dose to occupational workers
Reduce radiation dose to occupational workers
During mitosis, which phase of the cellular life cycle is the actual DNA synthesis period? G1 G2 M S
S
Which statement describes the major difference between scintillation detectors and semiconductor detectors? Scintillation detectors do not produce an electrical signal Scintillation detectors use a gas chamber Scintillation detectors do not create visible light Scintillation detectors cannot detect gamma radiation
Scintillation detectors do not create visible light
Which three of the following components are required in the construction of a semiconductor radiation detector? Semiconductor crystal Display screen Photocathode Amplifier
Semiconductor crystal Display screen Amplifier
Cosmic radiation occurs in which two forms? Solar and human-made Artificial and galactic Natural background and artificial Solar and galactic
Solar and galactic
In order to reduce the occupational dose during a portable radiography of the chest, the technologist should: Apply lead shielding over the patient's pelvis Increase the thickness of diagnostic filtration Decrease exposure time and increase kVp Stand several feet away from the patient during the exposure
Stand several feet away from the patient during the exposure
Which of the following areas of a radiography room requires a primary protective barrier? (Select all that apply) The wall behind the upright bucky The wall of the control console Floor under the table bucky
The wall behind the upright bucky Floor under the table bucky
What do optically stimulated luminescence dosimeters, thermoluminescent ring dosimeters, and personnel direct ion storage dosimeters have in common? These devices are all used for area monitoring. These devices all use the same sensing material to detect ionizing radiation. These devices are all used for personnel monitoring. Each of these devices can only be used for personnel monitoring for a maximum of 6 months.
These devices are all used for personnel monitoring.
Which of the following is not a requirement that radiation survey instruments must meet? They must all be equally sensitive in the detection of all types of ionizing radiation. They should be able to detect all common types of ionizing radiation. They should be calibrated annually to ensure accurate operation. They should interact with ionizing radiation similarly to the method human tissue reacts, permitting dose to be determined more accurately.
They must all be equally sensitive in the detection of all types of ionizing radiation.
How is the readout for a personnel direct ion storage dosimeter obtained? By hand processing in specific chemical solutions By measuring the amount of light emitted from its sensing material Through a physical connecting device such as a universal serial bus (USB) or via wireless connection By heating the sensing material in the device to a specific temperature
Through a physical connecting device such as a universal serial bus (USB) or via wireless connection
What is an optically stimulable luminescent (OSL) dosimeter generally used to determine? Occupational dose rate from acute exposures Total patient dose over several years Total occupational dose over several months Radioactive contamination
Total occupational dose over several months
Scintillation is a process that creates which of the following? X-ray photons An electrical current Ultraviolet light Visible light
Visible light
A half-value layer (HVL) is the thickness of material required to reduce the: kVp by half Patient dose by half X-ray beam energy by half X-ray beam intensity by half
X-ray beam intensity by half
A photoconductive material is used in radiation detectors to convert: Electrons into sound waves Light into an electrical signal X-rays into light X-rays into an electrical signal
X-rays into an electrical signal
The function of the scintillation crystal within a scintillation detector is to convert: X-rays into electrons Electrons into more electrons Light into electrons X-rays into light
X-rays into light
Dose reports typically include a cumulative record of a worker's occupational dose for which of the following time periods? Weekly Year-to-date Monthly Quarterly
Year-to-date Quarterly
Fraternal twins may also be referred to as dizygotic twins. monozygotic twins. polyzygotic twins. trizygotic twins.
dizygotic twins.
Because of the OSL dosimeter's sensitivity down to as low as 10 µSv for x-ray and gamma ray photons in the energy range 5 keV to 40 MeV, it is an excellent and practical monitoring device for employees working in high-radiation environments and for non-pregnant workers. employees working in low-radiation environments and for pregnant workers. members of the general public not occupationally employed. pregnant employees working in high-radiation environments.
employees working in low-radiation environments and for pregnant workers.
Whenever the letter "M" appears under the current monitoring period or in the cumulative columns of a personnel monitoring report, it signifies that a (an) mistake has been made in recording the equivalent dose. equivalent dose higher than the minimum measurable radiation quantity was recorded during that time. equivalent dose below the minimum measurable radiation quantity was recorded during that time. maximal equivalent dose has been exceeded during that time.
equivalent dose below the minimum measurable radiation quantity was recorded during that time.
A nucleotide is formed from a nitrogen-containing organic base, a ________________ molecule, and a phosphate molecule. three-carbon sugar five-carbon sugar seven-carbon sugar nine-carbon sugar
five-carbon sugar
The mass of an alpha particle is approximately: two times the mass of a hydrogen atom and a negative charge of minus 2. four times the mass of a hydrogen atom and a positive charge twice that of an electron. six times the mass of a hydrogen atom and a negative charge of minus 1. eight times the mass of a hydrogen atom and a positive charge four times that of an electron.
four times the mass of a hydrogen atom and a positive charge twice that of an electron.
Regarding exposure to ionizing radiation, patients who are educated to understand the medical benefit of an imaging procedure are more likely to: assume a small chance of biologic damage but not suppress any radiation phobia they may have. cancel their scheduled procedure because they are not willing to assume a small chance of biologic damage. suppress any radiation phobia but not risk a small chance of possible biologic damage. suppress any radiation phobia and be willing to assume a small chance of possible biologic damage.
suppress any radiation phobia and be willing to assume a small chance of possible biologic damage.
An ionization chamber connected to an electrometer is a device that can measure electromagnetic force. tiny electric currents with high precision and accuracy. potential difference. voltage in an x-ray machine circuit.
tiny electric currents with high precision and accuracy.
The personnel direct ion storage dosimeter provides an instant read-out of dose information when connected to a computer via a connector such as a (an) universal serial bus (USB). charge-coupled device. electrometer. ionization chamber.
universal serial bus (USB).
Electromagnetic radiation travels or propagates through space in the form of a wave but can interact with matter as a particle of energy called a photon. This dual nature is referred to as: wave attenuation capability. wave-particle interchange ability. wave-particle duality. wave-particle phenomena.
wave-particle duality.