S. S Chapter 5

Who led the progressive fight against child labor?

Florence Kelley

New technologies in the steel industry in the late 1800s led to increased activity in which industry in particular?

building

What did city governments do to try to improve city sanitation in the late 1800s?

built water purification systems

What feature did Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst add to their newspapers in the late 1800s, thus increasing sales?

color comic strips

Because the transition into American culture was difficult, many immigrant families

moved into neighborhoods with people from the same country.

What is mass culture? What technological improvement contributed to the formation of a mass culture in the United States in the late 1800s?

"Mass culture" refers to leisure and cultural activities (such as books, art, and music) shared by many people. A boom in publishing caused by the invention of a new typesetting machine called the Linotype contributed to the formation of a mass culture in the United States. The machine made publishing faster and cheaper, and led to an increase in the number of daily newspapers printed around the country.

How did the increase in immigration in the late 1880s affect American culture?

American culture became more diverse and began to include people from many different countries and religious backgrounds. Other effects of immigration included the rapid growth of cities, the development of mass transit, the founding of settlement houses and benevolent societies, and conflicts between union and immigrant laborers.

Who were nativists?

Americans who believed that too many immigrants were coming into the country

What can you infer from the fact that many immigrants traveled to America in steerage?

Most of them did not have much money.

What factors contributed to the rapid growth of the city of Chicago around 1900?

As machines eliminated some rural jobs, many rural residents moved to the cities. African Americans moved to northern cities hoping to escape discrimination and find better education and economic opportunities. Chicago's location in particular brought in immigrants because many of the new railroad lines connecting the east and west coasts ran through it.

Some immigrant communities formed ____________________________, aid organizations that offered immigrants help in cases of sickness, unemployment, and death.

Benevolent Societies

How did the population boom affect mass culture?

Businesses such as newspapers were in constant competition for patrons.

Which city had the greatest population growth between 1850 and 1900?

Chicago

What did some city governments do to help lessen the problems of cities in the late 1800s?

City governments improved sanitation with new sewage and water purification systems. Cities also hired full-time firefighters and police officers.

Why were many immigrants forced to take low-paying, unskilled jobs?

Coming from rural areas, most immigrants were not skilled in modern manufacturing or industrial

How did Coney Island contribute to mass culture?

Coney Island was one of the nation's first amusement parks, and was inexpensive enough to be affordable for whole families. One of its attractions was the country's first roller coaster, the Switchback Railway.

True or False: During the 1800s the lack of jobs and adequate housing in the city forced hundreds of immigrants to look for employment in the countryside.

False

True or False: Most of the victims of diseases such as cholera, influenza, and tuberculosis in cities in the late 1800s were elderly.

False

True or False: Thanks to new public transportation of the late 1800s many businesses were established in the suburbs and became easily accessible to city dwellers.

False

True or False: The U.S. government founded benevolent societies to help immigrants in case of sickness, unemployment, or death.

False

True or False: The efforts of nativists in the United States stopped immigrants from southern and eastern Europe from entering the country in the late 1880s.

False

What is true for tenement houses

Fire escapes were often blocked or broken.

Who was Florence Kelley? What were her contributions to city life in the late 1800s?

Florence Kelley, a staff member at Hull House, visited sweatshops and wrote about conditions there, convincing Illinois lawmakers to limit working hours for women and ban child labor. She became the chief factory inspector for Illinois and helped enforce the law.

Central Park was designed by

Frederick Law Olmstead.

How did mass culture affect the way people bought goods?

Giant shops called department stores appeared in some cities in the late 1800s. Stores such as Marshall Field in Chicago offered large quantities of many different products at low prices. Newspaper advertising and fancy window displays helped bring in customers.

What was Hull House? Why was it significant in the late 19th century?

Hull House was a settlement house founded in Chicago by Jane Addams. It contributed to the survival of the immigrant population in Chicago and in the nation as a whole by inspiring other reform movements in the United States.

Many immigrants moved into neighborhoods with others from the same country. What were some advantages to doing this?

Immigrants could speak their native languages to each other and publish newspapers in their native languages. They could also eat their native foods, and establish schools, clubs, and places of worship to help them maintain their native customs.

Why were immigrants often forced to take low-paying industrial jobs in cities in the late 1880s?

Immigrants lacked the skills needed to obtain higher-paying jobs.

Why did many business leaders welcome immigration?

Many business leaders were glad to hire immigrant workers because they would work for low pay.

What was a major factor in Chicago's rapid growth?

Many railroad lines connecting the east and west coasts ran through Chicago.

The invention of the Linotype contributed to America's development of _____________________, or art and leisure activities shared by a great number of people.

Mass culture

Elevated trains are examples of ________________________, or public transportation designed for many passengers.

Mass transit

How did mass transit affect where people lived?

Mass transit allowed people to move to the suburbs because they could take trolleys, trains, or subways to their jobs in the cities.

What was mass transit and why was it significant? What is one example of a late 19th century form of mass transit?

Mass transit is another way of saying "public transportation." Mass transit systems were found in cities, where they were meant to ease traffic. They transported people between cities and suburbs. Examples of mass transit can include elevated or underground railroads (subways), cable cars, and electric trolleys or streetcars.

How were the experiences of immigrants at Ellis Island different from those of immigrants at Angel Island?

Millions of European immigrants came through Ellis Island and were rarely turned away. At Angel Island on the West Coast, Chinese immigrants would be turned away if their fathers were not United States citizens. The process of investigating their backgrounds could take months.

Where did most Mexican immigrants go through processing before entering the United States? Where did most of them settle?

Most Mexican immigrants went through processing in El Paso, Texas, and settled in the Southwest.

What did new immigrants have to do upon arrival in the United States?

New immigrants had to be interviewed regarding legal trouble and examined for possible contagious diseases. People with legal problems or contagious diseases could be turned away.

What were some differences between "old immigrants" and "new immigrants"?

Old immigrants came to the United States before the 1880s; new immigrants came later. Old immigrants were mostly from Great Britain, Germany, Ireland, and Scandinavia; new immigrants were mostly from southern and eastern Europe countries such as Czechoslovakia, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Poland, and Russia.

Who was Frederick Law Olmstead? What was his contribution to mass culture?

Olmstead was a landscape architect who became nationally famous for his design of Central Park in New York City, as well as many state and national parks. His works include Prospect Park in Brooklyn, NY, and the U.S. Capitol grounds.

How frequently did immigration officials at Ellis Island reject new arrivals?

Seldom, as records show less than two percent of arrivals were not allowed into the country.

What were some of the services that settlement houses such as Hull House provided?

Settlement houses provided recreation, social activities, and education. At Hull House, these services included English classes, art classes, plays, and sports, as well as day care.

Why did some Americans object to immigration?

Some members of labor unions opposed immigration because they worried that immigrants would take jobs away from native-born Americans. Other people opposed immigration because of their ethnic prejudices, fearing that immigrants would harm American society by not learning American

The majority of the "new immigrants" were from _______________ and _______________ Europe.

Southern, Eastern

The growth of the ___________________ industry changed the look of typical city buildings, allowing for skyscrapers instead of the five-story buildings of the past.

Steel

What was the main change brought by the steel industry to American architecture of the late 1800s?

Steel was used to build skyscrapers that needed limited city space.

Most immigrants traveled in hot, cramped areas of ships known as __________________.

Steerage

What was one effect of mass transit on American cities?

Suburban areas became connected with the city.

In the late 1800s, many middle-class Americans who could afford it moved from cities to _________________, residential neighborhoods outside of downtown areas.

Suburbs

What were sweatshops?

Sweatshops were small shops or mills, often in the clothing industry, where employees spent long hours in hot, unhealthy working conditions, often doing repetitive work.

Lawrence Veiller's exhibit of photographs and maps helped get the New York State ________________________ passed.

Tenement House Act

What did the Chinese Exclusion Act ban?

The Chinese Exclusion Act banned Chinese people from immigrating to the United States for ten years.

Most new immigrants traveled to America in an area below the ship's deck. What was this area called? Describe the conditions there.

The area below deck was called steerage because steering mechanisms were located there. The cabins were hot, crowded, and foul-smelling. Many passengers became seasick, and some contracted diseases and died.

What was a problem that resulted from the huge growth of cities?

The larger populations meant that mass transit had to be provided.

How did Elisha Otis improve upon the invention of the elevator?

The original elevators would crash if their cables broke. Otis invented the safety elevator, which included a device to hold the elevator in place if the cable snapped.

In the late 1800s, cities grew rapidly and the amount of available space for buildings and people dwindled. How did architects such as Louis Sullivan help maximize space in crowded cities?

They designed multistory buildings called skyscrapers. These new buildings, made from steel, allowed limited city space to be used more efficiently.

How did Lawrence Veiller and the Charity Organization Society help get the New York State Tenement House Act passed?

They sponsored an exhibit of photographs and maps showing the conditions of New York City tenements.

What is true about Chinese immigrants in the 1880s and them moving here?

They were allowed to enter the country only if their fathers were U.S. citizens.

True or False: Crime was one of the effects of the overcrowded and unhealthy conditions of city neighborhoods in the late 1800s.

True

True or False: Florence Kelley helped convince Illinois lawmakers to pass laws that limited women's working hours and prevented child labor.

True

True or False: New immigrants were often forced to take low-paying industrial jobs because they came from rural areas, and lacked the skills needed to obtain higher-paying jobs.

True

True or False: The Chinese Exclusion Act marked the first time all persons of a particular nationality were banned from entering the United States.

True

True or False: The majority of immigrants who arrived in America during the 1880s were from southern and eastern Europe.

True

What kinds of problems resulted from the dense overcrowding in city tenements?

Unsanitary conditions led to the spread of deadly diseases such as cholera, tuberculosis, typhoid, and influenza. This caused particularly high death rates among children. People in tenements were also exposed to great risks of fire and crime.

To what does the term mass transit refer?

a system of public transportation created to move a large number of passengers

What best describes a settlement house?

center offering education and recreation in a poor area

Joseph Pulitzer added a comic strip to his New York World newspaper in 1896 in order to

compete with other newspapers for readers.

Jane Addams' Hull House provided for immigrants in the late 19th century by

contributing to the survival of the immigrant population in Chicago and the nation as a whole by inspiring reform movements in the United States

When did the "new immigrants" arrive in the United States?

during the 1880s

In the 1890s, African Americans moved from the rural South to northern cities in order to

escape discrimination and find better economic opportunities.

In 1900 the Charity Organization Society (COS) set up an exhibit of photographs of New York that helped to pass an act that

improved tenement conditions.

What was the main accomplishment of Florence Kelley in the field of social reforms?

healthier working conditions for women and children

The benevolent societies of the late 1800s were associations set up by

immigrant groups to help one another.

What did the 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act prevent the Chinese from doing?

immigrating to the United States

Americans who believed that the United States should not allow so many immigrants into the country were called ________________________.

nativists

The 1901 New York State Tenement House Act required that

new buildings have better ventilation and running water.

The "old immigrants" who arrived in America during the 1800s were from

northern Europe.

Which problem caused by rapid urbanization in America led to the development of settlement houses?

overcrowding and poverty in cities

What was the main advantage of the Linotype machine?

reduced time and cost of printing

Rapid urbanization in America caused overcrowding and poverty in cities, which led to the development of ____________________ such as Hull House.

settlement houses

What was the main cause of pollution in Pittsburgh in the late 1800s?

smoke from the steelmaking district

Labor unions tended to oppose immigration because they feared immigrants would

take all the jobs from native-born Americans.

Jacob Riis became famous for exposing the horrible conditions in New York City ____________

tenements.

The poorly built, overcrowded apartment buildings often occupied by immigrants were called

tenements.

In which industry were workplaces called "sweatshops"?

textiles

Study the quotation below and answer the question that follows. "A child living its early years in dark rooms, without sunlight or fresh air, does not grow up to be a normal healthy person . . . It is not of such material that strong nations are made." —Lawrence Veiller Of what was Lawrence Veiller warning the nation?

the raising of urban children in tenements

Employers often welcomed immigrant workers because the workers

were willing to work for lower pay than native-born Americans.

What contributed to the formation of mass culture in the United States in the late 1800s?

widespread growth of publishing

Illinois passed a factory law in 1893 that required child workers to

work only eight-hour days.