Sadler Philosophy final

According to Simplicius, in the textbook, Thales was the first Greek thinker to break with ____________ and offer a ____________

1) Common sense and religion 2) General theory about the ultimate nature of reality

Ideas

Any mental phenomenon; Locke uses the idea to refer to virtually any "mental content".

Know the "Worst Kinds of Fallacies" and why they are mistakes.

Begging the question, vicious circle, dubious authority, slippery slope.

What is the relationship between Metaphysics and Epistemology?

Both Function as a test for metaphysical views and are natrual results for metaphysical inquiry for ancients and medeivals.

Among the most important teachings of ______ are the Four Noble Truths.

Buddah

What accusations do Socrates' "later" accusers make against him?

Corrupting the youth and not believing in the Gods

For Descartes, clear and distinct propositions are ____________.

Criteria of knowledge

What did George Berkeley mean by "to be is to be perceived" (esse est percipi) ?

For it to exist, you need to see it.

_________________________________ has a further implication: it serves as a principle of divine ethics

God has to have a reason for doing things

After questioning of politicians, poets, and craftsmen, why does Socrates believe he is wiser than some people who are renowned for their wisdom?

Socrates acknowledges what he does and does not know. "I know that I know nothing."

At the center of Descartes' metaphysics is Aristotle's conception of ________

Substance

What is Kant's solution to "Hume's Fork"?

Synthetic apriori

Cause

That which brings something about.

What was Plato's major (new) contribution to philosophy?

The Academy

Empiricism

The philosophy that demands that all knowledge , except from certain logical truths and principles of matematics, comes from experience.

Appearance

The way something seems to us through our senses.

What punishment does Socrates at first suggest for himself? Why?

To get free meals for helping Athens.

List and detail any information studied in class about Friedrich Nietzsche.

"God is dead"gives great opportunity for self-creation -cryptic utterances, biting irony, hyperbole, deliberate contradiction, and provocation -enormous influence on contemporary thought -son of a preacher, deeply spiritual atheist who became an outsider -considered himself an immoralist and an iconoclast -considered himself the last philosopher -against objectivity/knowledge itself is an invention; we can only invent truths according to our individual needs, and is not objective, it is always changing -there is a single hidden agenda behind science, philosophy and religion: power to dominate the world/will to power

Hume's fork is the idea that for a belief to be justified it must be either a ______________ or a __________________.

"Relation of ideas" or a "Matter of fact."

List and detail any information studied in class about David Hume.

- Foundationalist who doesnt believe in god, nodies more important than the mind, no immaterial things in the universe, created humes fork.

Define 'Virtue'

1) A principle of temperance and moderation, which achieves a mean between the vice of excess and the vice of deficiency of a moral quality. 2) A noble part of us that is praised, admired, and sought after 3) moral excellence, good moral being

Describe Plato's 5 step process/methodology for education

1) Begins with play (20 years) developing social skills 2) Arithmetic, pane geometry, solid geometry, astronomy (science) 3) Dialect (after a certain level of maturity) 4) Getting a job or (practice argument and dialect lead to a life of service)--choose either definition 5) Inquire about the nature of the universe (one thing properly applied)

What are the 4 Socratic Virtues? How did Plato believe these functioned? What was the goal of philosophy for the individual?

1) Courage 2) Temperance 3) Wisdom 4) Justice How they functioned: With Wisdom, Courage, and Temperance in proper proportion with Wisdom, pointed towards the good, produces Justice The goal: To get Justice

According to Socrates, what are the 5 "Moral Prerequisites" for doing philosophy discussed in the Apology?

1) Detachment from worldly goods 2) Focused devotion to truth & wisdom 3) Courage to stand up to the "common wisdom" of the day 4) Humility 5) Calling & Commitment.

What are the four Aristotelian Causes?

1) Material Cause 2) Efficient Cause (start) 3) Final Cause (stop) 4) Formal Cause

Aristotle divided the virtues into what two categories?

1) Moral virtues 2) Intellectual virtues

What are the five Aristotelian Powers of the Soul?

1) Nutritive Soul- What makes basic life possible 2) Appetitive Soul- Gives passions, desires, wills, etc. 3)Locomotive Soul- Substance to move by its own volition 4) Sensitive Soul- Receive and respond to sense data 5) Rational Soul- Unique quality in humanity to think, imagine, abstract

Who were the major influences on Plato and in what way did they influence him?

1) Pythagorus- Universal language and math 2) Heraclitus- Dualist (material and immaterial) 3) Socrates- Humanist and Ethics-- Cares about how we treat each other 4) Parmenides_ Eternal and unchanging (monist)

What are, in correct order, the 4 divisions of the Divided Line (note, each division has two terms, one for activity and the other for object of that activity)?

1) Understanding-Form 2) Thought- Abstraction 3) Belief- About a thing 4) Imagination- Images

What are the 2 major divisions of Metaphysics?

1) What is the nature of Reality? 2) What are the basic ways of being?

What are the seven functions of the mind?

1) Will 2) Emotion 3) Imagination 4) Perceive 5) Language 6) Memory 7) Reason

Describe Plato's 5 step process of coming to knowledge discussed in class

1) You name it, for meaning 2) Description 3) Image (bodily forms) 4) Knowledge of the objects (concepts) 5) The object itself (true reality)

What are the three (3) skills needed for Philosophy?

1. Analysis 2. Assessment 3. Argument

What is the order of the metaphysical/epistemological views?

1. Forms/Universals 2. Matter/Particulars 3. Minds/Bodies 4. Idealism/Empiricism (+division) 5. Noumenal/Phenomenal

List and define the four (4) topical divisions of philosophy.

1. Metaphysics: What is real? 2. Epistemology: What is reasonable? 3. Ethics: What is good? 4. Aesthetics: What is Beauty

According to lecture what are the four (4) general approaches to explaining the difference between Knowledge and any merely "true belief"?

1. Normative- Foundationalism and Coherentism 2. Naturalistic-Cause and Belief 3. Sceptisim- Investigates the apparent ability for us to know 4. Virtue Epistemology- Investigates the proper approach and Function of the Human mind.

What is the order of the philosophers?

1. Plato 2. Rene Descartes 3. John Locke 4. George Berkeley 5. David Hume 6. Immanuel Kant 7. Friedrich Nietzsche

What are the stages of wisdom?

1. Realizing our own failure 2. Motivated search for the truth 3. Knowledge

According to lecture what are the six (6) Common Points of Rationalism?

1. Reason is the Primary or most superior source of knowledge about reality 2. Sense experience is an unreliable and inadequate route to knowledge 3. The fundamental truths about the world can be known prior: Either innate or self-evident to our minds 4. Knowledge is possible 5. Only through reason can knowledge be obtained 6. Beliefs based on reason represent reality

According to lecture what are the three (3) Common Points of Empiricism?

1. The only source of genuine knowledge is sense experience. 2. Reason is an unreliable and inadequate route to knowledge unless it is grounded in sense experience. 3. There is no evidence of innate ideas within the mind that are known apart from experience.

List and describe Locke's three (3) categories of mental content:

1.Sensation- data provided by the senses 2. Ideas- Our immediate perception of an object 3. Quality- What we called attribute

Perception

A kind of knowlege; sense experience.

What, according to Aristotle, is a 'substance? And, what are his three descriptions of a substance?

A substance is both form and Matter 1) A substance is referred by a noun 2) Has all properties and changes in something 3) What is essential (If it disappears, you do too)

List the four (4) chronological periods of philosophy in order & their area of interest:

Ancient- Ontology. Medieval- Theology. Modern- Epistemology. Post-Modern- Language.

List and detail any information studied in class about George Berkeley.

Berkeley was a subjective idealist which means only minds and ideas exist and (and empiricist) and focused his philosophy on the phrase "esse este percipi". This led him to thinking that the only things that we are certain are permanent are those which we can see and perceive. he thought since god sees everything, everything is real.

____________ and ____________ believed that there are no substances.

Berkely and Hume

Hume takes _________________ to be the central idea of all reasoning

Causation

According to Descartes, the mark of the Cogito is its _______________________ .

Clarity and distinctness, criteria of knowledge.

List and define the Three Tests for Truth and know in which order they are used.

Correspondence- agreement between a proposition and an actual state‐of‐affairs. Coherence- interconnections of a proposition with a specified system of propositions. Pragmatic- usefulness of a proposition in achieving certain intellectual goals.

The criteria of clarity and distinctness for truth are introduced by ____________.

Descartes

List and detail any information studied in class about Rene Descartes.

Descartes was a Frenchman who jumped around in his career, originally wanting to be a man of god but turning away because the only thing that was certain to him was mathematics. Descartes was a rationalist and had 4 Maxims that guided his philosophy and life. He coined the phrase "cogito ergo sum", which translates to "I think, therefore I am". The mark of cogito he coined was Clarity and distinctness, criteria of knowledge. He established The criteria of clarity and distinctness for truth and in the center of his metaphysics he had aristotles perception of substance.

Aristotle was the first to ___________________________ in philosophy

Distinguish Branches of Inquiry

According to Lecture Empiricists emphasize ________________________ while Rationalists emphasize ____________________________________ .

Empiricists emphasize experience of things while rationalists emphasize the thing that gives rise to the experience.

What, according to Plato, are the two metaphysical components?

Form and matter

According to Socrates, what did he do to bring on such accusations?

He Tried to show Chaephrone he was not as wise as he thought he was.

What does Socrates mean by saying that he is like a gadfly to the city of Athens?'

He stings and prods at the government and officials to keep the city running well.

If the jury had been willing to acquit Socrates on the condition that he stop practicing philosophy Socrates says that he would not have agreed to this condition. Why?

I am grateful and I am your friend, but I will obey the god rather than you, and as long as I draw breath and am able, I shall not cease to practice philosophy.

Innate Ideas

Ideas that are "born into the mind"; knowlege that is programmed into us from birth and need not be learned.

According to lecture what are the two (2) charges against Socrates in the Apology?

Impiety and Corrupting the youth

List and detail any information studied in class about Immanuel Kant.

Kant took Humes Fork idea and filled in the missing square with synthetic a priori so knowledge could be reached. He was a rationalist as well as an empiricist. he had four general explanations for difference between knowledge and true beliefs. he also had six points oif rationalism and three points of empricism.

Justified true belief is often advanced as a candidate for a definition of ____________.

Knowledge

What is the class definition for "Wisdom"?

Knowledge rightly applied

_____ and _____ had a famous disagreement concerning the nature of space and time

Leibniz and Newton

List and detail any information studied in class about John Locke.

Locke was an English empiricist philosopher and was convinced that minds begin as a blank slate- tabula rasa. He said that there were 3 categories of mental content: sensation, ideas, and quality. He also believed that there were primary and secondary characteristics, like Descartes.

What accusations do Socrates' "first" accusers make against him?

Materialist - natural scientist like Anaxagoras. Sophist - "Making the weaker argument the stronger." They were not Athenians. Corrupter - Several well known young men, taught by Socrates, joined the Spartans against Athens.

In response to a question from Socrates' student Chaerephon, what did the oracle of Apollo at Delphi declare about Socrates?

No one was wiser than Socrates.

Why does Socrates not suggest that he be exiled?

Non- Athenians wouldn't listen to him if Athenians don't anyways.

According to Locke our minds begin as a _______________________ and all knowledge comes from _______________________ .

Our minds begin as a blank slate (tabula rasa) and all knowledge comes from experience.

List and detail any information studied in class about Plato.

Plato was an influential philosopher who established an integrated philosophical enterprise and branches of inquiry. His main influences are Heraclitus, parmenides, pythagorus, and socrates. he opened the academy in athens which was a school. he made the divided line which is suppose to be the journey from ignorance to knowlegde. three stages THROUGH WHICH KNOWLEDGE ABOUT IT MUST COME; THE KNOWLEDGE ITSELF IS A FOURTH; AND WE MUST PUT AS A FIFTH ENTITY THE ACTUALOBJECT OF KNOWLEDGE WHICH IS THE TRUE REALITY. PLATO PROPOSES A TWO-WORLD MODEL•ONE WORLD: THE WORLD OF FORMS•IS PARMENIDEAN - CHANGELESS ONES, BEING•IS KNOWN THROUGH REASON•ANOTHER WORLD: THE WORLD OF PHENOMENA- CHANGING MULTIPLICITY, BECOMING•APPEARS THROUGH SENSATION. , PLATO ARGUES THAT KNOWLEDGE OF THE FORMS IS INNATE. PLATO BELIEVED THAT BEAUTY, JUSTICE, AND THE GOOD HAD FORMS

What are Primary Qualities?

Properties of the objects themselves which are qualities inherent in the objects. Objects available to Mathematics

What are Secondary Qualities?

Properties that affect our sense of Organs but do not exist independently of the objects. Objects available to the senses.

What is the "Test for Invalidity" and how does it work?

Proves if a statement is true or false. If P, then Q, P therefore Q. If P then Q, not Q, therefore not P

What is "Hume's Fork" and what is it supposed to demonstrate?

Relation of ideas and matters of facts.

How does Socrates try to defend himself against the charge that he corrupts the young?

Socrates doubts that he is the only person who is "corrupting the youth."

_______ is a radical determinist, but he assures us that we can, with heroic effort, understand the nature of this determinism and accept it gracefully

Spinoza

What is the class definition for "Philosophy"?

The love of wisdom.

Rationalism

The philosophy that is characterized by its confidence in reason, and intuition in particular, to know reality independently of experience.

What is an argument? What are the components of an argument?

The process of reasoning from one claim to another. An argument may, but need not, be directed against an explicit alternative Form & Content Make Up an Argument.

What is the Socratic Method and how does it work?

Two or more people assist one another in finding the answers to difficult questions. 1. Begin with the pretense of knowledge - I assume that I rightly know X. 2. By question & answer "error" is discovered (demonstrated?). - 1st stage of wisdom: realizing our own failure. 3. Continue question answer in search of truth". - stage of wisdom: motivated searching for truth. 4. Agreement (not necessarily full realized) - 3rd stage of wisdom: knowledge.

There is ______ underlying all individual selves and things that is beyond our "normal" capacity to grasp - understand. This is evidenced in the ancient Hindu Vedic literature (especially the Upanishads).

Unity

What does Plato's Divided Line & Myth of the Cave (Republic) tell us about the world and our knowledge of it?

We only know what others tell us of the world. The more you seek knowledge, the more you get; then you take responsibility for that knowledge.

How does Socrates try to defend himself against the charge that he does not believe in the gods?

Without demi-gods/parents, there is no way for Gods to exist. Man+Woman= Baby

According to Socrates, how did he get a reputation for corrupting the young?

Young men saw how Socrates proved that men were not as wise as they said and agreed with his position, thus "corrupting the youth."

Leibniz's ______ can be created or destroyed but not by any "natural" means

monads

Explain the "Pattern of History" presented in lecture.

•Teacher -teaches student •Student - see things differently and teaches his way to his student •Grand student- learns from student but may see things differently so he can also learn from teacher