safa's anatomy study guide exam 1

Which of the following is not found in the epidermis?

Fibroblast

A hair cycle consists of three developmental stages in which order?

Anagen, catagen, and telogen

Which of the following cells stand guard against toxins, microbes, and other pathogens?

Dendritic cells

____Established a code of ethics for Physicians. He is considered the" father of Medicine"

Hippocrates

which of the following is not a type of fibrous connective tissue?

hyaline cartilage

An___ is composed of two or more tissue types, where areas____ are microscopic structures in a Cell.

organ; organelles

the most influential medical textbook of the ancient era was written by___

Galen

most of the skin is___mm thick.

1 to 2

The hypodermis is characterized by an abundance of which tissue?

Adipose tissue

The ________ glands are a source of sex pheromones.

Apocrine

Most primates are____, meaning they live in trees.

Arboreal

An example of Highly vascular tissue is____ tissue. an example of a tissue that is not highly vascular is____.

Areolar; cartilage

basal cell carcinoma initially affects cells of the stratum___.

Basale

Chondrocytes multiply in the zone of ________ of the metaphysis.

Cell proliferation

___Are the simplest body structures considered alive

Cells

If a species of animal evolves over generations to grow a large fan blade like growth on his back to catch the wind and cool its body, this would be an example of responding to

Climate change

which of the following does not account for the gelatinous consistency of connective tissue ground substance?

Collagen

Two groups of people were tested to determine whether garlic lowers blood cholesterol levels. One group was given 800 mg of garlic powder daily for 4 months and exhibited an average 12% reduction in blood cholesterol. The other group was not giving any garlic and after 4 months average a 3% reduction in cholesterol the route was not given the garlic was the_____ group

Control

the study of the structure functions of cell is called

Cytology

calcium plays an essential role in all of the following except___

DNA synthesis

What type of gradient causes the movement of ions due to both change and concentration differences?

Electrochemical gradients

____Secrete____ into____.

Endocrine glands; hormones; the blood

the study of how hormones function is called____

Endocrinology

Which of the skin layers below is the most superficial?

Epidermis

The membrane that lines the luminal surfaces of the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts consists of____.

Epithelium and lamina propria

____ tissues respond quickly to outside stimuli by means of changes in membrane potential.

Excitable

The reddish color of the skin of the lips is primarily due to the presence of which pigment?

Hemoglobin

the replacement of damaged tissue with scar tissue is called____

Fibrosis

The four primary tissue types found in adult organs include all the following except___ tissue.

Fibrous

Some simple columnar and pseudostratified columnar epithelia have____ cells which produce a protective mucous coating over the mucous membranes.

Goblet

A physiological ____ is a difference in chemical concentration, electrical charge, physical pressure, temperature, or other variables between one point and another

Gradient

Modern anatomical language is based on____ and____ because individuals speaking this language has made most of the early anatomical discoveries

Greek; Latin

each hair grows in an oblique epithelial tube called___

Hair follicle

Which of the following is not a type of fibrous connective tissue?

Hyaline cartilage

Marfan syndrome is a hereditary defect of elastin fibers. People with the Syndrome have___

Hyperextensible joints

after six months of lifting weights at the gym you notice that some of your muscles have increased in size. This increase in size is due to___ of muscle cells.

Hypertrophy

In which of the following skin layers with a subcutaneous injection be administered?

Hypodermis

which of the following is not part of the skin?

Hypodermis

an educated speculation or a possible answer to a question is called a____

Hypothesis

Most people think that ulcers are caused by psychological stress. It was discovered that an acid resistant bacterium helicobacter pylori lives in the lining of the stomach. If these bacteria cause ulcers then treatment with the antibiotics should reduce ulcers. This line of Investigation is an example of___.

Hypothetico-deductive reasoning

Metabolism is the sum of all___ ___ change.

Internal; chemical

Increased bilirubin levels cause a skin discoloration called ________.

Jaundice

Calluses Or corns are the result of accelerated multiplication by___

Keratinocytes

What type of hair is present prenatally and usually replaced by birth?

Lanugo

What is the white opaque"moon" often found at the proximal end of a fingernail called?

Lenule

Which of the following cells is largely responsible for skin color?

Melanocytes

the least common but most deadly type of skin cancer is

Melanoma

Which cutaneous glands are concerned with cooling the body?

Merocrine glands

____ glands (such as tear glands) have vesicles that release their secretion via exocytosis. ____ glands (such as oil-producing) glands secrete a mixture of disintegrated cells and their products.

Merocrine; Holocrine

The middle primary germ layer is called___ which gives rise to a gelatinous material called___ which can give rise to different types of connective tissue such as bone, cartilage, and blood.

Mesoderm; mesenchyme

the skin is a barrier to all the following except___

Metals such as mercury

The___ is a marginal zone of the epiphyseal plate where in Children and adolescents bone can be seen replacing the hyaline cartilage.

Metaphysis

The pseudostratified columnar epithelium of the bronchi in smokers May transform into stratified squamous epithelium. this is an example of

Metaplasia

ultrastructure refers to the detailed structure to the level of the___.

Molecule

The oil of your scalp is secreted by ________ glands associated with the hair follicles.

Sebaceous

hypocalcemia can cause___

Muscle spasm

which of the following lists levels of human structure from the most complex to the simplest?

Organ system, organ, tissue, cell, organelle

Which skin color is most likely to result from anemia?

Pallor

The study of mechanism of disease is called____.

Pathophysiology

With regard to the healing of a skin wound, macrophages____.

Phagocytize and digest tissue debris

hemoglobin level of 12g/ DL is normal for an adult female but low for an adult male. this is an example of___

Physiological variation

The study of how the body functions is called___

Physiology

a new drug apparently increases short-term memory. students were divided randomly into two groups at the beginning of the semester. One group was given the memory pill once a day for the semester and the other group was given the same looking pill but it was sugar. The sugar pill is termed a___

Placebo

Which of the following is most likely to cause disease?

Positive feedback

Which of the following lists examples of body structures from the simplest to the most complex?

Protein, mitochondrion, adipocytes(fat cell), connective tissue, stomach

____ approaches understanding of the human body by setting the interaction of its parts

Reductionism

____ approaches understanding of the human body to studying the interaction of its parts

Reductionism

taking apart a clock to see how it works is similar to____ thinking about human physiology.

Reductionist

Which type of tissue is found in the most superficial layer of skin?

Stratified squamous epithelium

most membranes are composed of two or three tissue types. However an example of an exception is the___ membrane.

Synovial

which of the following tissues has not found as part of a long bone?

Transitional epithelium

Blood functions to___.

Transport nutrients to the tissues

Red bone marrow does not___

Yellow bone marrow

which of the following is not a feature that connective tissues have in common?

a calcified matrix

The membrane that lines passageways that open to the exterior environment is called____

a mucous membrane( mucosa)

Astronauts in zero gravity are able to move food through the digestive tracts because____.

a smooth muscle produces waves of contractions that Propel material through the digestive tract.

DNA is an example of a n___Where areas PET skin is an example of___.

abbreviation; acronym

New triglycerides are constantly being synthesized and stored, While others are hydrolyzed and released into the circulation by the cells found in____

adipose tissue

phosphate is necessary for all of the following except___

amino acids

the term fallopian tube ( uterine tube) is an example of____.

an eponym

A surgeon needs to be familiar with different versions of anatomy. This is because of the phenomenon of____

anatomical variation

An example of a highly vascular tissue is___ tissue. An example of a tissue that is not highly vascular is ___.

areolar; cartilage

The" ABCD rule" for recognizing early signs of malignant melanoma refers to which of the following characteristics of the legion?

asymmetry, border irregularity, color, and diameter

the plural of axilla ( armpit) is ____ where area is the plural of appendix is_____

axillae; appendices

the prefix hypo means___ where are you at hyper means___

below; above

The rubbery Matrix of cartilage is secreted by____, where areas____ produce the fibers and ground substance that form the Matrix of fibrous connective tissue.

chondroblasts; fibroblasts

which of the following best describes the composition of the dermis?

collagen and fibroblasts

A connective tissue fiber refers to a___, a nerve fiber refers to a___, and a muscle fiber refers to a ___.

complex of macromolecules; part of a cell; entire cell

fibroblast and protein fibers are associated with both___ and___.

dense regular; dense irregular connective tissues

Blood vessels in the ________ provide a hair with its sole source of nutrition.

dermal papilla

fingerprints left on things we touch are associated with our___

dermal papillae

the____ gives rise to the____.

ectoderm; nervous system and epidermis

Hypercalcemia means___

elevated calcium levels in blood

Achondroplastic dwarfism is a hereditary condition in which the long bones of the limbs fail to elongate normally because of reduced hyperplasia and hypertrophy of cartilage in the___

epiphyseal plate

the basement membrane is found between____ and____

epithelium; connective tissue

in change in the genetic composition of a population over time is called____

evolution

The most immediate threat to the life of a patient with severe burns is___

fluid loss

Looking at a slide of thin skin under the microscope you know that the stratum basale is the___ layer of the epidermis from the surface.

fourth

the change in size of the bone marrow( where blood cells are produced) as an infant matures is an example of ____,Where area is the transformation of blood stem cells into white blood cells is an example of____

growth; differentiation

A pilus is a __________.

hair

the base where a hair follicle originates in the skin is known as the___

hair bulb

Chemicals in a solution to move down a concentration gradient. This means that chemical move from the area of____ concentration to the area of____ concentration.

high ;low

Excessive hairiness is called___

hirsutism

A thin, stained slice of tissue mounted on a microscope is called a____.

histological section

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) help give the ground substance some of its qualities, including_____.

holding water and maintaining electrolyte balance

secretions from___ glands contribute to the acid mantle that inhibits bacterial growth on the skin.

merocrine sweat

the___ is a marginal zone of the epiphyseal plate where in children and Adolescent bone can be seen replacing the hyaline cartilage

metaphysis

____ approaches Understanding of the human body by studying the interactions of its parts

reductionism

The primary theory of how Evolution works is called____

natural selection

Blood glucose concentration Rises after a meal and stimulates the pancreas to release the hormone insulin. Insulin travels in the blood and stimulates the uptake of glucose by body cells from the bloodstream, reducing blood glucose concentration. This is an example of ____.

negative feedback

Nervous tissue consists predominantly of two cell types, neurons and___.

neuroglia

____Epithelium provides a moist and slippery surface and is well-suited to resist stress, as seen in the____.

nonkeratinized; vagina

The use of controls and statistical testing are two aspects of experimental design that help to ensure___.

objective and reliable results

feeling structures with your fingertips is called____, where are your tapping on the body and listening for sounds of abnormalities is called____

palpation; percussion

____ is a process that submits a scientist's idea to a critical Judgment of other specialist in the field before the research is funded or published.

peer review

All cells in ____ epithelium reach the basement membrane, but only cells that reach the free surface have cilia

pseudostratified columnar

An epithelium whose cells are tall and narrow with each one touching the basement membrane and reaching the apical surface is called____ epithelium.

simple columnar

A brush border of microvilli is found in___ epithelium, which can be found in___

simple columnar; small intestine

Most kidney tubules are made of____Epithelial tissue, which is specialized for absorption and secretion.

simple cuboidal

A human is born before his / her nervous system has matured. This is traceable to____.

skeletal adaptations to bipedalism

The ___ is absent from most epidermis.

stratum lucidum

Which two strata of the epidermis are most susceptible to cancer?

stratum spinosum and stratum basale

Most membranes are composed of two or three tissue types. However, an example of an exception is the____ membrane.

synovial

The process of using numerous observations to develop general principles and predictions about a specific subject is called____.

the inductive method

precise spelling and employed Anatomy because____

there are many similar terms are around me that refer to a different structures

___ Burns involve the epidermis, all of the epidermis, and often some deeper tissues.

third degree

in the intestine,___ ensures that most digested nutrients pass through the epithelial cell and not between them.

tight junctions

Food in the urinary bladder____ epithelium resembles____ epithelium but the apical cells are rounded not flattened.

transitional; stratified squamous

Found in the urinary bladder___ epithelium resemble___ Epithelium, but the apical cells are rounded not flattened.

transitional; stratified squamous