safa's anatomy study guide exam 1
Which of the following is not found in the epidermis?
Fibroblast
A hair cycle consists of three developmental stages in which order?
Anagen, catagen, and telogen
Which of the following cells stand guard against toxins, microbes, and other pathogens?
Dendritic cells
____Established a code of ethics for Physicians. He is considered the" father of Medicine"
Hippocrates
which of the following is not a type of fibrous connective tissue?
hyaline cartilage
An___ is composed of two or more tissue types, where areas____ are microscopic structures in a Cell.
organ; organelles
the most influential medical textbook of the ancient era was written by___
Galen
most of the skin is___mm thick.
1 to 2
The hypodermis is characterized by an abundance of which tissue?
Adipose tissue
The ________ glands are a source of sex pheromones.
Apocrine
Most primates are____, meaning they live in trees.
Arboreal
An example of Highly vascular tissue is____ tissue. an example of a tissue that is not highly vascular is____.
Areolar; cartilage
basal cell carcinoma initially affects cells of the stratum___.
Basale
Chondrocytes multiply in the zone of ________ of the metaphysis.
Cell proliferation
___Are the simplest body structures considered alive
Cells
If a species of animal evolves over generations to grow a large fan blade like growth on his back to catch the wind and cool its body, this would be an example of responding to
Climate change
which of the following does not account for the gelatinous consistency of connective tissue ground substance?
Collagen
Two groups of people were tested to determine whether garlic lowers blood cholesterol levels. One group was given 800 mg of garlic powder daily for 4 months and exhibited an average 12% reduction in blood cholesterol. The other group was not giving any garlic and after 4 months average a 3% reduction in cholesterol the route was not given the garlic was the_____ group
Control
the study of the structure functions of cell is called
Cytology
calcium plays an essential role in all of the following except___
DNA synthesis
What type of gradient causes the movement of ions due to both change and concentration differences?
Electrochemical gradients
____Secrete____ into____.
Endocrine glands; hormones; the blood
the study of how hormones function is called____
Endocrinology
Which of the skin layers below is the most superficial?
Epidermis
The membrane that lines the luminal surfaces of the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts consists of____.
Epithelium and lamina propria
____ tissues respond quickly to outside stimuli by means of changes in membrane potential.
Excitable
The reddish color of the skin of the lips is primarily due to the presence of which pigment?
Hemoglobin
the replacement of damaged tissue with scar tissue is called____
Fibrosis
The four primary tissue types found in adult organs include all the following except___ tissue.
Fibrous
Some simple columnar and pseudostratified columnar epithelia have____ cells which produce a protective mucous coating over the mucous membranes.
Goblet
A physiological ____ is a difference in chemical concentration, electrical charge, physical pressure, temperature, or other variables between one point and another
Gradient
Modern anatomical language is based on____ and____ because individuals speaking this language has made most of the early anatomical discoveries
Greek; Latin
each hair grows in an oblique epithelial tube called___
Hair follicle
Which of the following is not a type of fibrous connective tissue?
Hyaline cartilage
Marfan syndrome is a hereditary defect of elastin fibers. People with the Syndrome have___
Hyperextensible joints
after six months of lifting weights at the gym you notice that some of your muscles have increased in size. This increase in size is due to___ of muscle cells.
Hypertrophy
In which of the following skin layers with a subcutaneous injection be administered?
Hypodermis
which of the following is not part of the skin?
Hypodermis
an educated speculation or a possible answer to a question is called a____
Hypothesis
Most people think that ulcers are caused by psychological stress. It was discovered that an acid resistant bacterium helicobacter pylori lives in the lining of the stomach. If these bacteria cause ulcers then treatment with the antibiotics should reduce ulcers. This line of Investigation is an example of___.
Hypothetico-deductive reasoning
Metabolism is the sum of all___ ___ change.
Internal; chemical
Increased bilirubin levels cause a skin discoloration called ________.
Jaundice
Calluses Or corns are the result of accelerated multiplication by___
Keratinocytes
What type of hair is present prenatally and usually replaced by birth?
Lanugo
What is the white opaque"moon" often found at the proximal end of a fingernail called?
Lenule
Which of the following cells is largely responsible for skin color?
Melanocytes
the least common but most deadly type of skin cancer is
Melanoma
Which cutaneous glands are concerned with cooling the body?
Merocrine glands
____ glands (such as tear glands) have vesicles that release their secretion via exocytosis. ____ glands (such as oil-producing) glands secrete a mixture of disintegrated cells and their products.
Merocrine; Holocrine
The middle primary germ layer is called___ which gives rise to a gelatinous material called___ which can give rise to different types of connective tissue such as bone, cartilage, and blood.
Mesoderm; mesenchyme
the skin is a barrier to all the following except___
Metals such as mercury
The___ is a marginal zone of the epiphyseal plate where in Children and adolescents bone can be seen replacing the hyaline cartilage.
Metaphysis
The pseudostratified columnar epithelium of the bronchi in smokers May transform into stratified squamous epithelium. this is an example of
Metaplasia
ultrastructure refers to the detailed structure to the level of the___.
Molecule
The oil of your scalp is secreted by ________ glands associated with the hair follicles.
Sebaceous
hypocalcemia can cause___
Muscle spasm
which of the following lists levels of human structure from the most complex to the simplest?
Organ system, organ, tissue, cell, organelle
Which skin color is most likely to result from anemia?
Pallor
The study of mechanism of disease is called____.
Pathophysiology
With regard to the healing of a skin wound, macrophages____.
Phagocytize and digest tissue debris
hemoglobin level of 12g/ DL is normal for an adult female but low for an adult male. this is an example of___
Physiological variation
The study of how the body functions is called___
Physiology
a new drug apparently increases short-term memory. students were divided randomly into two groups at the beginning of the semester. One group was given the memory pill once a day for the semester and the other group was given the same looking pill but it was sugar. The sugar pill is termed a___
Placebo
Which of the following is most likely to cause disease?
Positive feedback
Which of the following lists examples of body structures from the simplest to the most complex?
Protein, mitochondrion, adipocytes(fat cell), connective tissue, stomach
____ approaches understanding of the human body by setting the interaction of its parts
Reductionism
____ approaches understanding of the human body to studying the interaction of its parts
Reductionism
taking apart a clock to see how it works is similar to____ thinking about human physiology.
Reductionist
Which type of tissue is found in the most superficial layer of skin?
Stratified squamous epithelium
most membranes are composed of two or three tissue types. However an example of an exception is the___ membrane.
Synovial
which of the following tissues has not found as part of a long bone?
Transitional epithelium
Blood functions to___.
Transport nutrients to the tissues
Red bone marrow does not___
Yellow bone marrow
which of the following is not a feature that connective tissues have in common?
a calcified matrix
The membrane that lines passageways that open to the exterior environment is called____
a mucous membrane( mucosa)
Astronauts in zero gravity are able to move food through the digestive tracts because____.
a smooth muscle produces waves of contractions that Propel material through the digestive tract.
DNA is an example of a n___Where areas PET skin is an example of___.
abbreviation; acronym
New triglycerides are constantly being synthesized and stored, While others are hydrolyzed and released into the circulation by the cells found in____
adipose tissue
phosphate is necessary for all of the following except___
amino acids
the term fallopian tube ( uterine tube) is an example of____.
an eponym
A surgeon needs to be familiar with different versions of anatomy. This is because of the phenomenon of____
anatomical variation
An example of a highly vascular tissue is___ tissue. An example of a tissue that is not highly vascular is ___.
areolar; cartilage
The" ABCD rule" for recognizing early signs of malignant melanoma refers to which of the following characteristics of the legion?
asymmetry, border irregularity, color, and diameter
the plural of axilla ( armpit) is ____ where area is the plural of appendix is_____
axillae; appendices
the prefix hypo means___ where are you at hyper means___
below; above
The rubbery Matrix of cartilage is secreted by____, where areas____ produce the fibers and ground substance that form the Matrix of fibrous connective tissue.
chondroblasts; fibroblasts
which of the following best describes the composition of the dermis?
collagen and fibroblasts
A connective tissue fiber refers to a___, a nerve fiber refers to a___, and a muscle fiber refers to a ___.
complex of macromolecules; part of a cell; entire cell
fibroblast and protein fibers are associated with both___ and___.
dense regular; dense irregular connective tissues
Blood vessels in the ________ provide a hair with its sole source of nutrition.
dermal papilla
fingerprints left on things we touch are associated with our___
dermal papillae
the____ gives rise to the____.
ectoderm; nervous system and epidermis
Hypercalcemia means___
elevated calcium levels in blood
Achondroplastic dwarfism is a hereditary condition in which the long bones of the limbs fail to elongate normally because of reduced hyperplasia and hypertrophy of cartilage in the___
epiphyseal plate
the basement membrane is found between____ and____
epithelium; connective tissue
in change in the genetic composition of a population over time is called____
evolution
The most immediate threat to the life of a patient with severe burns is___
fluid loss
Looking at a slide of thin skin under the microscope you know that the stratum basale is the___ layer of the epidermis from the surface.
fourth
the change in size of the bone marrow( where blood cells are produced) as an infant matures is an example of ____,Where area is the transformation of blood stem cells into white blood cells is an example of____
growth; differentiation
A pilus is a __________.
hair
the base where a hair follicle originates in the skin is known as the___
hair bulb
Chemicals in a solution to move down a concentration gradient. This means that chemical move from the area of____ concentration to the area of____ concentration.
high ;low
Excessive hairiness is called___
hirsutism
A thin, stained slice of tissue mounted on a microscope is called a____.
histological section
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) help give the ground substance some of its qualities, including_____.
holding water and maintaining electrolyte balance
secretions from___ glands contribute to the acid mantle that inhibits bacterial growth on the skin.
merocrine sweat
the___ is a marginal zone of the epiphyseal plate where in children and Adolescent bone can be seen replacing the hyaline cartilage
metaphysis
____ approaches Understanding of the human body by studying the interactions of its parts
reductionism
The primary theory of how Evolution works is called____
natural selection
Blood glucose concentration Rises after a meal and stimulates the pancreas to release the hormone insulin. Insulin travels in the blood and stimulates the uptake of glucose by body cells from the bloodstream, reducing blood glucose concentration. This is an example of ____.
negative feedback
Nervous tissue consists predominantly of two cell types, neurons and___.
neuroglia
____Epithelium provides a moist and slippery surface and is well-suited to resist stress, as seen in the____.
nonkeratinized; vagina
The use of controls and statistical testing are two aspects of experimental design that help to ensure___.
objective and reliable results
feeling structures with your fingertips is called____, where are your tapping on the body and listening for sounds of abnormalities is called____
palpation; percussion
____ is a process that submits a scientist's idea to a critical Judgment of other specialist in the field before the research is funded or published.
peer review
All cells in ____ epithelium reach the basement membrane, but only cells that reach the free surface have cilia
pseudostratified columnar
An epithelium whose cells are tall and narrow with each one touching the basement membrane and reaching the apical surface is called____ epithelium.
simple columnar
A brush border of microvilli is found in___ epithelium, which can be found in___
simple columnar; small intestine
Most kidney tubules are made of____Epithelial tissue, which is specialized for absorption and secretion.
simple cuboidal
A human is born before his / her nervous system has matured. This is traceable to____.
skeletal adaptations to bipedalism
The ___ is absent from most epidermis.
stratum lucidum
Which two strata of the epidermis are most susceptible to cancer?
stratum spinosum and stratum basale
Most membranes are composed of two or three tissue types. However, an example of an exception is the____ membrane.
synovial
The process of using numerous observations to develop general principles and predictions about a specific subject is called____.
the inductive method
precise spelling and employed Anatomy because____
there are many similar terms are around me that refer to a different structures
___ Burns involve the epidermis, all of the epidermis, and often some deeper tissues.
third degree
in the intestine,___ ensures that most digested nutrients pass through the epithelial cell and not between them.
tight junctions
Food in the urinary bladder____ epithelium resembles____ epithelium but the apical cells are rounded not flattened.
transitional; stratified squamous
Found in the urinary bladder___ epithelium resemble___ Epithelium, but the apical cells are rounded not flattened.
transitional; stratified squamous