Safety Exam 2
Crane Operators
ARE / MUST BE Qualified It is also important as an operator to know the weight of the load being lifted/transported -Refer to the shipping ticket / other docs to ensure the load is within the load chart rating for the boom length / load radius of the crane
human vulnerability
what humans are susceptible to, likely falling in the same trap
Crane operators
Crane operators must be qualified for the type of crane they will be using, they can not only be "competent" they need to be qualified too. You can communicate via hand signals or radio Illustrations of hand signals must be on site If you lose sight/ communication, ALL crane operations must be stopped
Cranes and powerlines
Cranes have to be at least 10' away from powerlines -Mainly because of the arc risk
Cranes and the surface they are on
Cranes must be on firm supports, and they MUST BE level within 1%
Cardboard
Most common combustible material, as well as wood, paper, etc.
Fire extinguishers inside
Mounted within 10 feet of any inside storage area for such materials
Welding cylinder
NEVER lay the cylinder horizontal on the ground. Always secure vertically, do not transport with chokers, use a cradle. Value must be closed with protection caps when stored or being moved -When Finished With Task -When Cylinders are Empty -When moving cylinders Cylinders need to be placed at least 20' away from combustibles, and place them so they can't become part of the electrical circuit Open valve slowly to prevent damage to the regulator as well
Indoor storage
No more than 25 gallons of flammable liquids shall be stored in a room outside of an approved storage cabinet
Storage cabinets will all have these words printed on them
"FLAMMABLE KEEP FIRE AWAY"
Guarding
- Guard all exposed moving parts of a power tool, never remove guard when in use - the guard should not be removed in general
On any project with a crane you must...
- Stay out of the swing radius of the crane - Make sure there are barrier guards showing swing radius. You must mark off the swing radius. - Level the crane and ensure the support surface is firm and able to support the load
how to avoid near misses - protecting yourself from normalization of deviance
- recognize human vulnerability - "plan the work, work the plan" - consider your instincts - archive & review
Consequences of taking a shortcut with no consequences
- reinforces you to continue to take shortcuts - if you do the shortcut enough, it will become normal
courageous self leadership
- there are no good/ bad days by LUCK - good safety is a result of hard work NOT luck
The quantity of flammable or combustible liquid that may kept outside of a storage room or cabinet inside the building shall not exceed
-25 gallons of Class IA liquids in containers -120 gallons of Class IB, IC, II, III liquids in containers -660 gallons of Class IB, IC, II, III liquids in a single portable tank
Health Hazard Definitions
-Acute: rapid effects, as a result of short-term exposures, of short duration -Chronic: effects as a result of long-term exposure, of long duration -Corrosive: Visible destruction or irreversible damage to body tissue, including acids and caustics (bases)
Precast Concrete
-Includes wall units, structural framing and tilt-up wall panels -Lifting inserts (tilt-up panels) shall be capable of carrying twice the intended load -Lifting inserts (members other than tilt-up) shall be capable of carrying four times the intended load -Lifting hardware to carry 5 times the intended load
When should employees be provided information and training on hazardous chemicals in their work area
-At the time of their initial assignment -Whenever a new physical or health hazard is introduced into their work area -May cover categories of hazards or individual chemicals _______ Training should contain: A program, the physical and health hazards of the chemichals, protection (ppe), and detection (how to detect hazard)
You may want to train generally based on (HAZCOM):
-Based on the hazard categories (e.g., flammable liquids, corrosive materials, carcinogens) -Where there are large numbers of chemicals -Where the chemicals change frequently ______ You also want to train at the time of initial assignment, and when a worker might be introduced to a new type of chemichal
Types of Fires
-Class A- Ordinary materials such as paper, wood, cloth -Class B- Flammable liquids or Combustible liquids such as gasoline, paint, thinners, propane, kerosene -Class C- Electrical equipment fires, appliances, switches, panels -Class D- Certain metals such as magnesium, sodium, that could explode! Many extinguishers are A, B, and C type
Compressed Gas Cylinders
-Cylinder valves must be protected at all times -Cylinders should be stored in an upright and secure position -The tilt and roll method is accepted practice for movement, never attempt to hoist with chokers -Valve caps must be secure any time the cylinder is not in use -When stored, compressed cylinders should be segregated. The required separation is 20' or a five foot high fire wall with an approved fire-resistance rating
Why should chemical hazards be communicated?
-Exposure Risk -Profusion of Chemicals -Health Effects -Safety Hazards __________ -Employees have both a need and a right to know the hazards and identities of the chemicals they are exposed to when working. -They also need to know what protective measures are available to prevent adverse effects from occurring
Welding-Cutting-Burning
-Extinguishing equipment should be located in an obvious place and be easy to reach -Remove all flammable materials within a 35 ft radius -Remove all combustible materials within a 50 ft radius -Remove all explosive materials within a 100 ft radius
Frequently cited concrete and masonry violations/rules
-Failure to protect employees from impalement: rebar not capped or covered -Failure to establish a limited access zone (LAZ) to limit the number of workers in the danger zone where a masonry wall is under construction -Failure to brace unsupported section of masonry wall over 8 feet in height -Failure to have drawings or plans at the jobsite to indicate jack layout and formwork placement -
Storage cabinet rules and regulations
-No more than 60 gallons of flammable or 120 gallons of combustible liquids shall be stored in any one storage cabinet -Not more than three such cabinets may be located in a single storage area -Quantities in excess of this shall be stored in an inside storage room
The Hazard Communication Standard covers both
-Physical hazards (such as flammability) -Health hazards (such as irritation, lung damage, and cancer) **keep in mind this is a performance-oriented topic, which is uncommon for OSHA. It is more flexible, but still needs to meet all requirements.
Confined spaces
-You CAN NOT have a generator or settling tanks inside of the confined space being operated in. -An attendant shall be stationed outside to observe the welder at all times -
3 notification / communication types for hazard communication
1. Hazard Communication Program 2. Container Labeling 3. Material Safety Data Sheet
3 fundamentals that make a team successful
1. normalization of deviance 2. essence of responsibility 3. be a courageous self leader
Spoil pile
2 feet away minimum
Most trenching accidents occur in what depths
5-15ft deep
Closed container
A container so sealed by means of a lid or other device that neither liquid nor vapor will escape from it at ordinary temperatures
Cube of soil weight
A cube of soil measuring 1 ft. on a side weighs at least 100 lb (more in many cases). A cubic yard of soil (3 ft. on a side) contains 27 of these, or 2,700 lbs. total.
Max weight of the crane
Always located at the closest part of the lift
Safety can
An approved closed container, of no more than 5 gallons capacity it will have: -a flash-arresting screen -spring-closing lid -spout cover so that it will safely relieve internal pressure when subjected to fire exposure
Combustible liquids
Any liquid having a flash point at or above 140 F. (60 C.), and below 200 F (93.40 C).
Flammable liquids
Any liquid having a flashpoint below 140 F. and having a vapor pressure not exceeding 40 pounds per square in inch (absolute) at 100 F.
Arc welding
Arc welding uses electricity instead of gasses With arc welding.... The cable must be free from repair or splices within 10' from the user's end of the cable (the part of the cable his hands are on)
Failure to brace unsupported section of masonry wall over 8 feet in height
At 8 feet or higher you must brace the masonry wall. A brace is typically a vertical member or strut *ANSI says the support or bracing must withstand a minimum of 15 pounds per square foot*
Before starting work and before you dig
CALL 811
Flammable
Capable of being easily ignited, burning intensely, or having a rapid rate of flame spread
#1 fear in trenching
Cave-ins (76% of fatalities)
Two types of switches with power tools
Constant pressure switch - shuts off power upon release Examples: circular saw, chain saw, grinder, hand-held power drill On-Off Switch Examples: routers, planers, laminate trimmers, shears, jig saws, nibblers, scroll saws _____ All power tools must be fitted with guards / safety switches. Tag tools "DO NOT USE" if damaged
Crane Dunnage
Dunnage is wood or some sort of material that will level the ground, and support all crane activity on the ground. Creates a level and stable surface to operate from.
Excavation vs Trench
Excavation - any man cut, cavity, trench, etc., formed by earth removal. Excavations can include a building basement, roadbed or trench. Trench - narrow underground excavation that is deeper than it is wide and no wider than 15 feet. *All trenches are excavations, but not all excavations are trenches. Trenches are usually more dangerous. ________ Not on quiz I don't think, but important Shield - a structure able to withstand a cave-in and protect employees Shoring - a structure that supports the sides of an excavation and protects against cave-ins Sloping - a technique that employs a specific angle of incline on the sides of the excavation. The angle varies based on assessment of impacting site factors. Competent person - One who can identify existing and predictable hazards in the surroundings, or unsanitary, hazardous, or dangerous working conditions, and who has the authority to stop work until they are fixed.
Fire protection and prevention
Extinguishers and water drums, subject to freezing, shall be protected from freezing
OSHA rules for portable firefighting equipment
Fire extinguishers and small hose lines - (A fire extinguisher, rated not less than 2A, shall be provided for every 3,000 square feet of the protected building area, or major fraction thereof. Travel distance from any point of the protected area to the nearest fire extinguisher shall not exceed 100 feet!!!!!!!)
Fire extinguisher service
Fire extinguishers must be serviced, maintained, and tagged at least once a year
Failure to have drawings or plans at the jobsite to indicate jack layout and formwork placement
Formwork must be installed as shown on the drawings or plans. Don't allow a predictable surprise to occur.
Positive means of safety / fire protection
If the object to be welded, cut, or heated cannot be moved and if all the fire hazards cannot be removed, positive means (an additional means of protection / being proactive) shall be taken to confine the heat, sparks, and slag, and to protect the immovable fire hazards from them. *If all fire hazards can't be removed you must have a positive means of safety
OSHA will get you for failure to protect if you do not have the proper documentation for a crane operator or the crane itself
If you do not have the crane's maintenance records, or the operator's licenses / documentation, and you let an accident occur, that is known as FAILURE TO PROTECT
Assessment vs. Inventory
Inventory: Identify and list hazardous chemicals in workplaces Assessment: Is that chemical really the best tool for the job? Are there other / better ones to be used? *If you decided to substitute one chemical for the other, that would be known as an engineering control.
Abrasive wheel work rests
Keep work rests NOT MORE THAN 1/8th inch from wheel surface (too much space is bad practice) This prevents jamming the work between the wheel and the rest, which may cause the wheel to break
Lifting Hardware
Lifting hardware for crane MUST BE rated 5 TIMES the intended load
MIG Welding
MIG - Metal Inert Gas Welding, aka gas metal arc welding When welding, cutting, and heating toxic coatings in enclosed spaces... toxic preservatives shall be stripped of all toxic coatings* (all insulations are considered toxic coatings) *You must strip back 4" in both directions the toxic coating at the point you will be welding at OR provide workers with air line respirators (last resort option)
MSDS
Material safety data sheets; used to describe all the properties and safety procedures for a given substance Anyone, even subs must have access to MSDS sheets. Everyone has the right. They can even be digital.
Five-foot rule
OSHA requires protection from cave-ins by protective systems unless the excavation is: -Entirely in stable rock, or -Less than five feet and the competent person inspects the excavation and determines there is no indication of a potential cave-in. *If there is any doubt about the type of soil, treat it like type C ***The actual height of the shield used in trenching must extend 18" above the surface*** -Box should extend 18 inches above the surrounding area if sloping toward excavation.
Four-foot rule
OSHA requires that workers have a means to get in and out of a trench if it is FOUR or more feet deep -You must not have to travel more than 25 feet to reach the means of egress.
Approved containers and portable tanks
Only approved containers and portable tanks shall be used for storage and handling of flammable and combustible liquids - Approved safety cans or Department of Transportation approved containers shall be used for the handling and use of flammable liquids in quantities of 5 GALLONS or less!!! *Hard to pour liquids may be used and handled in original shipping containers* -For quantities of one gallon or less, the original container may be used, for storage, use and handling of flammable liquids
How to Use a Fire Extinguisher - P-A-S-S Method
Pull -- Pull the pin at the top of the extinguisher that keeps the handle from being activated Aim -- Aim the nozzle at the base of the fire Squeeze -- Maintain a distance of eight to ten feet away from the fire and squeeze the handle. Discharge will only occur if the handle is being squeezed. Sweep -- Sweep the nozzle back and forth at the base of the fire until it appears to be out. PASS
Failure to protect employees from impalement: rebar not capped or covered
Rebar can be capped with special protective rebar covers to keep employees from being impaled The rebar can be bent (but only when an engineer has approved this practice) or the rebar can be covered with lumber
Concrete Buckets with Hydraulic or Pneumatic Gates
Shall be equipped with positive safety latches or similar devices to prevent premature or accidental dumping What is a positive safety latch?
Fire extinguishers outside
Should be mounted within 75 feet of outside areas containing flammable liquids
Welding slag
Slag is the waste material created through the process of welding
Bulk Cement Storage
Storage bins to have tapered or conical bottoms No employee is permitted in the storage facility unless the ejection system is shut down, locked out, and tagged.
Types of soils, not sure if on quiz
TYPE A SOILS are cohesive soils with an unconfined compressive strength of 1.5 tons per square foot (tsf) or greater. TYPE B SOILS are cohesive soils with an unconfined compressive strength greater than 0.5 tsf but less than 1.5 tsf TYPE C SOILS are cohesive soils with an unconfined compressive strength of 0.5 tsf or less.
Flash point
The temperature at which it gives off sufficient to form an ignitable mixture with the air near the surface of the liquid or within the vessel used as determined by appropriate test procedure and apparatus
Powder actuated tools
The user of the tool MUST be trained and licensed to operate the tool. AKA a QUALIFIED operator. Use all suitable ear, eye, face protection
LAZ - Failure to establish a limited access zone (LAZ) to limit the number of workers in the danger zone where a masonry wall is under construction
The zone should be equal to the length of the wall under construction and extend out a distance equal to the height of the wall to be constructed plus 4 feet. -So if the wall to be constructed is 10 feet high and 30 feet long, the zone should be 14 feet x 30 feet -The LAZ will be on the side without scaffolding If wall over 8 ft, the zone must be in place always until bracing is present and until supporting elements of the structure are in place. ______ mark off the area with tape, rope, or chain, or any other material that will indicate to employees that they are not to enter the zone
Three standards for electric power tools
To protect a worker from shock, these tools must: *Have a 3-wire cord plugged into a grounded receptacle *Be double insulated, or *Be powered by a low-voltage isolation transformer
Transfer of flammable liquids
Transfer of flammable liquids from one container to another shall be done only when containers are electrically interconnected (bonded) AKA GROUNDED!!!
Pneumatic tools (compressed air powered tools)
Use a short wire or positive locking device attaching the air hose to the tool HOSE CLAMPS are not acceptable to seal / connect the air hose to the pneumatic tool You are not allowed to use the compressed air for cleaning, except if you use the air at a reduced PSI of 30 psi, with proper chip guarding and PPE though.
Try to avoid the use of respirators for trenches
Use as last line of defense
PPE when dealing with hazardous stuff vs something like cutting
With hazardous stuff, the PPE will make a complete seal everywhere, protecting you from liquids and vapor.
Inspecting abrasive wheels on tools
You can visually inspect the wheel for damage You can audibly inspect the wheel by tapping it with a light, nonmetallic instrument. If you do not hear a pinging sound, do not use the wheel as it is damaged (ring test)
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ways to improve safety
look at your company's near misses -- golden opportunity to learn from mistakes near misses should not be covered up!!
normalization of deviance
natural tendency to take shortcuts when under pressure, accepting a lower standard of performance
main eye hazard when dealing with toxic substances
normal PPE does not keep gasses/ fluids out -- you may need to wear goggles
With hand tools, do not use...
Ø wrenches when jaws are sprung Ø impact tools (chisels and wedges) when heads have mushroomed Ø tools with loose, cracked or splintered handles Ø a screwdriver as a chisel Ø tools with taped handles - they may be hiding cracks Must use power tools according to the MANUFACTURER'S instructions
Types of cranes
•Mobile $ - can easily change locations •Hydraulic $ - fixed position, more industrial, less construction •Overhead $$ •Gantry $$ - sort of fixed into position, common in someplace like a shipyard •Tower $$$ - typical in construction
Inside Storage Rooms - Rules
•Shall be of fire resistant construction •Liquid tight were the walls join the floor •Have approved self closing doors at all openings •At least 4" sills, ramps, or depressed floors or open integrated trench which drains to safe location •A ventilation system that provides at least six room changes / hour •For Class I liquids, electrical wiring approved for hazardous locations •Explosion resistant lighting fixtures •Wood at least 1 inch nominal thickness for shelving, racks, dunnage, scuffboards, floor overlay, and similar installations
