SB CH 11

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

(level 1) Physiological Needs (food, water, sex, shelter) (level 2) Safety and Security (protection against threat and deprivation) (level 3) Social (Relationships, Love and Affection) (level 4) Self Esteem (independence, achievement, freedom) (level 5) Self Actualization (realizing full potential, capable of being)

Which of the following is NOT one of the needs McClelland said motivates people?

Affection

Which three of the needs identified by McClelland are critical in motivating people?

Affiliation Power Achievement

______ is a human needs theory postulating that people have three basic sets of needs that can operate simultaneously.

Alderfer's ERG theory

Which of the following are ways to offer feedback to employees on their performance?

Asking customers for feedback that can be passed along to employees Conducting performance reviews regularly Giving regular, ongoing feedback

Forces that energize, direct, and sustain a person's effort are referred to as ___________.

Blank 1: motivation or motivators

Goals should be which of the following?

Challenging and attainable

Which motivation theory identifies the kinds of needs that people want to satisfy?

Content theory

Stretch goals are targets that have which characteristics?

Demanding and novel

What theory suggests there are three universal needs (existence, relatedness, and growth) that constitute a hierarchy of needs and motivate behavior?

ERG

What concept refers to the perceived likelihood that effort will enable the attainment of performance goals?

Expectancy

What theory describes how a person's work efforts lead to a level of work performance?

Expectancy

Which theory suggests that effort leads to performance, which results in an outcome?

Expectancy

For motivation to be high, which of the following must also be high?

Expectancy Instrumentalities Valence

______ rewards are given to people by the organization.

Extrinsic

In which theory do managers set goals for employees?

Goal-setting

Which motivation theory states that people have conscious goals that energize them and direct their thoughts and behaviors toward a particular end?

Goal-setting theory

Which kind of performance goal can be dysfunctional and create competition among team members?

Individual

Which theory organizes human needs into five major types in ascending order?

Maslow's need hierarchy

Which of the following are characteristics of motivational goals?

Meaningful Acceptable Challenging but attainable Specific but quantifiable

Which of the following are characteristic of a dissatisfied workforce?

More injuries Strikes High turnover

What refers to forces that energize, direct, and sustain a person's effort?

Motivation

What is job rotation?

Moving workers from one task to another to alleviate boredom.

What are the key consequences that encourage or discourage one's behavior?

Negative reinforcement Extinction Punishment Positive reinforcement

Equity theory states that people assess which key factors?

Outcomes Inputs

Which of the following are examples of extrinsic rewards?

Pay, Benefits, Business class airline travel, or a large office

Hygiene Factors; Motivators

Pay; opportunity for personal growth

When a workforce is dissatisfied, it is more likely to exhibit which of the following characteristics?

Poor mental health Bad customer service High absenteeism

The law of effect states that behavior will be repeated if it is followed by which kind of consequences?

Positive

Mo Chou completed her latest work assignment early. If Mo Chou's boss would like her to repeat this behavior, what is the appropriate action according to the law of effect?

Praise for her efforts

What set of perceptions do employees use to decide what they owe their employers and what their employers owe them?

Psychological contract

What type of program aims at satisfying the full range of employee needs?

Quality of work life

______ programs create a workplace that enhances employee well-being and satisfaction.

Quality of work life (QWL)

What employee behaviors should NOT be rewarded, since they do not lead to high performance?

Quick fixes Mindless conformity Avoiding risk

Which of the following is an option for people who wish to restore equity when feeling inequitably treated?

Reducing their inputs

Which of the following are options for restoring equity when people feel they are inequitably treated?

Reducing their inputs Increasing thier outcomes Decreasing others' outcomes Increasing others' inputs

To motivate high performance among employees, what should be rewarded?

Risk taking instead of risk avoiding Loyalty instead of turnover Smart work instead of busy work

Managers in Japan and Greece tend to be motivated most by ______ needs.

Security

Which one of the following is NOT a need in Maslow's hierarchy?

Self-reliance

To motivate high performance among employees, what should be rewarded?

Solid solutions risk taking applied creativity decisive action smart work simplification effective behavior quality work loyalty team work

SMART goals

Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic, Time-specific

What core job dimensions are stated in the Hackman and Oldham model?

Task identity Skill variety Task significance Autonomy Feedback

Which conditions will make employees less motivated?

They believe that they can't perform well enough to achieve the positive outcomes. They believe that they can perform but that the outcome will not be forthcoming. They believe that they can perform but do not value the outcome.

What happens when employees feel empowered?

They feel more confident that they have the ability to perform their jobs. Groups of employees can experience a culture of empowerment that enhances work performance. They believe that they are influential contributors to the organization.

Which of the following is an example of offering feedback to employees?

Weekly meetings to discuss each employee's goals and progress.

Which of the following is a situation in which punishing employees would be inappropriate?

When their poor performance isn't their fault

To set goals for yourself, create ______.

a statement of purpose

Which three of the following are needs that managers in the United States care most strongly about?

achievement esteem self-actualization

punishment

administering an aversive consequence

vertical stretch goals

aligned with current activities including productivity and financial results

positive reinforcement

applying a consequence that increases the likelihood of a person repeating the behavior that led to it

Quality of Life Programs

are designed to humanize work and the work environment. empowers employees by "the process of enabling workers to set their own goals, make decisions and solves problems within their sphere of responsibility and authority." (Moorhead and Griffin 1995). Mostly focused on lower-level employees and emphasize participation and involvement at all stages of decision making.

Stretch goals are

are exceptionally demanding and novel, sometimes even thought to be impossible 2 types horizontal and vertical

If a person believes that his or her outcome-to-input ratio is lower than that of someone else, the person typically will ______.

attempt to restore a balance

How a person's needs are or are not met at work will affect the person's ______.

behavior on the job

Setting a goal to learn, rather than a goal to achieve a specific performance level, is appropriate when ______.

employees lack ability or knowledge

Sharing power with employees, and thus making them feel more confident and influential on the job, is called ______.

empowerment

Alderfer's ERG Theory

existence, relatedness, growth

People's perceived likelihood that an effort will enable them to attain their performance goals is called ______.

expectancy

Increasing expectancies, identifying positively valent outcomes, and making performance instrumental toward positive outcomes are all managerial implications of _________.

expectancy theory

Equity theory describes people's assessments of how ______.

fairly they are treated

The five core job dimensions stated in the Hackman and Oldham model are skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy, and ______.

feedback

If an individual believes his or her outcome-to-input ratio is equivalent to someone else's ratio, the individual typically will ______.

feel satisfied

The expectancy theory states that increasing expectancies, making performance instrumental toward positive outcomes, and ______ are crucial to motivate employees.

identifying positively valent outcomes

A personal statement of purpose should include which of the following?

inspiring distant vison mid distant goal near term objectives to start working on immediately

horizontal stretch goals

involve people's professional development, such as attempting and learning new, difficult things

A consequence that people receive for their actions is called a(n) ______.

outcome

Performance results in some kind of consequence, which is referred to as a(n) ______.

outcome

People are more likely to support decisions and decision makers when they perceive ______.

procedural fairness

Using a fair process in decision making and making sure others know that the process was as fair as possible is called ______.

procedural justice

A set of perceptions regarding what employees owe their employers and what the employers owe them is called a(n) ______.

psychological contract

The four key consequences that encourage or discourage one's behavior are positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, extinction, and ______.

punishment

When employees violate the law, ethical standards, important safety rules, or standards of interpersonal treatment, ______ is sometimes appropriate.

punishment

negative reinforcement

removing or withholding an undesirable consequence

With job ______, workers who spend all their time in one routine task can instead move from one task to another.

rotation

Instrumentality

the perceived likelihood that performance will be followed by a particular outcome

Expectancy Theory

the theory that people will be motivated to the extent to which they believe that their efforts will lead to good performance, that good performance will be rewarded, and that they will be offered attractive rewards

Valance

the value the person places on the outcome

Herzberg's ______ theory describes categories that affect people at work.

two-factor

The two types of stretch goals are ______.

vertical and horizontal

Punishment is sometimes appropriate when employees ______.

violate ethical standards ignore important safety rules violate standards of interpersonal treatment

Extinction

withdrawing or failing to provide a reinforcing consequence