schoology - brunink

Which of the following is evidence for cultural influences on sleep patterns? a. People in countries without electric lights generally sleep longer. b. Sleep patterns reflect differences in latent and manifest dream content. c. Newborn babies spend more time in REM sleep than in NREM sleep. d. Brain waves are generally elevated and variable during REM sleep. e. The sleep patterns of identical twins are usually similar.

a. People in countries without electric lights generally sleep longer.

Brain regions that are active as rats learn to navigate a maze show similar activity patterns again as the rats later experience a. REM sleep. b. NREM sleep. c. dissociation. d. hypnagogic sensations. e. neuroadaptation.

a. REM sleep.

Paradoxical sleep is to slow-wave sleep as ________ sleep is to ________ sleep. a. REM; NREM-3 b. NREM-1; REM c. REM; NREM-1 d. REM; NREM-2 e. NREM-2; REM

a. REM; NREM-3

What is most likely to occur when the brain is repeatedly flooded with artificial opiates? a. The brain stops producing endorphins. b. The brain stops making dopamine. c. The brain shrinks. d. The level of serotonin is permanently decreased. e. The immune system is suppressed.

a. The brain stops producing endorphins.

What do methamphetamine, caffeine, and cocaine have in common? a. They excite neural activity and arouse body functions. b. They distort perceptions and evoke sensations without sensory input. c. They depress neural functioning and reduce pain. d. They slow body functions and calm neural activity. e. They relax the body, lead to disinhibition, and produce euphoria.

a. They excite neural activity and arouse body functions.

Which theory suggests that dreams are mental responses to random bursts of neural stimulation? a. activation-synthesis theory b. dissociation theory c. paradoxical sleep theory d. Freud's dream theory e. social influence theory

a. activation-synthesis theory

Sleep talking may occur during a. any stage of sleep. b. REM c. NREM-3 sleep d. NREM-1 sleep Selected:e. NREM-2 sleep

a. any stage of sleep

Nembutal, Seconal, and Amytal, drugs prescribed to reduce insomnia, are a. barbiturates. b. stimulants. c. amphetamines. d. opiates. e. mild hallucinogens.

a. barbiturates.

Until reading this question you were unaware that your shoes are pressing against your feet. This focusing of your conscious attention, or selective attention, illustrates that a. conscious awareness is one part of the dual processing that occurs in our two-track minds. b. behaviorism explains many psychological phenomena. c. the definition of consciousness is constantly evolving. d. advances in neuroscience make it possible to relate brain activity to our mental states. e. consciousness is easily understood and defined.

a. conscious awareness is one part of the dual processing that occurs in our two-track minds.

Three hours after going to sleep, Shoshanna's heart rate increases, her breathing becomes more rapid, and her eyes move rapidly under her closed lids. Research suggests that Shoshanna is a. dreaming. b. entering the third stage of sleep. c. ready to sleepwalk. d. exhibiting a sleep spindle. e. experiencing a night terror.

a. dreaming.

Layla has difficulty going to sleep and staying asleep. Layla is most likely suffering from a. insomnia. b. hypnagogic sleep. c. sleep apnea. d. night terrors. e. paradoxical sleep.

a. insomnia

Freud called the remembered story line of a dream its ________ content. a. manifest b. latent c. paradoxical d. delusional e. dissociated

a. manifest

The British government classifies the highly addictive crystallized form of ________ as one of the most dangerous of drugs. a. methamphetamine b. cortisol c. melatonin d. heroin e. THC

a. methamphetamine

By triggering the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine, ________ boosts alertness and diminishes appetite. a. nicotine b. alcohol c. MDMA d. THC e. heroin

a. nicotine

Chronic sleep debt is most likely to promote a. obesity. b. sleep apnea. c. night terrors. d. withdrawal. e. insomnia.

a. obesity.

Morphine and heroin are a. opiates. b. hallucinogens. c. stimulants. d. amphetamines. e. barbiturates.

a. opiates.

Consciousness is a. our awareness of ourselves and our environment. b. the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information. c. effortless encoding of incidental information into memory. d. the sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem. e. the ability to solve problems, reason, and remember.

a. our awareness of ourselves and our environment.

Just prior to awakening Chinua from a hypnotic state, the therapist told him that during the next few days he would feel nauseous whenever he reached for a cigarette. Chinua's therapist was attempting to make use of a. posthypnotic suggestion. b. parallel processing. c. REM rebound. d. hypnagogic sensations. e. age regression.

a. posthypnotic suggestion.

Chemical substances that alter perceptions and moods are called ________ drugs. a. psychoactive b. neuroadaptive c. hypnagogic d. narcoleptic e. dissociative

a. psychoactive

People are particularly responsive to hypnosis if they a. strongly expect that they can be hypnotized. b. are easily distracted and have difficulty focusing attention. c. suffer a physical or psychological dependence on alcohol. d. are below average in intelligence and education. e. were diagnosed with a psychological disorder at one time in their lives.

a. strongly expect that they can be hypnotized.

Nightmares are to ________ as night terrors are to ________. a. NREM-2 sleep; NREM-1 sleep b. REM sleep; NREM-3 sleep c. NREM-3 sleep; NREM-2 sleep d. delta waves; alpha waves e. narcolepsy; sleep apnea

b. REM sleep; NREM-3 sleep

François was dismayed to discover that some of his football teammates were using drugs to enhance their footwork and endurance on the playing field. Which of the following drugs were the players most likely using? a. marijuana b. amphetamines c. heroin d. barbiturates e. morphine derivatives

b. amphetamines

Those who emphasize that mood fluctuations may be indicative of seasonal affective disorder are highlighting the importance of a. alpha waves. b. biological rhythms. c. REM sleep. d. neuroadaptation. e. narcolepsy.

b. biological rhythms.

The large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep are called a. sleep spindles. b. delta waves. c. beta waves. d. alpha waves. e. theta waves.

b. delta waves.

The emotional tone of our dreams is especially likely to be influenced by activation of the ________ during REM sleep. a. frontal lobes b. limbic system c. pineal gland d. MDMA area e. sensory cortex

b. limbic system

About three hours after he falls asleep, Bobby often sits up in bed screaming incoherently. His mother tries to awaken him, but with no success. His pulse races and he gasps for breath. The next morning, he remembers nothing. It appears that Bobby suffers from a. insomnia. b. night terrors. c. narcolepsy. d. sleep apnea. e. sleep spindles.

b. night terrors.

REM sleep is called paradoxical sleep because a. our heart rate is slow and steady, while our breathing is highly irregular. b. our nervous system is highly active, while our voluntary muscles hardly move. c. we are deeply asleep but can be awakened easily. d. it leads to highly imaginative dreams that are perceived as colorless images. e. our brain and nervous system are less active and our muscles are very active.

b. our nervous system is highly active, while our voluntary muscles hardly move.

Sleep apnea is a disorder involving a. hypnagogic sensations of falling or floating weightlessly. b. the cessation of breathing during sleep. c. periodic uncontrollable attacks of overwhelming sleepiness. d. the excessive use of sleeping pills or other sleep-inducing drugs. e. screams and panic during deep sleep.

b. the cessation of breathing during sleep.

As oxygen deprivation just prior to death turns off the brain's inhibitory cells, neural activity increases in the a. motor cortex. b. visual cortex. c. temporal lobe. d. cerebellum. e. brainstem.

b. visual cortex.

The human sleep cycle repeats itself about every a. 2 1/2 hours. b. 30 minutes. c. 90 minutes. d. 4 hours. e. 1.5 days.

c. 90 minutes.

The release of stored serotonin and the eventual damage of serotonin-producing neurons is most closely associated with the long-term use of a. morphine. b. amphetamines. c. Ecstasy. d. alcohol. e. barbiturates.

c. Ecstasy.

What is the danger of labeling behaviors such as too much eating, shopping, exercise, sex, or gambling as addictions? a. No physical or emotional pain is associated with these behaviors. b. Abusers are more likely to experience prejudice and discrimination. c. It can be used as an "all-purpose" excuse to explain away the behaviors. d. Abusers may be more likely to hide their abuse and avoid seeking help. e. It can lead to increased feelings of shame and guilt.

c. It can be used as an "all-purpose" excuse to explain away the behaviors.

The hypnagogic sensations of falling or floating are most likely to occur during which sleep stage? a. REM b. REM rebound c. NREM-1 sleep d. NREM-2 sleep e. NREM-3 sleep

c. NREM-1 sleep

How did the definition of psychology change when behaviorism began to dominate the field? a. The idea that unconscious forces shape our behavior became central. b. Psychologists began to concentrate on the development of the self. c. Psychology centered on direct observation of our actions. d. Advances in neuroscience directed psychologists to the study of brain activity. e. The focus on mental concepts began to reemerge.

c. Psychology centered on direct observation of our actions.

Which of the following is true of "hypnotically refreshed" memories? a. They are accurate except for minor details. b. They are difficult to dispute. c. The combine fact and fiction. d. They are produced by people looking for attention. e. They are the dissociated part of a person's memory.

c. The combine fact and fiction.

Which of the following is a common symptom of nicotine withdrawal? a. drowsiness b. euphoria c. anxiety d. diminished appetite e. insensitivity to pain

c. anxiety

Understanding hypnosis in terms of focused attention, distinctive brain activity, and the presence of an authoritative presence in a legitimate context, requires an integrated ________ approach. a. serial processing b. activation-synthesis c. biopsychosocial d. neuroadaptation e. cognitive-behavioral

c. biopsychosocial

Which of the following is the most widely consumed psychoactive substance? a. cocaine b. nicotine c. caffeine d. alcohol e. marijuana

c. caffeine

Drugs such as alcohol and opiates that calm neural activity and slow body functions are called a. endorphins. b. hallucinogens. c. depressants. d. dissociatives. e. amphetamines.

c. depressants.

The greatest danger of viewing drug addiction as a disease is that this may lead drug addicts to a. hide the drug abuse from public view. b. seek help from medical professionals. c. feel powerless to overcome the addiction. d. feel increased feelings of shame. e. become victims of social hostility and prejudice.

c. feel powerless to overcome the addiction.

The occurrence of REM rebound supports the notion that a. as people grow older they need to spend progressively more time dreaming. b. dreams are triggered by random bursts of neural activity. c. humans, like most other mammals, need REM sleep. d. dreams represent unconscious wishes and anxieties. e. dreams help to solidify our memories of daytime experiences.

c. humans, like most other mammals, need REM sleep.

According to Freud, the latent content of a dream refers to a. the story line of our dreams. b. its accompanying brain-wave pattern. c. its underlying but censored meaning. d. the sensory stimuli in the sleeping environment that are incorporated into the dream. e. the previous day's events that prompted the dream.

c. its underlying but censored meaning.

THC, the active ingredient in ________, is classified as a ________. a. cocaine; hallucinogen b. heroin; depressant c. marijuana; hallucinogen d. marijuana; stimulant e. cocaine; stimulant

c. marijuana; hallucinogen

Unpleasant withdrawal symptoms are indicative of a. neuroadaptation. b. dissociation. c. physical dependence. d. narcolepsy. e. REM rebound.

c. physical dependence.

Deep sleep appears to play an important role in a. narcolepsy. b. paradoxical sleep. c. physical growth. d. posthypnotic amnesia. e. sleep apnea.

c. physical growth

The rhythmic bursts of brain activity that occur during NREM-2 sleep are called a. circadian rhythms. b. alpha waves. c. sleep spindles. d. delta waves. e. amplitude waves.

c. sleep spindles.

After a stressful day at the office, Arthur has five or six drinks at a local bar before going home for dinner. Research suggests that Arthur's heavy drinking will have the most adverse effect on his ability to remember a. at the time he is drinking the names of the people he has just met. b. at the time he is drinking the name of his employer and his own home address. c. the next day the names of the people he talked to and what he said while drinking. d. the next day the names of the business associates he talked to before going to the bar. e. at the time he is drinking how to do long division.

c. the next day the names of the people he talked to and what he said while drinking.

As drug users experience neuroadaptation, they demonstrate signs of a. hallucinations. b. narcolepsy. c. tolerance. d. NREM. e. dissociation.

c. tolerance.

Participants in a sexual stimulation study who mistakenly thought they had consumed alcohol were more likely to report having strong sexual fantasies and feeling guilt-free than those who thought they had not consumed alcohol. This study best illustrated the impact of a. physical dependence. b. dissociation. c. user expectations. d. drug tolerance. e. neuroadaptation.

c. user expectations.

The altered state of consciousness that is most similar to a drug-induced hallucination is a. withdrawal. b. hypnosis. c. REM sleep. d. the near-death experience. e. narcolepsy.

d. the near-death experience.

Researchers have demonstrated that hypnosis can be useful in a. helping individuals with drug, alcohol, or smoking addictions. b. making individuals perform actions they wouldn't do otherwise. c. recovering childhood memories. d. treating obesity. e. enhancing recall of stressful events.

d. treating obesity.

Forty-year-old Lance insists that he never dreams. Research suggests that he probably a. experiences very little REM sleep. b. dreams during NREM-3 rather than during REM sleep. c. experiences more NREM-2 sleep than most people. d. would report a vivid dream if he were awakened during REM sleep. e. passes through the sleep cycle much more rapidly than most people.

d. would report a vivid dream if he were awakened during REM sleep.

People with sleep apnea do not recall being awake and gasping for air, then falling back to sleep. Which of the following best explains this phenomenon? a. The hormone orexin, which is lacking in such patients, hinders the consolidation of memory. b. The free radicals produced during sleep weaken unused neural connections and affect memory formation. c. Activity in the limbic system is inhibited during REM sleep. d. Dreams that occur during NREM sleep are rarely recalled. e. Anything that happens during the 5 minutes just before we fall asleep is typically lost from memory.

e. Anything that happens during the 5 minutes just before we fall asleep is typically lost from memory.

The brain waves associated with REM sleep are most similar to those of a. NREM-3 sleep. b. waking beta. c. waking alpha. d. NREM-2 sleep. e. NREM-1 sleep.

e. NREM-1 sleep.

Fast and jerky movements of the eyes are especially likely to be associated with a. sleep apnea. b. dissociation. c. sleep spindles. d. NREM-3 sleep. e. REM sleep.

e. REM sleep.

Although repeated use of amphetamines has caused Aaron legal problems, which threaten his job, he continues to use the drugs. Aaron most clearly shows signs of a. REM rebound. b. narcolepsy. c. dissociation. d. age regression. e. addiction.

e. addiction.

Sleep deprivation has been shown to a. increase attentiveness to highly motivating tasks. b. reduce hypertension. c. decrease narcolepsy. e. diminish immunity to disease.

e. diminish immunity to disease.

Evidence that people in a posthypnotic state have no difficulty remembering everything they had learned while under hypnosis would most clearly serve to challenge a. the activation-synthesis theory. b. withdrawal theory. c. Freud's dream theory. d. social influence theory. e. dissociation theory.

e. dissociation theory.

Sensory experiences that occur without a sensory stimulus are called a. dissociations. b. neuroadaptations. c. night terrors. d. stressors. e. hallucinations.

e. hallucinations.

Hypnosis involves a state of a. improved perceptual skills. b. low-amplitude and high-frequency brain waves. c. increased physical stamina. d. elevated autonomic arousal. e. heightened openness to suggestion.

e. heightened openness to suggestion.

Traffic accident rates have been found to ________ after the spring change to daylight savings time and to ________ after the fall change back to standard time. a. stay the same; stay the same b. decrease; increase c. decrease; decrease d. increase; increase e. increase; decrease

e. increase; decrease

How is the hypothalamus involved in sleep? a. During sleep the hypothalamus stimulates the production of free radicals, molecules that are toxic to neurons, which weakens unused connections. b. The hypothalamus triggers the pituitary gland in the endocrine system to produce the hormone thyroxin, which leads you to sleep. c. Cell clusters in the hypothalamus stimulate the production of relatively slow alpha waves, signaling the transition from deep relaxation to sleep. d. In response to decreasing light the hypothalamus' suprachiastmatic nucleus causes the pineal gland to increase production of melatonin, leading you to sleep. e. The action of the hypothalamus suppresses immune cell production that fights off viral infections and cancer.

d. In response to decreasing light the hypothalamus' suprachiastmatic nucleus causes the pineal gland to increase production of melatonin, leading you to sleep.

Evidence suggests that we consolidate our memories of recent life events through a. neuroadaptation. b. parallel processing. c. hypnagogic sensations. d. REM sleep. e. dissociation.

d. REM sleep.

Circadian rhythm refers to a. the cycle of five distinct stages that we experience during a normal night's sleep. b. the pattern of emotional ups and downs we routinely experience. c. the experience of sleep apnea following an extensive transoceanic flight. d. a pattern of biological functioning that occurs on a roughly 24-hour cycle. e. a pattern of brain waves that occur during sleep.

d. a pattern of biological functioning that occurs on a roughly 24-hour cycle.

Dissociation refers to a. a state of paradoxical sleep. b. nonconformity to social pressure. c. conscious enactment of a hypnotic role. d. a state of divided consciousness. e. manifest content, which is separate from latent content.

d. a state of divided consciousness.

Twenty-eight-year-old Theodore has an irrational fear of dogs. His therapist hypnotizes him and asks him to mentally relive his earliest childhood experience with a dog. The therapist is making use of a. temporal dissociation. b. REM rebound. c. hypnagogic sensations. d. age regression. e. paradoxical sleep.

d. age regression.

In one study, both hypnotized and unhypnotized subjects were told to throw acid in a researcher's face. In this experiment, hypnotized people a. experienced much more anxiety than unhypnotized individuals. b. often immediately awakened from the hypnotic state. c. were easily influenced to act against their own will. d. behaved in the same fashion as unhypnotized individuals. e. usually refused to engage in antisocial behavior.

d. behaved in the same fashion as unhypnotized individuals.

To move beyond the "hypnosis is social influence" versus "hypnosis is divided consciousness" debate, today's hypnosis researchers are using a unified ________ approach. a. neuroadaptation b. activation-synthesis d. biopsychosocial e. parallel processing

d. biopsychosocia

Alcohol consumption disrupts the processing of recent experiences into long-term memory by a. decreasing sleep apnea. b. increasing anxiety. c. decreasing tolerance. d. decreasing REM sleep. e. increasing self-consciousness.

d. decreasing REM sleep.

The impact of circadian rhythms is best illustrated by a. varying levels of neurotransmitters during REM sleep. b. the different study habits of men and women. c. the different personalities of people born during different months of the year. d. fluctuations in energy level and alertness across the span of a day. e. the differing musical preferences of younger and older persons.

d. fluctuations in energy level and alertness across the span of a day.

Ernest Hilgard suggested that participants felt little pain when their arms were lowered into ice baths because a. being caught up in playing the role of a "good subject" they could ignore the pain. b. they expected that the ice baths would not cause pain. c. the presence of a hypnotist they liked and trusted led them to adopt the "pain control" suggestions. d. hypnosis dissociates the pain sensation from the emotional suffering that people expect from pain. e. most hypnotized people are consciously faking hypnosis.

d. hypnosis dissociates the pain sensation from the emotional suffering that people expect from pain.

Advocates of the social influence theory of hypnosis are likely to argue that a. most hypnotized people are consciously faking hypnosis. b. the process of dissociation best explains hypnotic phenomena. c. hypnotic susceptibility is positively correlated with introversion. d. hypnotized people are simply enacting the role of good hypnotic subjects. e. hypnosis is a unique state of consciousness.

d. hypnotized people are simply enacting the role of good hypnotic subjects.

By 1960, the study of consciousness had been revived by psychologists' renewed interest in a. mental health. b. socialization. c. perception. d. mental processes. e. emotion.

d. mental processes.

Which of the following drugs is classified as a stimulant? a. LSD b. morphine c. alcohol d. nicotine e. marijuana

d. nicotine

Alpha waves are associated with a. REM sleep. b. NREM-1 sleep. c. NREM-3 sleep. d. relaxed but awake state. e. NREM-2 sleep.

d. relaxed but awake state.

Research on sleep patterns indicates that a. everyone needs a minimum of 8 hours of sleep per night to function well. b. older adults and newborns have very similar sleep patterns. c. REM sleep may not be necessary for normal functioning. d. sleep patterns may be genetically influenced. e. different sleep patterns reflect differences in latent dream content.

d. sleep patterns may be genetically influenced.

The pituitary gland releases a growth hormone during a. paradoxical sleep. b. circadian sleep. c. NREM-1 sleep. d. slow-wave sleep. e. NREM-2 sleep.

d. slow-wave sleep.

REM rebound involves the a. tendency for REM sleep periods to become increasingly longer and more frequent as a normal night of sleep progresses. b. unusual symptoms of tiredness and irritability that follow periods of REM sleep deprivation. c. increase in REM sleep that characteristically follows intense learning episodes or stressful daytime experiences. d. tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation. e. replacement of REM sleep with NREM sleep

d. tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation.

Research on the use of addictive drugs indicates that a. the majority of people become addicted to cocaine within a couple of years of their first use. b. regular marijuana smokers typically experience an irresistible craving for LSD. c. people who respond strongly to hypnosis are more prone to drug addiction. d. only a small minority of America's ex-smokers kicked the habit on their own. e. individuals who are given morphine for pain relief seldom develop the irresistible cravings of an addict.

e. individuals who are given morphine for pain relief seldom develop the irresistible cravings of an addict.

Researchers have demonstrated that people trained to perform tasks recall them better after a night's sleep than after several hours awake. This finding suggests that sleep a. helps restore and repair brain tissue. b. inspires creative achievements and problem solving. c. plays a role in the growth process. d. patterns suit a species' ecological niche. e. is involved in the memory process.

e. is involved in the memory process.

When cocaine is injected or smoked, it produces a rush of euphoria that lasts 15 to 30 minutes. But the stimulant drug ________ can trigger 8 hours or so of heightened energy and euphoria. a. LSD b. heroin c. nicotine d. Amytal e. methamphetamine

e. methamphetamine