science 9 chapter 11
Red stars = ? = ?ºC
cool, 3000
what can studying stars lead to
created an evolutionary 'lifespan' that stars progress through.
The Sun is a huge ball made up of mostly which gas?
hydrogen
mars au=
1.52
Saturn and Jupiter are the only planets that do not have a moon.
F; mercury and Venus
A high mass star has 12 or more times the mass of the Sun.
T
Interstellar matter is made up of gas (mostly hydrogen) and dust.
T
light year
distance between the light which moves at 300 000km/s travels in a year = 9.5 trillion km
supernova
dramatic massive explosion that occurs when a large high mass star collapse in on itself
how to calculate distance to the observatory
multiple the height of of 90 c line with scale
mars
red planet
why was the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram developed
show the different stages of a star's life.
why did the outer planets form later
the remnants of the Sun's original nebula.
blackhole evidence
- materials pulled toward the blackhole emits electromagnetic radiation - effect the gravity of blackhole has passing stars and galaxies -super-dense objects would distort light from distant stars
Describe how a typical intermediate mass star such as our Sun would likely end its life.
-Hydrogen fuel is generally burned quickly, which means that the life span is only about 10 billion years. - an intermediate mass star expands into a red giant. -star sheds much of its material into space and collapses in on itself to form a dim white dwarf. -As it cools, it turns into a black dwarf, a dense, dark body made up mostly of carbon and oxygen.
how a star may be formed.
-form from the materials in a nebula when gravity starts acting on chunks of gas and dust, pulling them together. -mass grows and the material collapses in on itself and contracts. - enough mass of dust and gas, the core will eventually -reach about 10 000 000°C -atoms fuse together to form larger single atoms -nuclear fusion occurs , creates an enormous amount of energy. -star begins to glow. Leftover gas and dust that surround it gradually disperse.
inner planets formed=
100 million
neptune au=
30.06
chromosphere
3000 km thick layer of low density hot gas
solar system formed=
4.5 billion
solar system is believed to have been formed when?
4.5 billion years ago
jupiter au=
5.27
One light-year is approximately ________ AU.
63 000
suns mass=? diameter=?
99%, 110 earths
how can astronomers observe the birth of a star
By peering through the interstellar matter (dust and gases)
The Doppler effect can be experienced with both light and sound waves ( t or f )
T
The Sun has no solid surface but is a complex system of bubbling gases.
T
Explain how we can detect black holes if they emit no light.
The material pulled toward them emits electromagnetic radiation (e.g., high-energy X rays), which can be detected and measured. The gravity of black holes has an effect on passing stars and galaxies. They distort light from distant stars that are behind them.
Describe what happens to stars in general as they age
They start to run out of hydrogen and often have a buildup of helium. They expand and temperature, colour, and luminosity.
Blackhole
a large sphere of incredibly tightly packed material with an extraordinary amount of gravitational pull created when a star collapses into itself called black bc nothing not even light can escape powerful gravitational field
parallax
apparent shift of an object against a stationary background caused by the change in position of observer
where are asteroids mostly found
around mars and jupiter asteroid belt
a small body that is believed to be leftover remains from the formation of the solar system
asteroid
The imaginary line through Earth that runs from the North Pole to the South Pole is called
axis
The material from a collapsed star forms a ____________________, which is so dense that its strong gravitational pull allows nothing, not even light, to escape.
blackhole
what happens to stars that are 25x bigger than the sun
can become black holes instead of neutron stars. The same process that produces a neutron star produces an area so massive and yet so small that the gravity it produces traps everything - even light!
what happens to stars that are 12-15x bigger then the sun
can end as neutron stars after going supernova. These superheated, super massive dead stars can take trillions of years to cool.
planet
celestial body that have 1+ stars
moon
celestial body that orbits the planet
doppler effect
change in wavelength of electromagnetic radiation/sound that occurs bc of movement of the source relative to an observer
icy debris from the outer regions of the solar system
comet
what do star undergoing nuclear fusion
creates an enormous amount of energy radiates energy from the core radiates energy in the form of electromagnetic waves
sunspots
dark patches indicates slightly cooler areas
(astronomical units) au=
earth to sun
venus
earths sister
what do spectroscopes do to light
emitting from a star reveals spectral bands that show certain gases in the star.
solar flares
extremely violent eruptions of gas
Oort cloud
farthest reaches of the Sun's gravitational pull, almost 25% of the way to the next nearest star, Proxima Centauri.
The process when hydrogen atoms combine to form helium atoms is called
fusion
what happens to the nebula when a star forms
gravity pulls most of the material into the new star, but some may also clump together to form objects in a solar system.
solar system
group of planets circling 1+ stars
saturn
has rings + moons
Yellow stars = ? = ? ºC
hot, 6000
Blue stars = ? = ? ºC - ? ºC
hottest, 20 000, 35 000
axis
imaginary line through the earth extending from the n.pole to s.pole; earth spins on its axis at a speed of 1670 km/h or .5 km/s
what does the color of stars show
its temperature and composition to astronomers.
solar prominence
large loops of super hot- gas that expands out from the sun surface
jupiter
largest planet
corona
layer of gas that can reach over 3 000 000 C
The amount of light energy a star releases determines the brightness of a star. This describes the star's
luminosity
interstellar matter
material that fills space made up of gas(hydrogen) and dust
uranes
methane gas
an orbiting companion of a planet
moon
how is the sun made
mostly of hydrogen. The hydrogen molecules are forced to join together through massive gravity, forming new helium molecules, and releasing huge quantities of energy as light and heat through the process of thermonuclear fusion
revolution
motion of earth as it orbits the sun at 30km/s; one full revolution takes a year
rotation
motion of earth spins on its axis from w. to e. at 1670km/h; one rotation takes a day
what is the life cycle of a star
nebula, low mass star, intermediate mass star (like our Sun), high mass star. Large high mass stars often explode as supernovas, spreading elements throughout the universe.
trans-neptune objects
objects outside Neptune's orbit, including ex-planet Pluto (now referred to as a dwarf planet). These objects orbit the Sun in a large area known as the Kuiper Belt.
earth
only living universe
The path taken by one celestial body as it repeatedly travels around another is called a(n) ____________________.
orbit
planets must have...
orbit one or more stars, be large enough that its own gravity holds it in a spherical shape, and be the only body occupying the orbital path.
neptune
outermost planet
fusion
process in which the nuclei of atoms fuse together to form larger single atoms creating a enormous amount of energy
what do Solar wind particles reach out of the Sun during solar flares
reach Earth and cause the aurora borealis and aurora australis.
a small star that burns its hydrogen fuel very slowly and may last 100 billion years
red dwarf
a large star, near the end of its life, that is shedding its outer material
red giant
what do White dwarf stars are generally formed from
red giants
what is the order of stars from low temperature to high temperature
red, yellow, and blue.
example of doppler effect
red-shift
____________________ describes the movement of one celestial body around another.
revolution
what are comets (dirty snowball)
rocky travellers, following huge orbits far outside the planets in the Oort Cloud.
comet
small body made up of rocky material & ice that occurs in the Kuiper belt + oort cloud; when a comet is bumped into the inner solar system sun light may make the comets tail visible from earth
asteroid
small rocky bodies in our solar system most of which orbit the sun between mars & jupiter
mercury
smallest planet
star
spherical object in space that radiate energy from their hot cores. (furnace)
what is the most common celestial body in the universe?
star
stars vs grains of sand
stars
solar wind
streams of high energy particles ejected by the sun
triangulation
tech. for determining the distance to a visible object by creating an imaginary triangle between the observer & object & then calculating the distance
what could color reveal about a star
temperature composition movement
The four planets closest to the Sun are generally called inner planets. They are also referred to as
terrestrial
how are stars formed
the dust and gases found in a nebula. Gravity causes all the molecules to collapse in on themselves.
what happens if enough matter gathers when forming a star
the gravity becomes so massive that hydrogen atoms join to form helium atoms, producing huge amounts of energy through the process of fusion.
photosphere
the luminous envelope of a star from which its light and heat radiate.
what does the doppler effect refer to
the way waves either compress as their source gets closer, or lengthen as the source gets farther away.
moons are not around...
venus and mercury
how do stars glow
when energy is given off
a small hot, dim star that burns out slowly and quietly
white dwarf
