Second Industrial Revolution

Lower middle class

(characteristics & jobs): sales clerk, bank teller, bookkeeper, telephone operator

Kulterkampf:

Bismarck's policy to suppress Catholic political influence in Germany

Irish home rule:

Called for Ireland to get its own parliament but remain a part of Great Britain

Difference between first and second Industrial Revolutions:

Second industrial revolution: was larger, the Second included the development of electricity, chemicals, oil, and steel. First Industrial Revolution transitioned from manpower to machine power.

Bismarck - failures, successes:

began the kulturkampf and social security state to combat political parties but never successfully destroyed them

Typical family sizes -

birth rates: number of children per family in the middle class drops significantly in the late nineteenth century, decreased birth rates leads to a higher standard of living

Gender roles of women:

cult of domesticity (housewives)

Reasons for rising standard of living:

decreased birth rate

Social trends of mass society:

decreased morality rates, consumerism, mass politics, increased participation in sports and recreational activities; characteristics of mass society = extension of voting rights, better standard of living, mass leisure and "weekend activities"

Types of employment:

domestic servant, secretary, teacher, nurse

New/main industries:

electric power, chemical power, Bessemer process (steel), oil

Middle class (characteristics & jobs):

emphasis on morality and education

Austria-Hungary (status, issues):

experienced nationality crises that remained unsolved until WWI

Primary reason for population growth:

failing mortality rates

Leading industrial power:

germany

Mass education

- describe, changes: primary education was emphasized in western Europe, education became important because it would lead to well-informed citizens

Invention that most improved living conditions in urban environments:

: electric street car

Biggest challenge of France's Third Republic:

Franco-Prussian War leads to the collapse of the Second French Empire and violence breaking out between the Paris Commune and National Assembly; The Paris Commune posed the biggest challenge before stability of France

Largest, most successful social party:

German Social Democratic Party

Countries that had high emigration to non-European regions:

Italy, Germany, Ireland, Great Britain

Effects of Wilhelm II taking throne in Germany:

Otto von Bismarck forced to resign leading to a decline in stability of diplomatic arrangements

Characteristics of Socialist parties

in the late 19th century, they emphasized elections and participation in government to secure better conditions for the working class

Cartel

independent companies work together to set price and production limits

Trade restrictions & tariffs

many countries initiated protective tariffs to react against increased competition for foreign markets

Anarchist movement:

most successful in countries with unstable governments

Difference in art during late 19th century and Renaissance:

most works of art in the Renaissance were results of patronage whereas in the 19th century there was a lack of patronage

Energy sources

oil, electricity

Demographic changes of urban & rural areas:

population shifts from living primarily in rural areas to urban areas

Urban improvements:

public parks, organized sports, better standard of public health and medical care, creation of public transportation, consumer culture (department stores, entertainment)

Spain & Italy during late 19th century:

remained largely unindustrialized compared to the western European powers

Eduard Bernstein, "Evolutionary Socialism":

socialism could best be achieved through the democratic process

Role of trade unions:

societies to provide mutual aid to the working class

Most revolutionary development:

streetcar

New inventions:

streetcars, telephones, radios, steel

Mass politics - characteristics, causes, effects:

suffrage was expanded, increased interest in politics, governments became more involved in the daily lives of citizens, standard of living raised

Fastest growing social class late 19th century:

upper middle class (proletariat)

Revisionism:

workers would not need to seize power by revolutionary tactics if their goals would be achieved through democratic means

Largest social class in 19th century (characteristics):

working class like unskilled workers, servants, peasants