Semester 1 Texas History

James Polk

"Manifest Destiny President" of the U.S. elected in 1844; Texas annexed soon after

Father Francisco Hidalgo

*Missionary at San Juan Batista *Wanted to rebuild San Francisco de los Tejas *Asked French Governor in Louisiana to rebuild it in secret *Governor agreed and sent Louis de St. Denis to meet with the Viceroy of New Spain, they did not agree to rebuild the mission and St. Denis was arrested

Women in the Civil War

*Took men's places in offices and factories *Ran farms and plantations

Purpose of Missions

-To convert Natives to Christians and Spanish Citizens to help their claim on the new world since they had so few Spanish settlers in the new world

Howard Hughes, Sr.

1869-1924 He capitalized on the Spindletop oil discovery in 1901 by devoting his time to the oil business, developed the rotary drill bit which revolutionized the oil industry and furthered efforts for offshore drilling.

The state number Texas was when joining the Union

28th

Populism

A 19th century political movement where people wanted a voice in government and to advance the interests of farmers and laborers

Antonio Margil de Jesus

A Catholic friar that established several missions in East Texas by 1717; Spanish tension with the French; these missions had to be abandoned; fled to San Antonio; there he founded San Jose y San Miguel de Aguayo, the most successful of all the Texas missions

Rene-Robert de La Salle

A French explorer who sailed down the Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico and claimed the entire inland region of North America for France. He named the region Louisiana in honor of Louis XIV.

Conquistador

A Spanish conqueror of the Americas

Presidio

A Spanish fort

Friar

A catholic priest who belongs to a religious order

Drag

A cattle job where a cowboy rode behind the cattle to keep from straying

Reform

A change made in order to improve something.

war council

A council of war is a term in military science that describes a meeting held to decide on a course of action

territorial claims

A disagreement over the control of land.

Constitution

A document which spells out the principles by which a government runs and the fundamental laws that govern a society

refinery

A factory in which crude oil is heated and separated into fuels and other products

expedition

A long journey by a group to explore or do battle

Standard of Living

A measurement of prosperity or wealth for the people in a country usually measured in terms of income.

Prohibition

A period in time where it was made illegal (by the 18th Amendment) to manufacture, sell , or consume alcoholic beverages.

Wild Catter

A person who drills an oil well in an area not known to contain oil

Missionary

A person who spreads his or her religious beliefs to others

explorer (exploration)

A person who travels to a new place to learn about it. (the action of traveling in or through an unfamiliar area in order to learn about it)

Stockyard

A place where livestock is bought, sold, and held before shipment

Oliver Loving

A rancher and cattle driver. Together with Charles Goodnight, he developed the Goodnight-Loving Trail. He was mortally wounded by Indians while on a cattle drive.

mission

A religious settlement

Confederate States of America

A republic formed in February of 1861 and composed of the eleven Southern states that seceded from the United States

Progressive Era

A time during the turn of the 20th century where people wanted to reform America economically, socially, and politically. Changed issues - child labor, education, working conditions, equal rights (voting), political corruption, temperance, poverty, etc.

Settlers in Austin colony

Adapted to the climate conditions in Texas by planting most of the land with cotton.

Milton M. Holland

African American awarded the Medal of Honor for his service in the Civil War

The siege of the Alamo and all the heroic defenders who gave their lives there (7.3C)

All Texans were killed, and approximately 600 Mexican soldiers were also killed.

1519

Alonso Alvarez de Pineda explores and maps the Texas coastline.

Legend

Also known as a key, explains the meaning of all the symbols on a map

Cities of the Great Plains

Amarillo, Lubbock, Midland, Odessa

19th Amendment

Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1920) gave women the right to vote..

Supply and Demand

An economic concept that states that the price of an item rises and falls depending on how many people want it (demand) and depending on how much of the item is available (supply)

Urbanization

An increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in urban settlements. The movement of people from rural areas to cities.

Labor Union

An organization of workers in a particular industry or trade, created to defend the interests of members, such as working conditions, wages, and benefits; through strikes or negotiations with employers.

Lasso

Any rope or leather knotted to catch cattle or horses

Plains Culture tribes

Apache, Comanche, Tonkawa, Kiowa

Civil War begins at Fort Sumter

April 12, 1861

Battle of San Jacinto (7.3C)

April 21, 1836-Shortest battle in history (The battle lasted 18 minutes), Santa Anna was captured the next day and surrendered to SamHouston

End of Civil War

April 9, 1865

Suffrage

Associated with the social movement that lobbied for the right to vote, regardless of gender.

Mirabeau Lamar - Texas military

BUILD IT UP! MORE! MORE!

Reasons Cattle drives ended

Barbwire, overproduction of cattle, and railroads coming to Texas

North's Economy

Based on factories, industrialism, and small farms

Nueces River

Border of Texas according to MEXICO

Rio Grande River

Border of Texas according to TEXAS

Patillo Higgins

Businessman, geologist. Convinced there was oil at Spindletop, underneath the salt dome. Hired Anthony Lucas to drill, oil was discovered at Spindletop.

Southeastern Culture tribes

Caddo, Wichita, Atakapa

Cynthia Ann Parker

Captured by Comanche when she was only 9 years old. Married a Comanche chief and had a famous son.

Mexican National Era

Characterized by Mexican Independence and Empresario land grants that established Anglo settlements.

Revolution Era (7.1A )

Characterized by the rising tensions between Texas empresarios and settlers with the Mexican government culminating in the Texas Revolution and independence for Texas

Chief Bowles

Chief of Cherokees in Texas. Died at the battle of the Neches against Lamar and the Texas Army

Thomas Green

Commanded a ship in the Battle of Galveston and led cavalry units during the war

John B. Magruder

Commanded the Confederate forces in Texas; Led Confederates at Galveston

John Bell Hood

Commander of Hood's Texas Brigade, one of the many Texas brigades that fought in the Civil War

Edwin Moore

Commodore of the Texas Navy. Called a Pirate by Sam Houston.

Confederate States of America

Consisted of 11 southern states that seceded from the U.S after the election of Abe Lincoln. President of the Confederate was Jefferson Davis.

1521

Cortez conquered the Aztecs

Close Reading

Critically examining significant details and language patterns of a text in order to develop a deep understanding of the author's claims or point of view

Cities of the Coastal Plains

Dallas, Austin, Houston, San Antonio, Galveston, Corpus Christi

Constitutional Convention of 1836 (7.3C)

Declared independence from Mexico on March 2, 1836 and to form an ad interim government for the Republic of Texas

Windmill

Device using wind power to pump water from underground to the surface

Cities in the Mountains and Basins Region

El Paso

Conscription Act

Enacted in April of 1862, it subjected all white males between the ages of eighteen and thirty-five to military service for three years. It was repealed in 1863.

Greene De Witt

Established a colony near present day Gonzales/Second most successful Empresario

Appomattox Court House

Famous as the site of the surrender of the Confederate Army under Robert E. Lee to Union commander Ulysses S. Grant

Father Hidalgo

Favored Mexican independence from Spain.

Barbed wire

Fencing designed with sharp points; ended the open ranges and led to range wars

Reasons why Natives called some soldiers Buffalo Soldiers

Fierce dark eyes, brave fighters, and dark hair

Philip Nolan

Filibuster from United States/Mustang trader/rumored spy on Spanish activities for French forces in Louisiana.

James Long

Filibuster; captured and executed in 1822 after leading an army into Nacogdoches and declaring Texas' independence from Mexico.

Moses Austin

First America to receive Spanish land grants in Mexico, later Texas. He died and passed land to his son Stephen F Austin)

Transcontinental railroad

First Railroad that ran all the way across the continent

Battle of Gonzales (7.3C)

First battle of the Texas Revolution - October 2, 1835

Fort Sumter

First shots fired. Confederate soldiers fire on Union Soldiers.

Anglo settlers

Followed empresarios with land grants/European descent/caucasian (white)

Gutierrez

Follower of Father Hildago

Buffalo Soldiers

Following the U.S. Civil War, regiments of African-American men known as buffalo soldiers served on the western frontier, battling Indians and protecting settlers.

Cities of the North Central Plains

Fort Worth, Wichita Falls

Battle of Palmito Ranch

Fought in Texas one month after the war ended. A victory for the confederate.

Battle of Galveston

Fought in Texas. Union soldiers capture Galveston and set up blockades which keep supplies from reaching the confederate soldiers. The Confederacy later took Galveston back.

Battle of Sabine Pass

Fought in Texas. Union soldiers tried to capture Houston and take over Texas. They were defeated by the confederate.

Stephen F Austin

Founded the first significant Anglo colony (300 families)"the old three hundred" in Texas/Most successful Empresario

1718

Founding of San Antonio

Robert E. Lee

General of the Confederate Army. Surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant

Ulysses S. Grant

General of the Union Army.

3 G's

God, Gold and Glory. Reasons for exploration: spreading Christian religion, finding new sources of wealth and competing for power or status.

Transcontinental

Goes across the continent (e.g., East Coast to West Coast)

Sam Houston

Governor of Texas before the Civil War. Did not wish to secede and refused to sign the oath of confederacy. He resigned as Governor.

Viceroy

Governor of a country or province who rules as the representative of his or her king or sovereign; think Spanish colonies.

Texas Railroad Commission

Group created by James Hogg to control Railroad fees and stop the railroad monopolies from taking advantage of poor farmers in Texas

Commercial Farming

Growing large quantities of crops or livestock in order to sell them for a profit.

Economic impact of Industrialization during the Oil Boom

Growth of cities and rise of boomtowns Increased jobs and oil-related services Development of other parts of the state Growth of automobile industry

Most slavery in Texas

Gulf Coastal Plains Region (Around Houston and Galveston Ports)

Jose Navarro

Helped write first state constitution Signed the Texas Declaration of Independence Delegate to the convention of 1845

Sea Walls - advantages

Highest level of protection in the short term Lifespan of up to 50 years Effectively prevents erosion in the local area * Often has a walkway /promenade for people to walk along

Martin De Leon

His colony was settled mostly by Mexican families

Jesse Chisholm

His name is most famous because of the namesake cattle trail, which he originally scouted and developed to supply his various trading posts among the Plains Indians in what is now western Oklahoma.

Brand

Identification marks on livestock made by burning with a hot iron

Prime Meridian

Imaginary line that runs around the globe from the North Pole, through Greenwich, England, to the South Pole.

Latitude

Imaginary lines circling the globe. These lines run East and West

Longitude

Imaginary lines circling the globe. These lines run North and South

Social impact of Industrialization during the Oil Boom

Improved the standard of living in Texas

To find cheap farmland

In the 1820s Americans and Mexicans came to Mexican Texas

Texas and World War I

Increase in the manufacturing of products especially those created from natural resources like oil and gas, agricultural resources, cattle, goat, and sheep, etc. Texans also had approximately 200,000 Texans fight, and Four major military camps were set up in Texas

Propaganda

Information, especially of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote or publicize a particular political cause or point of view.

How did the hurricane of 1900 change the economy of Galveston?

It devastated or hurt the economy and made them miss out on the oil boom.

What steps did leaders in Galveston take to prevent damage from future hurricanes?

It was the deadliest hurricane and natural disaster in the United States, they build a 17 foot wall and raised the ground 16 feet to protect the port city.

Christopher Columbus

Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China (1451-1506)

Gutierrez-Magee Expedition

Jose Bernardo Gutierrez and Augustus Magee hoped to continue the rebellion started by Father Hildago against Spanish rule.

Pueblo Culture tribes

Jumano, Tigua

Gulf Culture tribes

Karankawa, Coahuiltecan

Petroleum

LIquid fossil fuel; oil

Charles Goodnight

Made advances in irrigation and bred cattle to improve the herds. He also crossbred buffalo and cattle, resulting in the "cattalo" he was honored for his contributions to cattle ranching by being named one of the five original members of the National Cowboy Hall of Fame

Vaquero

Mexican cowboy in the West who tended cattle and horses

1821

Mexico wins independence from Spain.

Purpose of Presidios

Military fort built to protect Spanish missions

1821 - 1st Empresario

Moses Austin first to receive permission to settle colonists in Texas.

Impacts of immigration of culture

Music, Food, Clothing, Religion, Language, Architecture, Beliefs

Three problems of early Republic of Texas

Native Americans (Raids and attacks) Money (Debt) Mexico (Recognition and continued fighting)

Longhorn

New Breed of Texas cattle; cross between Spanish & English cattle; able to survive in hot, dry areas

The Battle of Vicksburg

Occurred along the Mississippi River.

Republican Party

Opposed to the spread of slavery in new territories

Wrangler

Person who cared for the horses used on the cattle drive

South's Economy

Plantation Agriculture; Slaves were very important

Reason for Immigration to Texas

Plenty of cheap land that they could farm on

Migrants from Europe

Populated Texas in large numbers.

Cook

Prepared meals; he rode ahead to prepare them and have them cooked by the time everyone got there.

Anson Jones

President of Texas who signed the Joint Resolution that annexed Texas into the U.S.

Jefferson Davis

President of the Confederate States of America

Abe Lincoln

President of the United States during the Civil War. Was an abolitionist who wanted to end slavery. Was assassinated days after the war ended. Wrote the Gettysburg address and Emancipation Proclamation.

Quannah Parker

Refused to sign the Medicine Lodge Treaty of 1867 called for the Comanche to take up residence and be confined to a reservation in present-day Oklahoma, some of the bands refused to give up their nomadic ways. He led attacks on Adobe Walls

Houston Is Removed From Office

Refused to take an Oath to the Confederate States of America

Texas Railroad Commission

Regulated the shipping rates for railroads during the late nineteenth century.

The Constitution of 1824

Restricted the people's rights to freely practice any religion./protected catholicism/was against slavery

Battle of Medina

Resulted in the defeat of the Gutierrez-Magee Expedition.

Pointer

Rode at the side of the lead to direct the herd

Cibola

Rumored seven cities of gold

Sam Houston - Texas military

SEND THEM HOME! SAVE MONEY!

First President of Texas

Sam Houston

Temperance

Social movement (mostly by women) to legally ban alcohol.

Abolitionist

Someone who wanted to end slavery

First 6 states to secede

South Carolina, Alabama, Mississippi, Georgia, Florida, and Louisiana

Hernan Cortes

Spanish explorer and conquistador who led the conquest of Aztec Mexico in 1519-1521 for Spain.

Juan de Onate

Spanish explorer and conquistador. He claimed New Mexico for Spain in 1598 and served as its governor until 1607.

Hernando de Soto

Spanish explorer who discovered and claimed the Mississippi River for Spain

Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca

Spanish explorer who was shipwrecked in Texas and wandered for several years among American Indians (Karankawa)

Lariat

Stiff rope used to catch cattle and horses

Erasmo Seguin

Successful Tejano rancher who located the land for Austin's first colony/Represented Texas at the Mexican convention and later supported Texas independence

Reasons for the Civil War

Tariffs , State's Rights , Slavery, and Sectionalism

Tariff

Tax

Texas Secession Convention

Texans voted on the idea of cession, Sam Houston was opposed, he was removed from Office

7th State to Secede

Texas

Terry's Texas Rangers

Texas Confederate cavalry unit organized by B.F. Terry

1836 (7.1B)

Texas Independence

causes of Mexican American war

Texas boundary dispute; Polk sent soldiers past Nueces to provoke Mexico

1845

Texas joins the United States as the 28th State of the Union

Compromise of 1850

Texas sold the "New Mexico" part of Texas to the U.S. to help pay off debt and chopped off the top because of slavery

James Hogg

Texas-born governor who established the Texas Railroad Commission in 1891 to fight unfair practices, supported by the Farmers' Alliance (Populists)

Emancipation Proclamation

The Freeing of slaves in confederate states

Spindletop

The Lucas Gusher sparked the oil discovery on Spindletop Hill, changed the economy of Texas and ushered in the petroleum age on Jan. 1, 1901. Reaching a height of more than 150 feet and producing close to 100,000 barrels a day

Texas secession from the US

The U.S. state of Texas declared its secession from the United States of America on February 23, 1861 and joined the confederate states

Battle of Brownsville

The Union wanted to take this town to prevent the confederates from using the city of Matamoros, Mexico to export cotton.

States' Rights

The belief that the state had the right to decide their own rules.

Boom and Bust

The discovery of oil in Texas in the 1890s ushered in an oil boom at the beginning of the 20th century. The subsequent discovery of more oil fields helped to make Texas one of the leading oil producers in the United States by the 1940s and firmly establish the oil and gas production as an industry in Texas.When oil producers in the Middle East increased production in the 1980s, oil prices dropped and Texas faced hard economic times. State leaders then began working to diversify the Texas economy.

Colonization

The expansion of countries into other countries where they establish settlements and control the people

Joseph Glidden

The man who invented Barbed Wire

Cattle Drives

The method that cattle were moved from the ranches to the markets at railroad towns like Abilene, Kansas

The Old Three Hundred

The name 'Old Three Hundred' is sometimes used to refer to the settlers who received land grants in Stephen F. Austin's first colony.

Home Front

The name given to the part of war that was not actively involved in the fighting but which was vital to it.

Why Texas did not become a state in 1836

The people of Texas wanted to remain a Republic

Industrialization

The process of the large scale development of industries for the machine production of goods.

Blockade

To create a barrier.

Texas was paid $10 Million for Annexation

To pay off Debts

Derricks

Tower-like frame over the oil well

Gettysburg

Turning point in the war. Devastating to both sides.

Open range

Unfenced grazing lands on which cattle ran freely and cattle ownership was established through branding

drill bit

Used to drill holes

1890

When Cattle Drives ended

Monopoly

When one service or product is completely controlled by one company who decides what the price should be without any other competition.

Coastal plains region

Where most Anglo settlements land grants were located

Mustang

Wild horses descended from Spanish horses

The Spanish

____________ brought cattle to Texas

Francisco Coronado

a Spanish explorer that traveled all over including the Panhandle of Texaslooking for the fabled seven cities of gold.

homespun

a coarse, loosely woven, homemade fabric

Quinine

a drug used for fighting malaria and other fevers

Revolution

a forcible overthrow of a government or social order in favor of a new system.

treaty

a formal agreement between the governments of two or more countries

land grant

a grant/gift of low cost land by the government

courier

a messenger generally delivering correspondence

revolution

a movement to bring about change

climate

a pattern of the combination of precipitation and temperature over time

era

a period of time with distinct political, economic, social characteristics

delegate

a person acting as a representative for others

Filibuster

a person engaging in unauthorized rebellion or warfare against a foreign country

quarters

a place of residence, esp. for military personnel; an assigned station or place, as for officers and crew on a warship

settlement

a small community of people living in a new place. (Spain used missions, ranches and towns)

region

a spatial area of land that is unified by a common characteristic, such as political unity, linguistic unity, or common climate patterns

frontier

a wilderness at the edge of a settled area of a country

Secondary Source

accounts of events created at a later date and by someone who was not present at the event

truce

agreement

Ecosystem

all of an area's plants and animals together with the nonliving parts of their environment

empresario

an agent who makes all arrangements to bring settlers to a colony

treaty

an agreement between national governments

rural area

an area of small towns or farms

Equator

an imaginary line circling the globe exactly halfway between the North and South Poles

Urbanization

an increase in people living or working in cities.

Point of View

an opinion or perspective presented by the author of a document, influenced by the author's personal circumstances

Texas Gold

another name for oil, it helped to boost Texas Economy

physical geographic feature

any characteristic of the Earth's surface that was created by natural processes

Military Installation

any facility servicing military forces

Provisional

arranged or existing for the present, possibly to be changed later

Arrest of Stephen F. Austin (7.3A)

arrested for treason because of the letter he wrote to Texas officials earlier. He was not allowed to return to Texas until summer of 1835.

What other industries flourished in Texas following the discovery of oil?

automobile industry, railroads and roads and highways

Manifest Destiny

belief that the U.S. would take over North America from "sea to shining sea" (God given right!)

George Childress (7.3B)

chaired the committee in charge of writing the Texas Declaration of Independence

Why European immigrants came to Texas

cheap land

urban

city

Relative Location

describes where a place is in relation to other places

Antonio López de Santa Anna (7.3B)

dictator of Mexico, and military leader of the Mexican

dispute

disagreement

Alonzo Alvarez de Pineda

drew the first known map of the Texas coast in 1519

Mirabeau Lamar was the father of ______________

education

Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo

ended Mexican-American War; Mexican Cession; Made Rio Grande official Border with Mexico

Fray Damian Massanet

established the 1st Spanish mission in East Texas because La Salle had setup a French Mission there.

Absolute Location

exact position of a place on Earth, typically using latitude and longitude

Sourcing

examining the "who," "what," "when," "where," and "why" of a document

Reinforcements

extra personnel sent to increase the strength of an army or similar force

Primary Source

first-hand accounts of an event created by eyewitnesses or first recorders at the time of the event

Sectionalism

focus on the interest one's region

Sovereign

free from outside control; self-governing

nomad

groups of people that move from location to location

Lorenzo de Zavala (7.3B)

helped write the Texas Declaration of Independence and helped design the ad interim government at Washington-on-the Brazos; was elected Vice President of the new republic

Political Impact of the Texas Railroad Commission

it set limits to regulate and control oil prices

Reservations

land set aside for the Native Americans to live on after they were forced out of West Texas

Sam Houston (7.3B)

leader of the Revolutionary Army during the Texas Revolution

Fredonian Rebellion (7.3A)

led by the Edwards Brothers, Texans claimed Nacogdoches was no longer under Mexican control.

James Fannin (7.3B)

led the Texans at Coleto Creek and surrendered to Urrea; later he was executed at Goliad by order of Santa Anna

William B. Travis's letter "To the People of Texas and All Americans in the World" (7.3C)

letter to recruit men to help him and his men at the Alamo after Santa Anna showed up in San Antonio, February 23.

native

living or growing naturally in a particular place

natural resources

materials or substances that occur in nature

William B. Travis (7.3B)

military leader of the Texas forces at the Alamo; was killed by Mexican forces at the Alamo

indigenous

originating in a specific place or region

Law of April 6, 1830 (7.3A)

outlawed immigration from the U.S. to Texas and canceled all empresarial grants that had not been fulfilled. It did encourage European immigration. Enslaved people could no longer be brought into Mexico to work, and customs duties were imposed on all goods entering Texas from the U.S.

Environment

physical surroundings

Compass Rose

points to all four cardinal points—north, south, east, and west.

Democratic Party

political party: farmers, "common man," FOR slavery, FOR states' rights, FOR Manifest Destiny (Southerners)

Whig Party

political party: industrialists, bankers, AGAINST slavery, FOR big government (Northerner)

Texas State Constitution 1845

protected POLITICAL freedom (set up 3 branches) and INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS of Texans

Republic of Texas Constitution of 1836 - stance on slavery

protected slavery

Turtle Bayou Resolutions (7.3A)

resulted in Colonel Jose de las Piedras ordering the release of William B. Travis and Patrick Jack from jail.

Sabine River

river between Texas and Louisiana

Rio Grande

river between Texas and Mexico

Red River

river between Texas and Oklahoma

Flankers

rode beside the cattle to keep from straying

Scouts

rode in front of the herd to select the best pathway

Mirabeau Lamar - Annexation

saw Texas as an empire (No Annexation)

Juan Seguín (7.3B)

served with Travis at the Alamo, but survived because he was sent out as a messenger to warn Sam Houston about the events at the Alamo. He continued to serve under Sam Houston at the Battle of San Jacinto.

Culture

shared beliefs, traits, and values

Time Line

shows the sequence of events

Cavalry

soldiers who fought on horseback

adobe

sun-dried bricks made from a mixture of mud with a small amount of straw or grass

siege

surrounding a fortification to cut it off from supplies

Contextualizing

taking into consideration how the author was influenced by when and where the document was produced

Mier y Teránm, 1828 (7.3A)

the Mexican government sent Gen. Manuel Mier y Terán to investigate the conditions in northern Texas. He found that the Anglo-Americans outnumbered Mexicans 10 to 1. The report resulted in the Law of April 6.

Historical Context

the circumstances of the time in which an event occurred or in which an author lived that may have influenced his/her point of view

Annexation

the formal act of acquiring something (especially territory) by conquest or occupation

Migration

the movement of people

immigration

the movement of people from one place to settle in another place

Frame of Reference

the personal attributes and life experiences of an author that may have influenced his/her point of view

agriculture

the process of growing plants and raising animals for food

Geography

the study of the world, its people, and the interaction between them

Tejano

the unique cultural blending of Spanish and American traditions in Texas

centralists

those in Mexico who favored a strong central government with power concentrated among a few leaders

federalists

those in Mexico who supported the establishment of a federal system of government like that in the United States

Bias

to like or dislike someone or something for an unjust reason.

Fannin's surrender at Goliad (7.3C)

to prevent more deaths and Santa Anna ordered the captives to all be shot on March 21.

republic

type of government with elected representatives

Flow Chart

uses boxes, arrows, and sometimes images to show a series of activities or steps

Mirabeau Lamar - Indian policy

wanted Indians out of Texas

Sam Houston - Annexation

wanted Texas annexed into the U.S.

Sam Houston - Indian policy

wanted peace with the Indians

Dangers of cattle drives

wild animals, Rattlesnakes, Native Americans, Out laws, Severe storms, and scorpions

Retreat

withdraw from enemy forces as a result of their superior power or after a defeat

Secede

withdrawl

1860-1890

years of the Cattle Drive Era