Sensation and Perception Combo

- attention is in one region of space - moves from one point to the next

"Spotlight" model

attended region can grow or shrink

"Zoom lens" model

Representation of scenes...

-generated by information from the selective and nonselective pathways & is very powerful 1. gives rise to our perception of a world full of coherent objects in a coherent scene, even before we have a chance to attend to most of those objects 2. easily stored in memory (people are really good at remembering pictures)

Layers ___ of the LGN in the left hemisphere recieve input from the left eye

1, 4, 6

Binocular vision development

1. As children get older, they get better at things 2. Whatever it is, girls do it before boys 3. Everything develops with everything else (visual development doesn't provide support for this one-violates it) infants=blind to disparity until about 4 months once infant develops stereopsis, stereoacuity increases rapidly to near adult levels Although newborn infants make convergence eye movements to track a target as it approaches their nose, accurate and consistent convergence probably does not occur until they are 3-4 months old

How does light go into the eye? (in order)

1. Cornea 2. Aqueous Humor 3. Pupil 4. Lens 5. Vitreous Humor 6. Retina

what are the three types of search tasks?

1. color 2. orientation 3. conjunction

2 pathway approach to scene perception

1. selective 2. non-selective

using the red, green, and blue sliders on a color picking tool, what combo makes yellow?

100% red, 100% green 0% blue

Using the red, green, and blue sliders on a color picking tool (such as the one depicted in the text), which of the following combinations makes yellow? a. 0% red, 100% green, and 100% blue. b. 100% red, 0% green, and 100% blue. c. 100% red, 100% green, and 0% blue. d. 50% red, 50% green, and 50% blue. e. 100% red, 0% green, and 50% blue.

100% red, 100% green, and 0% blue.

The range of human hearing is between ________ Hz.

20 and 20,000

humans can hear frequencies between

20htz 20,ooohz

According to the opponent color theory, the perception of color is based on the output of ______ each of them opponency between ______

3 cones, 2 colors (yes)

Bilint Syndrome

3 major symptoms: 1. Spatial localization abilities are generally reduced-hard time trying to reach toward an object. 2. Don't move their eyes very much-tend to gaze fixedly ahead 3. behave as if they can see only one object at a time (simultagnosia) binding errors are much more severe

according to the opponent color theory, the perception of color is based on the output of ____ cones, wahc of them an opponency between ___ colors

3, 2

The ___ world (height, width, depth) is projected onto our ___ (height, width) retinas

3-D 2-D

Using Weber's Law, the difference threshold for a 100 gram weight standard is 2 grams, then the difference threshold when using a 200 gram standard would be ___ grams.

4

Visible light is between ___ and ___nm within the electromagnetic spectrum

400; 700

An object appears black in normal sunlight reflects what percentage of the light that hits it?

5%

Absolute threshold is the minimum amount of stimulation needed to detect a stimulus _____ of the time

50% (yes)

In a typical visual search experiment, the target would be present in _______% of the trials and absent in _______% of the trials a.30;70 b. 70;30 c. 50;50 d. 80;20 e. 90;10

50;50

Boo throws a heavy ball through a hoop that is 10 yards away, and then estimates that the hoop is 12 yards away. The next day, she throws a lighter ball at the hoop that is 10 yards away, and asked to make the estimate how far away the hoop is. Boo is most likely to estimate that the hoop is ___ yards away.

8 yards

Stevens Power Law describes the relationship between __ and __

?

__ is the difference between the two retinal images of the same scene. It is the basis of stereopsis. A. Binocular disparity B. Depth perception C. Binocular summation D. Accommodation

A Binocular disparity

Proximity

A Gestalt grouping rule stating that the tendency of two features to group together will increase as the distance between them decreases

color-anomalous

A better term for what is usually called "color-blind." Most "color-blind" individuals can still make discriminations based on wavelength, but the discriminations are different from the norm.

color-anomalous

A better term for what is usually called "color-blind." Most "color-blind" individuals can still make discriminations based on wavelength. Those discriminations are different from the norm—that is, anomalous.

Attention can change the preferences of a neuron

A cell that was initially tuned to vertical lines might come to respond better to a different orientation under the influence of attention

double-opponent cell

A cell type, found in the visual cortex, in which one region is excited by one cone type, combination of cones, or color and inhibited by the opponent cones or color (e.g., R+/G-). Another adjacent region would be inhibited by the first input and excited by the second (thus, in this example, R-/G+).

cone-opponent cell

A cell type—found in the retina, lateral geniculate nucleus, and visual cortex—that, in effect, subtracts one type of cone input from another.

color contrast

A color perception effect in which the color of one region induces the opponent color in a neighboring region.

color assimilation

A color perception effect in which two colors bleed into each other, each taking on some of the chromatic quality of the other.

unrelated color

A color that can be experienced in isolation

unrelated color

A color that can be experienced in isolation.

related color

A color, such as brown or gray, that is seen only in relation to other colors. For example, a "gray" patch in complete darkness appears white.

An area of the visual system that receives one copy of the order issued by the motor system when the eyes move is called

A comparator

An area of the visual system that receives one copy of the order issued by the motor system when the eyes move is called?

A comparator

relative size

A comparison of size between items without knowing the absolute size of either one.

_____ is a neuron whose receptive field characteristics cannot be easil predicted by mapping with spots of light

A complex cell

L-cone

A cone that is preferentially sensitive to long wavelengths; colloquially (but not entirely accurately) known as a "red cone."

M-cone

A cone that is preferentially sensitive to middle wavelengths; colloquially (but not entirely accurately) known as a "green cone."

S cone

A cone that is preferentially sensitive to short wavelengths; colloquially (but not entirely accurately) known as a "blue cone."

pictorial depth cue

A cue to distance or depth used by artists to depict three-dimensional depth in two-dimensional pictures.

Occlusion

A cue to relative depth order in which one object obstructs the view of part of another object gives information about the relative position of objects

occlusion

A cue to relative depth order in which, for example, one object obstructs the view of part of another object.

familiar size

A depth cue based on knowledge of the typical size of objects like humans or pennies.

linear perspective

A depth cue based on the fact that lines that are parallel in the three-dimensional world will appear to converge in a two-dimensional image.

texture gradient

A depth cue based on the geometric fact that items of the same size form smaller images when they are farther away. An array of items that change in size smoothly across the image will appear to form a surface tilted in depth.

aerial perspective (or haze)

A depth cue based on the implicit understanding that light is scattered by the atmosphere. More light is scattered when we look through more atmosphere. Thus, more distant objects are subject to more scatter and appear fainter, bluer, and less distinct.

relative metrical depth cue

A depth cue that could specify, for example, that object A is twice as far away as object B without providing information about the absolute distance to either A or B.

monocular depth cue

A depth cue that is available even when the world is viewed with one eye alone.

nonmetrical depth cue

A depth cue that provides information about the depth order (relative depth) but not depth magnitude (e.g., his nose is in front of his face).

absolute metrical depth cue

A depth cue that provides quantifiable information about distance in the third dimension (e.g., his nose sticks out 4 centimeters in front of his face).

metrical depth cue

A depth cue that provides quantitative information about distance in the third dimension.

binocular depth cue

A depth cue that relies on information from both eyes.

binocular depth cue

A depth cue that relies on information from both eyes. Stereopsis is the primary example in humans, but convergence and the ability of two eyes to see more of an object that one eye sees are also binocular depth cues

stereoscope

A device for simultaneously presenting one image to one eye and another image to the other eye.

repetition blindness

A failure to detect the second occurrence of an identical letter, word, or picture in a rapidly presented stream of stimuli when the second occurrence falls within 200-500 milliseconds of the first.

inattentional blindness

A failure to notice—or at least to report—a stimulus that would be easily reportable if it were attended.

agnosia

A failure to recognize objects in spite of the ability to see them, typically due to brain damage.

agnosia

A failure to recognize objects in spite of the ability to see them. Agnosia is typically due to brain damage.

corresponding retinal points

A geometric concept stating that points on the retina of each eye where the monocular retinal images of a single object are formed are at the same distance from the fovea in each eye.

Similarity

A gestalt grouping rule that the tendency of two features to group together will increase as similarity between them increases

proto-object

A loose collection of unbound features (size, color, and so forth) that will be a recognizable object, once attended.

stereoacuity

A measure of the smallest binocular disparity that can generate a sensation of depth.

reaction time (RT)

A measure of the time from the onset of a stimulus to a response.

strabismus

A misalignment of the two eyes such that a single object in space is imaged on the fovea of one eye, and on a nonfoveal area of the other (turned) eye.

Strabismus

A misalignment of the two eyes such that a single object in space is imaged on the fovea of one eye, and on the nonfoveal area of the other (turned) eye

additive color mixture

A mixture of lights. If light A and light B are both reflected from a surface to the eye, in the perception of color the effects of those two lights add together.

subtractive color mixture

A mixture of pigments. If pigments A and B mix, some of the light shining on the surface will be absorbed by A, and some by B. Only the remainder contributes to the perception of color.

reflexive eye movement

A movement of the eye that is automatic and involuntary.

critical period

A period of time during development when the organism is particularly susceptible to developmental change.

positivism

A philosophical position arguing that all we really have to go on is the evidence of the senses, so the world might be nothing more than an elaborate hallucination.

Realism

A philosophical position arguing that there is a real world to sense

realism

A philosophical position arguing that there is a real world to sense.

visual-field defect

A portion of the visual field with no vision or with abnormal vision, typically resulting from damage to the visual nervous system

visual-field defect

A portion of the visual field with no vision or with abnormal vision, typically resulting from damage to the visual nervous system.

The figure above is an example of? (square dot boxes)

A random dot sterogram

akinetopsia

A rare neuropsychological disorder in which the affected individual has no perception of motion.

fusiform face area (FFA)

A region of extrastriate visual cortex in humans that is specifically and reliably activated by human faces.

parahippocampal place area (PPA)

A region of extrastriate visual cortex in humans that is specifically and reliably activated more by images of places than by other stimuli

parahippocampal place area (PPA)

A region of extrastriate visual cortex in humans that is specifically and reliably activated more by images of places than by other stimuli.

Fusiform face area (FFA)

A region of extrastriate visual cortex in humans that is specifically and reliably activates by human faces

Which of the following stimuli is most likely to show the greatest representational momentum?

A rocket

Conjunction search

A search for a target defined by the presence of two or more attributes

Serial self-terminating search

A search from item to item, ending when a target is found or until all items have been checked used for spacial configuring searches

serial self-terminating search

A search from item to item, ending when a target is found.

Parallel search

A search in which multiple stimuli are processed at the same time.

parallel search

A search in which multiple stimuli are processed at the same time.

Which of the following stimuli would optimally activate an ON-center ganglion cell?

A spot of light in the center of the receptive field

random dot stereogram (RDS)

A stereogram made of a large number (often in the thousands) of randomly placed dots containing no monocular cues to depth.

Cue

A stimulus that might indicate where (or what) a subsequent stimulus will be. Can be valid (giving correct information), invalid (incorrect), or neutral (uninformative)

cue

A stimulus that might indicate where (or what) a subsequent stimulus will be. Cues can be valid (giving correct information), invalid (incorrect), or neutral (uninformative).

adapting stimulus

A stimulus whose removal produces a change in visual perception or sensitivity.

superior colliculus

A structure in the midbrain that is important in initiating and guiding eye movements.

lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)

A structure in the thalamus, part of the midbrain, that receives input from the retinal ganglion cells and has input and output connections to the visual cortex.

ideal observer

A theoretical observer with complete access to the best available information and the ability to combine different sources of information in the optimal manner.

vergence

A type of eye movement in which the two eyes move in opposite directions; for example, both eyes turn toward the nose (convergence) or away from the nose (divergence).

saccade

A type of eye movement, made both voluntarily and involuntarily, in which the eyes rapidly change fixation from one object or location to another.

smooth pursuit

A type of voluntary eye movement in which the eyes move smoothly to follow a moving object.

afterimage

A visual image seen after the stimulus has been removed.

Bayesian approach

A way of formalizing the idea that our perception is a combination of the current stimulus and our knowledge about the conditions of the world—what is and is not likely to occur.

A monkey with an intact MT cortex can detect the direction of moving dots when coherence is ____%, while a monkey that has had the MT cortex lesioned detects the direction of the moving dots when coherence is _____%. A. 1-2 ... 10-20 B. 10-20 ... 1-2 C. 1-2 ... 1-2 D. 10-20 ... 1-2

A. 1-2 ... 10-20

The range of human hearing spans from ______________. A. 20-20,000 dB B. 0-140 dB C. 40-200 dB D. 20-160 dB

A. 20-20,000 dB

According to the Young-Helmholtz theory of color vision, the human eye contains ___ different kinds of wavelength-selective cells. A.3 B.4 C.6 D.700

A. 3

By convention, most psychophysicists use the ______ response level as a measure for a noticeable increment in the stimulus. A. 50% B. 75% C. 25% D. There is no conventional response level used.

A. 50%

Damage to visual area V4 can produce a loss of color vision called A. achromatopsia. B. acrhomatica. C. color blindness. D. color vision deficiency.

A. Achromatopsia

Which of the following is a basic level category term? A. Bird B. Sparrow C. Animal D. Limousine E. All of the above

A. Bird

In the case of a negative afterimage, adapting to a yellow stimulus would produce a _______ afterimage. A. blue B. green C. red D. black

A. Blue

Which Gestalt grouping principle states that elements moving in the same direction should be grouped together? A.Common fate B.Good continuation C.Synchrony D.Parallelism

A. Common fate

Which of the following is true about color? A. It is entirely a psychological property. B. It is a fundamental property of light. C. It is an inherent property of objects. D. All of the above.

A. It is entirely a psychological property.

The right visual field projects to the ___ half of each eye and then is analyzed by the LGN in the ___ hemisphere. A.left; left B.left; right C.right; left D.right; right

A. Left; left

The aperture problem is solved by the pooling of responses of a number of V1 neurons. Physiological evidence suggests that this pooling occurs in the ____, a nucleus in the _____stream. A. MT cortex ... dorsal B. MTcortex...ventral C. PF cortex ... "what" D. PF cortex ... "how"

A. MT cortex ... dorsal

Marcie is participating in a signal detection experiment and she is paid $1 for every hit that she has and has to pay $2 for a false alarm. In this situation: A. Marcie will have a lot of hits and a lot of false alarms. B. Marcie'scriterionwillbeshiftedtowardtheleft. C. Marcie's criterion will land her on the lower end of the ROC curve. D. Marcie will have few false alarms and a lot of hits.

A. Marcie will have a lot of hits and a lot of false alarms. ?

_______ is an important depth cue that is based on head movement. A. Motion parallax B. Familiarsize C. Convergence D. Vanishing point E. Stereopsis

A. Motion parallax

As a depth cue, occlusion provides ___ information. A. nonmetrical depth B. relative height C. absolute metrical depth D. relative metrical depth

A. Nonmetrical depth

The notion that says that human color vision is the result of three channels, two chromatic and one achromatic, is called the ___ theory. A. opponent color B. Fechner-Weber C. Young-Helmholtz D. trichromatic

A. Opponent color

Color-selective cells can be found in what layer(s) of LGN? A. P B. M C. K D. Both P and M

A. P

The imaginary circle in the figure below is known as... A. the horopter. B. the stereo circle. C. the vanishing point. D. Panum's circle.

A. The horopter

If somebody has 20/100 vision, what does this mean? A.They see at 20 feet what a person with normal vision sees at 100 feet. B.They see at 100 feet what a person with normal vision sees at 20 feet. C.Only 20 of 100 people have vision as poor as theirs. D.Only 20 of 100 people have vision better than theirs.

A. They see at 20 feet what a person with normal vision sees at 100 feet.

Which of the following areas is not part of extrastriate cortex? A.V1 B.V2 C.V3 D.All of the above are part of extrastriate cortex.

A. V1

The Ames room illusion involves: A. a breakdown of size constancy. B. our belief that inside corners are farther away than outside corners. C. a breakdown of distance constancy. D. our belief that people who are farther away are smaller

A. a breakdown of size constancy.

An area of the visual system that receives one copy of the order issued by the motor system when the eyes move is called: A. a comparator. B. thesuperiorcolliculus. C. thecaudalmidbrain. D. the parietal lobe. E. the cerebellum.

A. a comparator.

The acuity-eccentricity relationship can best be described as having: A. a horizontal line showing equal acuity at all areas in the retina. B. agradualincreasetothefovea. C. a sharp rise in the fovea accompanied by a rapid and symmetrical decline on either side. D. a sharp rise in the fovea accompanied by a gradual and asymmetrical decline on both sides.

A. a horizontal line showing equal acuity at all areas in the retina.

When adding colors, blue and yellow create white under ______ color mixing but create green under ______ color mixing. A. additive ... subtractive B. subtractive...additive C. additive...multiplicative D. multiplicative ... subtractive

A. additive ... subtractive

Rarefaction occurs when: A. air pressure decreases. B. air molecules move away from each other. C. airmoleculescompress. D. air pressure increases

A. air pressure decreases.

Our ability to perceive movement when reading "message boards" used in advertising, is based on: A. apparent motion. B. movementaftereffects. C. "waterfall"effects. D. motion agnosia.

A. apparent motion.

Which of the following optical disorders of the eye occurs because the cornea is more curved along one direction than another? A. astigmatism B. myopia C. presbyopia D. hyperopia

A. astigmatism

During response enhancement, a neuron responding to an attended stimulus might give a _______ response. A. bigger B. smaller C. slower D. surprising E. delayed

A. bigger

If changes in perceptual intensity changed very slowly with increases in physical intensity at low values but changed very dramatically at high values, this would reflect a _______________ relationship between physical intensity and perceptual intensity. A. exponential B. linear C. logarithmic D. functional

A. exponential

The set of environmental points that produce an image at analogous retinal sites for a given fixated object is called the ___________. A. horopter B. binoculardisparity C. distalpoints D. circle of fixation

A. horopter

The idea that the mind is the true reality, and that objects exist only as aspects of the mind's awareness is known as: A. idealism. B. perception. C. dualism. D. empiricism. E. the Matrix.

A. idealism. - materialism

A complex tone is a sound wave consisting of: A. more than one sinusoidal component of different frequencies. B. severalcycles. C. phases. D. periods originating from the same sinusoidal component. E. cycles at more than 1000 Hz.

A. more than one sinusoidal component of different frequencies.

The figure below depicts what can happen when a _______ patient tries to copy a drawing. A. neglect B. Balintsyndrome C. lefttemporallobe D. left parietal lobe E. right temporal lobe

A. neglect

The weighting of eye input to a binocular neuron in area V1 is called _____________. A. ocular dominance B. orientationselectivity C. retinaldisparity D. binocularity

A. ocular dominance

The study of the quantitative relationship between physical and perceptual qualities is called: A. psychophysics. B. psychonomics. C. psychometrics. D. psychophysiology.

A. psychophysics.

Hubel and Wiesel uncovered some important properties of the ___ of neurons in the striate cortex. A.receptive fields B.axons C.photoreceptors D.neurotransmitters

A. receptive fields

What color would you see if you gazed at a green object for 30 seconds and then shifted your gaze to a white screen? A. red B. blue C. yellow D. green

A. red

Someone with protanopia would have a hard time discriminating ________________. A. red from green B. black from white C. green from blue D. yellow from blue

A. red from green

When one makes a saccadic eye movement, there is a(n) _______ sensitivity known as saccadic suppression. A. reduction of visual B. increaseofvisual C. accelerationofmotion D. reduction of motion E. increase of color

A. reduction of visual

The term "grandmother cell" refers to a neuron that: A. responds best to one specific object. B. divides several times to form a number of new neurons. C. is connected to a large number of other neurons. D. is isolated from other neurons. E. None of the above

A. responds best to one specific object.

SOA refers to: A. stimulus onset asynchrony. B. stimulusofaction. C. switching of attention. D. sets of asynchronies. E. none of the above

A. stimulus onset asynchrony.

Free fusion is defined as: A. the ability to bring a pair of adjacent pictures into a fused overlap by willfully crossing the eyes. B. using different colored pictures and special glasses to create the perception of depth. C. the use of multiple mirrors to create the perception of depth. D. None of the above.

A. the ability to bring a pair of adjacent pictures into a fused overlap by willfully crossing the eyes.

The speed of sound is dependent upon: A. the characteristics of the medium. B. theintensityofthesound. C. the sound frequency. D. None of the above.

A. the characteristics of the medium.

Color is best described as a property of... A.the mind. B.light. C.objects. D.the eye.

A. the mind

Fibers in the optic tract carry signals from: A. the right or left half of the retina of each eye. B. the periphery of each eye. C. the fovea of each eye. D. the optic disc of each eye.

A. the right or left half of the retina of each eye.

Retinal ganglion cells fire most when: A. there is differences in light stimulation in adjacent parts of the retina. B. there is no light source. C. the entire surface of the retina is illuminated with the same light. D. None of the above.

A. there is differences in light stimulation in adjacent parts of the retina.

When measuring reaction time (RT), we measure the: A. time from the onset of a stimulus to a response. B. time before the stimulus appears. C. time between the end of one trial and the beginning of the next. D. total time a subject takes to complete the experiment. E. all of the above

A. time from the onset of a stimulus to a response.

Which of the following occur when an object's atoms can convert light energy into vibrational motion? A. transmission B. absorption C. a blue color D. reflection

A. transmission

The parameter that sets apart the different types of electromagnetic radiation is called ____________. A. wavelength B. light C. photon D. sinusoidal fluctuations

A. wavelength

What does tau tell you? A. whether optic flow is outward or inward- to collision B. an object's size on the retina C. an object's rate of optical expansion D. an object's heading E. None of the above

A. whether optic flow is outward or inward - to collision

The process by which the eye changes its focus by adjusting the lens is called?

Accommodation

_______ is the process during which the lens of the eye changes its shape

Accommodation

when lens focus is called

Accommodation

changed shape of lens in eye to focus on the retina:

Accomodation (yes)

Caused by objects that reflect all wavelengths of light equally

Achromatic Colors

______ is the inability to perceive colors due to damage to the central nervous system.

Achromatopsia

______ is the inability to perceive colors due to damage to the cerebral cortex of the brain.

Achromatopsia

_______ is the inability to perceive colors due to damage to the central nervous system. a. Achromatopsia b. Deuteranopia c. Agnosia d. Anomia e. Akinisthesia

Achromatopsia

adapt out to certain perceptual qualities, in motion, when you adapt to a line orientation or color, your receptors are fatigued for that quality

Adaptation (yes)

Occurs when mixing colored lights

Additive Color Mixing

The figure below depicts ___color mixing and the patch shown appears ___

Additive; orange

When adding colors, blue and yellow create white under _____ color mixing but create green under ____ color mixing.

Additive; subractive

Loss of detail in objects due to distance

Aerial Perspective

more distant objects appear fainter, bluer, and less distinct

Aerial perspective

A(n) _______ is a visual image seen after the stimulus has been removed.

Afterimage

_______ is the failure to recognize objects despite being able to see them

Agnosia (yes)

_____ is a rare neuropsychological disorder in which the affected individual has no perception of motion.

Akinetopsia

______ is a rare neuropsychological disorder in which the affected individual has no perception of motion.

Akinetopsia

Which of the following techniques has been used to study how brain structures process objects?

All of these have been used (lesioning studies, fmRI, behavioral experiments with patients suffering from agnosia, single cell recordings)

Likelihood Principle

Alternative to Pragnanz, sensory elements will be organized into the most probably objects or event (distal stimulus) in the environment consistent with the sensory data (proximal stimulus)

One of the roles of the ossicles is to?

Amplify sound

Sharper Tuning

An affect of attention on the response of a neuron in which the neuron responding to an attended stimulus responds more precisely.

negative afterimage

An afterimage whose polarity is the opposite of the original stimulus. Light stimuli produce dark negative afterimages. Colors are complementary; for example, red produces green, and yellow produces blue.

middle temporal area (MT)

An area of the brain thought to be important in the perception of motion.

comparator

An area of the visual system that receives one copy of the command issued by the motor system when the eyes move (the other copy goes to the eye muscles). The comparator compares the image motion signal with the eye motion signal and can compensate for the image changes caused by the eye movement.

response enhancement

An effect of attention on the response of a neuron in which the neuron responding to an attended stimulus gives a bigger response.

sharper tuning

An effect of attention on the response of a neuron in which the neuron responding to an attended stimulus responds more precisely. For example, a neuron that responds to lines with orientations from -20 degrees to +20 degrees might come to respond to ±10-degree lines.

illusory conjunction

An erroneous combination of two features in a visual scene—for example, seeing a red X when the display contains red letters and Xs but no red Xs.

rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP)

An experimental procedure in which stimuli appear in a stream at one location (typically at the point of fixation) at a rapid rate (typically about right per second) If T1(white letter) is correctly reported, we are very likely to miss T2 (X)

rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP)

An experimental procedure in which stimuli appear in a stream at one location (typically the point of fixation) at a rapid rate (typically about eight per second).

motion parallax

An important depth cue that is based on head movement. The geometric information obtained from an eye in two different positions at two different times is similar to the information from two eyes in different positions in the head at the same time.

anomia

An inability to name objects in spite of the ability to see and recognize them (as shown by usage), typically due to brain damage.

anomia

An inability to name objects in spite of the ability to see and recognize them (as shown by usage). Anomia is typically due to brain damage.

achromatopsia

An inability to perceive colors that is caused by damage to the central nervous system.

simultagnosia

An inability to perceive more than one object at a time. A consequence of bilateral damage to the parietal lobes (Balint syndrome)

simultagnosia

An inability to perceive more than one object at a time. Simultagnosia is a consequence of bilateral damage to the parietal lobes (Balint syndrome).

protanope

An individual who suffers from color blindness that is due to the absence of L-cones.

deuteranope

An individual who suffers from color blindness that is due to the absence of M-cones.

tritanope

An individual who suffers from color blindness that is due to the absence of S-cones.

rod monochromat

An individual with no cones of any type. In addition to being truly color-blind, rod monochromats are badly visually impaired in bright light.

rod monochromat

An individual with no cones of any type. In addition to being truly color-blind, these individuals are badly visually impaired in bright light.

cone monochromat

An individual with only one cone type. Cone monochromats are truly color-blind.

cone monochromat

An individual with only one cone type. Individual is truly color-blind.

The problem of unvariance refers to the fact that?

An infinite set of different wavelength intensity combinations can elicit the same response from a single type of photo-receptor.

The problem of univariance refers to the fact that?

An infinite set of different wavelength-intensity combinations can elicit the same response from a single type of photoreceptor.

microsaccade

An involuntary, small, jerklike eye movement.

texture-defined (contrast-defined) object

An object that is defined by changes in contrast, or texture, but not by luminance.

luminance-defined object

An object that is delineated by changes in reflected light.

aperture

An opening that allows only a partial view of an object.

Use of the rules of linear perspective to create a two-dimensional image so it looks correct only when viewed from a particular angle

Anamorphosis

Evidence on motion perception systems

Animal data: tuning curves for cortical cells, selective adaptation, looming detectors, selective adaptation thresholds measured psychophysically, motion aftereffects

developed the Theory of Visual Attention

Anne Treisman

Feature integration theory

Anne Treisman's theory of visual attention, which holds that a limited set of basic features can be processed in parallel preattentively, but that other properties including the correct binding of features to objects, require attention

feature integration theory

Anne Treisman's theory of visual attention, which holds that a limited set of basic features can be processed in parallel preattentively, but that other properties, including the correct binding of features to objects, require attention.

single-opponent cell

Another way to refer to cone-opponent cells.

unique hue

Any of four colors that can be described with only a single color term: red, yellow, green, blue. Other colors (e.g., purple or orange) can be described as compounds (reddish blue, reddish yellow).

Attention

Any of the very large set of selective processes in the brain. To deal with the impossibility of handling all inputs at once, the nervous system had evolved mechanisms that are able to restrict processing to a subset of things, places, ideas, or moments in time.

attention

Any of the very large set of selective processes in the brain. To deal with the impossibility of handling all inputs at once, the nervous system has evolved mechanisms that are able to restrict processing to a subset of things, places, ideas, or moments in time.

The impression of smooth motion that comes from the rapid alternation of objects appearing in nearby locations in rapid succession is?

Apparent motion

Movies: _____ :: Waterfall illusion: ______

Apparent movement, movement aftereffects

relative height

As a depth cue, the observation that objects at different distances from the viewer on the ground plane will form images at different heights in the retinal image. Objects farther away will be seen as higher in the image.

neglect

As a neurological symptom, (1) in visual attention the inability to attend to or respond to stimuli in the contralesional visual field (typically, the left field after right parietal damage); (2) ignoring half of the body or half of an object.

Neglect

As a neurological symptom, in visual attention the inability to attend to or respond to stimuli in the contralesional visual field ignoring half of the body or half of an object

To deal with the impossibility of handling all inputs at once, the nervous system has evolved mechanisms that are able to restrict processing to a subset of things, places ideas, or moments in time

Attention

The ____ is the difficulty in perceiving and responding to the second of two target stimuli amid a rapid stream of stimuli if the observer has responded to the first target stimulus within 200 to 500 ms before the second stimulus is presented.

Attentional blink

We often miss the 2nd target if it appears 200-500 ms after the 1st target.

Attentional blink

-Uses attention - Attention binds features together into a single, whole object. ex) a green square tilted to the left.

Attentive processing

The maximum absorption for the short-wavelength cone pigment is at ____ nm. A. 308 B. 419 C. 581 D. 658

B. 419

Which of the following is true about an area V1 neuron with a vertically-elongated receptive field? A. A horizontal light bar will trigger the most activity in this neuron. B. A horizontal light bar will equally affect the ON and OFF subfields. C. A vertical light bar will equally affect the ON and OFF subfields. D. A vertical light bar will trigger activity only if it is moving across the retina.

B. A horizontal light bar will equally affect the ON and OFF subfields.

___ is a failure to recognize objects in spite of the ability to see them. A.Anomia B.Agnosia C.Prosopagnosia D.Dyslexia

B. Agnosia

Which of the following color pairs is furthest apart in wavelength? A.Blue and yellow B.Blue and red C.Blue and purple D.Green and red

B. Blue and red

___ is the smallest amount of contrast required to detect a pattern. A.Visual acuity B.Contrast threshold C.Luminance threshold D.Spatial frequency

B. Contrast threshold

The "focus of expansion" informs you of the direction... A. from which you came. B. in which you are moving. C. in which you are looking. D. of the largest object in your visual field.

B. In which you are moving

Evidence indicates that structures in ___ cortex are especially important in end-stage (high-level) object recognition processes. A.occipital B.inferotemporal C.striate D.parietal

B. Inferotemporal

Cone-opponent cells can be found in A. the retina. B. LGN. C. both the retina and LGN. D. the retina, LGN, and V1.

B. LGN

When driving in a car, the fact that light posts by the side of the road move faster across your eye than distant buildings do is known as the visual cue of... A. stereo disparity. B. motion parallax. C. relative height. D. linear perspective.

B. Motion parallax

To what direction of motion would the M unit in the previous figure best respond to? A. Leftward B. Rightward

B. Rightward

_______ is a measure of the smallest binocular disparity that can generate a sensation of depth. A. Minimum disparity B. Stereoacuity C. Stereo sensitivity D. Disparity threshold E. Stereo parallax

B. Stereoacuity

Which of the following might cause stereoblindness? A. akinetopsia B. strabismus C. visual agnosia D. prosopagnosia

B. Strabismus

Which portion of the figure is interpreted as "ground" according to the Gestalt figure-ground assignment principles? A. The white portion B. The black portion C. Both the white and the black portions D. Neither the white nor the black portions E. There is no "ground" portion in the figure

B. The black portion

Gestalt psychologists emphasize that... A.the visual system must assume that objects are viewed from generic viewpoints. B.the perceptual whole is greater than the sum of its parts. C.objects and faces are processed via different mechanisms. D.a percept is nothing more than the sum of its sensory elements.

B. The perceptual whole is greater than the sum of its parts

What does the "visible" region in the figure below refer to? A. Acuity B. Thevisibilityofanyobjectwhosespatialfrequenciesandcontrastsfallwithinit C. Thedegreetowhichonecanseefromadistanceof20feet D. The lowest contrast one can distinguish E. The distance at which an eye chart should be readable to a normal observer.

B. Thevisibilityofanyobjectwhosespatialfrequenciesandcontrastsfallwithinit

The diminishing response of a sense organ to a sustained stimulus is referred to as... A.convergence. B.adaptation. C.constant stimulation. D.response decrease.

B. adaptation

The figure below depicts _______ color mixing and the patch shown appears _______. A. additive ... green B. additive...orange C. subtractive...red D. additive ... yellow E. subtractive ... blue

B. additive...orange

A(n) _______ is a visual image seen after the stimulus has been removed. A. adapting stimulus B. afterimage C. neutralpoint D. metamer E. hallucination

B. afterimage

The diagram below depicts an attention phenomenon known as the: A. illusory conjunction. B. attentional blink. C. RSVP. D. binding problem. E. search performance deficit.

B. attentional blink.

The reason that a perceptual match may occur with two colors even though the physical spectra of the metamers are very different is because: A. the human visible spectrum is limited. B. both metameric mixtures would produce the same cone output signals. C. both metameric mixtures would produce different cone output signals. D. each metametic would stimulate different cones

B. both metameric mixtures would produce the same cone output signals.

How do stereograms produce the perception of depth? A. by viewing pictures through multiple sheets of glass B. by viewing pictures in which there are small deviations in the contents of each picture relative to the other C. by viewing two identical pictures that are each different colors D. by viewing pictures through mirrors

B. by viewing pictures in which there are small deviations in the contents of each picture relative to the other

The pigment epithelium: A. is a layer of cells that lines the front of the eye. B. captures light that is not absorbed by the photoreceptors. C. is found in the lens. D. All of the above.

B. captures light that is not absorbed by the photoreceptors.

The tendency of a surface to appear the same color under a fairly wide range of illuminations is known as: A. color invariance. B. color constancy. C. color anomaly. D. reflectance. E. illuminance.

B. color constancy.

When air molecules become momentarily crowded, this is called _______________. A. refraction B. compression C. density D. rarefaction

B. compression

The problem faced by the motion detection system of knowing which feature in frame 2 corresponds to a particular feature in frame 1 is known as the _______ problem. A. aperture B. correspondence C. temporallobe D. apparent motion E. disambiguation

B. correspondence

The motion aftereffect is caused by: A. decreased firing of LGN neurons that are tuned to that direction. B. decreased responsiveness in directionally selective neurons in area V1. C. retinalfatigue. D. All of the above.

B. decreased responsiveness in directionally selective neurons in area V1.

A _______ is an individual who suffers from color blindness that is due to the absence of M-cones. A. protanope B. deuteranope C. tritanope D. isotope E. color-anomalous individual

B. deuteranope

Most of the information about sound waves is conveyed to the brain by the: A. outer hair cells. B. inner hair cells. C. cochlear membrane. D. tympanic membrane. E. oval window.

B. inner hair cells.

Which of the following is the colored part of the eye? A. cornea B. iris C. pupil D. sclera

B. iris

The vitreous humor: A. is a liquid that fills the region immediately behind the cornea. B. is a gelatinous liquid that fills the main part of the eyeball. C. is the liquid that fills the lens. D. carries neural signals from the retina to the brain.

B. is a gelatinous liquid that fills the main part of the eyeball.

The _______ consists of three tiny bones called ossicles. A. tympanic membrane B. middle ear C. innerear D. cochlea E. outer ear

B. middle ear

In a situation with binocular rivalry, the resulting perception is A. a fused image between the two different images. B. one image at a time. C. a fused nonsensical image. D. None of the above.

B. one image at a time.

The axons of retinal ganglion cells synapse in the two: A. magnocellular layers. B. parvocellular layers. C. cortexes. D. olfactory bulbs. E. lateral geniculate nuclei.

B. parvocellular layers.

An "efficient" search is one in which the slope of the function relating _______ time to set size is about 0 ms/item. A. total B. reaction C. item display D. subject's rest E. accuracy

B. reaction

A unique blue is one that has no _______ or green tint. A. yellow B. red C. purple D. orange E. None of the above

B. red

The vividness of a hue's chromatic quality is called ___________. A. value B. saturation C. hue D. brightness

B. saturation

The following diagrams depict: A. feature searches. B. search tasks. C. the salience of objects. D. efficiency. E. conjunction searches.

B. search tasks.

Which of the following Gestalt laws states that items that share common features will be grouped together? A. closure B. similarity C. proximity D. common fate

B. similarity

The figure below depicts the simplest kind of sound, known as a: A. simple sound. B. sine wave. C. period. D. phase. E. tone.

B. sine wave.

Stevens' power law describes the relationship between _______ and _______. A. signal ... noise B. stimulus magnitude ... sensation magnitude C. sensation...perception D. signal ... receiver E. receiver ... operator

B. stimulus magnitude ... sensation magnitude

Humans cannot perceive wavelengths of light in the infrared spectrum, but snakes can. In other words, wavelengths in this range are ______________ to humans but _____________ to snakes. A. subthreshold ... at threshold B. subthreshold...suprathreshold C. suprathreshold ... subthreshold D. at threshold ... suprathreshold

B. subthreshold...suprathreshold

If the relationship between changes in the intensity of a physical stimulus and perception were exponential, you would expect: A. to find different functions for changes in the intensity of a visual stimulus versus changes in the intensity of an auditory stimulus. B. that after a certain physical intensity level,perceptual intensity would decrease dramatically. C. that changes in perceptual intensity would match changes in physical intensity. D. that after a certain physical intensity level, perceptual intensity would increase dramatically.

B. that after a certain physical intensity level,perceptual intensity would decrease dramatically.

The difference between first-order motion and second-order motion is: A. the direction of the motion. B. the luminance conditions of the object against the background. C. the speed of the motion. D. the intensity/magnitude of motion.

B. the luminance conditions of the object against the background.

The orientation tuning curve plots: A. the neuron's change in firing as a function of wavelength. B. the neuron's response profile as a function of the light bar's orientation. C. the neuron's firing rate as a function of direction of motion. D. None of the above.

B. the neuron's response profile as a function of the light bar's orientation.

The main function of the pinna is: A. to produce wax that protects the eardrum. B. to enhance the transmission of sound. C. to set off a vibrational pattern in the eardrum. D. None of the above

B. to enhance the transmission of sound.

The moonlit world depicted in this photograph appears to be drained of color because... A.the S-cones do not function at night. B.we only have one type of rod photoreceptor transducing light under these conditions. C.our cones are defective. D.we can only use two types of rod photoreceptors under these conditions.

B. we only have one type of rod photoreceptor transducing light under these conditions

Induced motion

Background is moving making it seem like the figure is moving as well

-people with this suffer from Simultagnosia and have poor spatial localization -it results from bilateral lesions of the parietal lobes; very rare

Balint's syndrome

Which formal, mathematical approach to modeling perception uses conditional probabilities and prior probabilities to determine whether a hypothesis is true, given a certain set of observations?

Bayes theory

mathematical model that uses conditional probabilites and prior probabilities to determine whetehr a hypothesis is true given a certain set of observations?

Bayes' theory

The _____ is based on the idea that prior knowledge could influence the estimates of the probability of a current event.

Bayesian approach

the ____ is based on the idea that prior knolwdge could influence the estimates of the probability of a current event

Bayesian approach

Stroboscopic (apparent) motion

Beta motion: picture seems like it is moving from left to right side of the screen, when it actually is just flashing in each spot, the illusory impression of smooth motion resulting from the rapid alternation of objects that appear in different locations in rapid succession

the person who made the model of object recognition

Biederman

Recognition by components model

Biederman's model of object recognition, which holds that objects are recognized by the identities and relationships of their component parts

The _____ problem refers to the challenge of tying different attributes of visual stimuli (e.g. color, orientation, motion), which are handled by different brain circuits, to the appropriate object so that we perceive a unified object (e.g., blue, horizontal, moving to the left).

Binding

The____ problem refers to the challenge of tying different attributes of visual stimuli (e.g., color, orientation, motion), which are handled by different brain circuits, to the appropriate object so that we perceive a unified object (e.g., blue, horizontal, moving to the left).

Binding

The differences between the two retinal images of the same scene

Binocular disparity

Which of the following is not a monocular cue?

Binocular disparity

______ is the difference between the two retinal images of the same scene. It is the basis of steropsis.

Binocular disparity

_____is the difference between the two retinal images of the same scene. It is the basis of stereopsis.

Binocular disparity

______ is the difference between the two retinal images of the same scene. It is a basis of stereopsis

Binocular disparity (yes)

The combination of signals from each eye in ways that improve performance compared to just one eye

Binocular summation

The motion we interpret as people (or cute critter) moving around from a few animated dots is called _____?

Biological

In the case of a negative afterimage, a yellow stimulus would produce a ____ afterimage.

Blue

Which of the following color pairs is furthest apart in wavelength?

Blue and Red

Which of the following color pairs is furthest apart in wavelength ?

Blue and red

What do voluntary saccades and smooth pursuit movements have in common?

Both create a stable image of an object on the retina

Which of the following is a related color? a. Orange b. Purple c. Blue d. Green e. Brown

Brown

Which of the following (a, b, c) depicts a symbolic cue?

C

Using the red, green, and blue sliders on a color picking tool (such as the one depicted in the text), which of the following combinations makes yellow? A. 0% red, 100% green, and 100% blue. B. 100% red, 0% green, and 100% blue. C. 100% red, 100% green, and 0% blue. D. 50% red, 50% green, and 50% blue. E. 100% red, 0% green, and 50% blue.

C. 100% red, 100% green, and 0% blue.

The maximum absorption for the long-wavelength cone pigment is at ____ nm. A. 419 B. 501 C. 558 D. 747

C. 558

A key brain area in the processing of visual motion information is... A. the superior colliculus. B. frontal cortex. C. area MT. D. temporal cortex.

C. Area MT

Which of the following is not a monocular cue? A. Occlusion B. Relativesize C. Binocular disparity D. Texture gradient E. Aerial perspective

C. Binocular disparity

Which of the following is not a monocular depth cue? A. Aerial perspective B. Relative size C. Binocular disparity D. Occlusion

C. Binocular disparity

Which of the following influences the effectiveness/strength of the phi phenomenon? A. the distance between the two stimuli B. the time delays between the sequential stimulus presentations C. Both of the above. D. None of the above.

C. Both of the above.

Which of the following is true about the retinal image of a visual scene? A. It is inverted. B. It is horizontally flipped. C. Both of the above. D. None of the above.

C. Both of the above.

The difference in illumination between a figure and its background is known as... A.visual angle. B.surround. C.contrast. D.definition.

C. Contrast

_______ refers to the presentation of two stimuli, one to each eye. A. Biopic B. Monoptic C. Dichoptic D. Stereoptic E. Chronoptic

C. Dichoptic

What are object representations made of, according to view-based theories of object recognition? A.Surfaces B.Edges C.Image templates D.Geon structural descriptions

C. Image templates

Which of the following is evidence that supports the existence of color-opponent channels? A. The negative afterimage of yellow is green. B. It is impossible to perceive a reddish-blue color. C. It is impossible to perceive a reddish-green color. D. It takes a very bright green light to cancel out all of the blue at short wavelengths.

C. It is impossible to perceive a reddish-green color

Which of the following is NOT true regarding the organization of visual signals in the LGN? A. The foveal retina has a greater representation in the LGN. B. Each layer of the LGN has a topographic layout. C. LGN neurons in each layer are binocular. D. Layers 1, 4 and 6 of the LGN receive input from the contralateral eye.

C. LGN neurons in each layer are binocular.

Visual motion is primarily processed in the __ pathway. A.P B.koniocellular. C.M D.retinotectal

C. M

Red-green color deficiency results from missing ___ cones, whereas blue-yellow color deficiency results from missing ___ cones. A. L; M or S B. S; M or L C. M or L; S D. M or S; L

C. M or L; S

Which of the following is a loosely defined stage of visual processing that comes after basic features have been extracted from the image, and before object recognition and scene understanding? A.Low-level vision B.Early vision C.Middle vision D.High-level vision

C. Middle vision

We perceive depth in drawings because of... A. retinal disparity. B. stereoscopic vision. C. monocular depth cues. D. convergence of the eye muscles.

C. Monocular depth cues

_______ is the study of the psychological correlates of the physical dimensions of acoustics. A. Psychoanalysis B. Psychophysics C. Psychoacoustics D. Psychologies E. Acoustometrics

C. Psychoacoustics

In the red and black box on the left side of the color picker shown below, _______ changes along the horizontal axis and _______ changes along the vertical axis. A.brightness; saturation B.saturation; hue C.saturation; brightness D.hue; brightness

C. Saturation;brightness

Which of the following is true regarding the retinotopic layout of area V1? A. The peripheral parts of the retina enjoy greater cortical territory than the fovea. B. All areas of the retina receive equal cortical space to process in coming visual information. C. The fovea enjoys greater cortical territory than the peripheral parts of the retina. D. None of the above.

C. The fovea enjoys greater cortical territory than the peripheral parts of the retina.

That a strong motion aftereffect is obtained when one eye is adapted and the other is tested suggests that... A. testing the other eye increases the chance of seeing a motion aftereffect. B. the motion aftereffect works better with one eye. C. the motion aftereffect occurs in a part of the visual system where information from the two eyes is combined. D. adaptation is responsible for the motion aftereffect.

C. The motion aftereffect occurs in a part of the visual system where information from two eyes is combined

How many lights (of the correct type) are needed to match any color that humans can see? A.One B.Two C.Three D.Four

C. Three

The wavelength that produces a sensation of green without any hint of blue or yellow is called a ___ hue. A. opponent B. achromatic C. unique D. complementary

C. Unique

In class, it was suggested that there may be neurons that are selective for binocular disparities in ___, the first place in the brain where information from both eyes is combined. A. the retina B. V4 C. V1 D. LGN

C. V1

Which of the following is a superordinate level category term? A. Car B. Station wagon C. Vehicle D. Limousine E. All of the above

C. Vehicle

Although the physical spectrum of a particular stimulus will produce a distinct hue: A. a specific hue is always associated with a unique physical spectrum. B. asmallnumberofdifferentspectrawillproducethesamehue. C. a specific hue is not necessarily associated with a unique physical spectrum. D. None of the above.

C. a specific hue is not necessarily associated with a unique physical spectrum.

The three ways that the responses of a cell could be changed by attention are enhancement, sharper tuning, and: A. attentive listening. B. localization. C. altered tuning. D. concentration. E. priming.

C. altered tuning.

The problem of univariance refers to the fact that... A.an infinite number of colors exist in the real world. B.many shades of colors appear the same under certain lighting conditions. C.an infinite set of different wavelength-intensity combinations can elicit the same response from a single type of photoreceptor. D.we have three types of cones in our visual system.

C. an infinite set of different wavelength-intensity combinations can elicit the same response from a single type of photoreceptor

Which area of the brain has been dubbed "the motion area"? A. the dorsal visual stream B. areaV4 C. areaMST3000 D. area V5

C. areaMST3000

A high frequency sound stimulus produces maximum vibration at the _________ end of the basilar membrane whereas a low frequency sound will yield maximum displacement toward the ___________ end. A. apex ... wide B. wide...narrow C. base...apex D. base ... narrow

C. base...apex

The depth cue that is responsible for perceiving depth in ViewMastersTM and "3-D" movies is: A. motion parallax. B. accommodation. C. binoculardisparity. D. relative height.

C. binocular disparity.

Which of the following (a, b, c) depicts a symbolic cue? A. a B. b C. c D. all of the above E. none of the above

C. c

A ________ is able to make use of binocular disparity, because it has _______ eyes. A. rabbit ... frontal B. rabbit...lateral C. cat...frontal D. monkey ... lateral

C. cat...frontal

Hoffman and Richards proposed that the visual system divides an object into parts by "cutting" it at _______ in its silhouette. A. non-accidental features B. convexities(bumps) C. concavities(valleys) D. both convexities and concavities E. the longest axis

C. concavities(valleys)

In a probe detection experiment an invalid cue is a: A. cue that appears at the wrong time. B. wrong choice by the subject. C. cue that signals the wrong location of the target. D. cue that signals the right location of the target but at the wrong time. E. cue that does not appear.

C. cue that signals the wrong location of the target.

The function of the round window is to: A. ensure that the vibrational pattern of the ossicles is maintained in the inner ear. B. to set off a compressional sound wave in the fluid filled scala vestibule. C. dissipate pressure changes within the scala tympani. D. initiate pressure changes in the fluid filled cochlea from displacement of the stapes

C. dissipate pressure changes within the scala tympani.

In the Newsome and Pare paradigm, an observer's task is to: A. determine whether or not motion is observed. B. experience a motion aftereffect. C. identify the direction of motion of the correlated dots. D. trace the moving dots. E. None of the above

C. identify the direction of motion of the correlated dots.

The _______ is the location where fine changes in sound pressure in the environment are translated into neural signals. A. outer ear B. middle ear C. inner ear D. tympanic canal E. oval window

C. inner ear

If you were looking at a tomato in fairly pure blue (short wavelength) light, the tomato would appear quite dark because: A. red objects reflect black under blue illumination. B. the blue light would be absorbed and mixed with the red of the object, leading to black. C. its preferred wavelengths of reflection are not contained in the blue light. D. none of the above: the tomato wouldn't appear dark; due to absolute color constancy, it would still look bright red.

C. its preferred wavelengths of reflection are not contained in the blue light.

The diagram below illustrates the _______ depth cue. A. motion parallax B. aerial perspective C. linear perspective D. accommodation E. convergence

C. linear perspective

Change blindness may be explained by the lack of ______ in a scene, which would attract attention in a naturalistic setting. A. depth cues B. vivid colors C. motion D. schemas

C. motion

Which of the following optical disorders of the eye occurs because parallel light is focused at a point in front of the retina? A. presbyopia B. astigmatism C. myopia D. hyperopia

C. myopia

A random dot stereogram contains: A. many monocular cues. B. ahoropter. C. no monocular cues. D. a vanishing point. E. occlusion cues.

C. no monocular cues.

In the yellow and black box on the left side of the color picker shown below, _______ changes along the horizontal axis and _______ changes along the vertical axis. A. hue ... brightness B. saturation...hue C. saturation...brightness D. brightness ... saturation E. brightness ... hue

C. saturation...brightness

While ________________ refers to how we capture the stimulus from the physical world and transform it into a neural signal, _______________ refers to our interpretation of the neural signal. A. perception ... sensation B. transduction...sensation C. sensation...perception D. perception ... transduction

C. sensation...perception

The number of items in the display in a visual search experiment is referred to as the: A. parameter of the experiment. B. experimental display. C. set size. D. count. E. complexity.

C. set size.

When looking at a picture of a field of daisies, you notice that you can make out individual flowers in the foreground, but the background just looks uniformly white. This pictorial cue to depth is called _________________. A. aerial perspective B. relativesize C. texturegradient D. occlusion

C. texture gradient

What are the two main pathways beyond the occipital lobe that process visual information? A. the 'what' and 'when' pathways B. the thalamic and parietal pathways C. the dorsal and ventral streams D. the retinal and occipital streams

C. the dorsal and ventral streams

The word "figure" in the term "figure-ground assignment" refers to: A. a group of separate lines that must be combined into a single object contour. B. the number of distinct objects in an image. C. the main object that is to be recognized in an image. D. the "correct" interpretation of an ambiguous figure. E. the background upon which an object is located.

C. the main object that is to be recognized in an image.

A Fourier analysis is: A. a representation of the frequency and amplitude of a complex period pattern into a single function. B. a way of combining individual sine waves into a complex period pattern. C. the mathematical process of decomposing a complex period pattern into a series of wine wave functions. D. None of the above.

C. the mathematical process of decomposing a complex period pattern into a series of wine wave functions.

The rarest form of dichromatism is: A. protanopia. B. deuteranopia. C. tritanopia. D. ganglionopia.

C. tritanopia.

The figure below shows what happens when _______ causes a displacement along the cochlear partition. A. neural firing B. the auditory system C. vibration D. place code E. head tilt

C. vibration

Jasper had his spatial resolution tested with a Snellen chart and his vision was found to be 20/40. This means that: A. his vision is twice as good as the average person. B. heislegallyblind. C. whatheseesat40feetawayisthesameaswhatisnormallyseenat20feet. D. what he sees at 20 feet away is the same as what the average person sees at 40 feet away.

C. whatheseesat40feetawayisthesameaswhatisnormallyseenat20feet.

Someone with tritanopia would have trouble discriminating _______________. A. yellow from green B. blue from red C. yellow from blue D. red from green E. all of the above

C. yellow from blue

Stereopsis Development

Can't conclude that inaccurate convergence prevents stereopsis from developing earlier than 4 months, because convergence doesn't have to be very accurate in order to detect large disparities failure of stereopsis to develop prior to 4 months might mean that some part of the visual system is immature

Which of the following is a superoordinant level category term?

Car Station Wagon Vehicle Limousine

Texture segmentation

Carving an image into regions of common texture properties

What is change blindness and what does it tell us about visual perception?

Change blindness is the phenomenon that occurs when a person viewing a visual scene apparently fails to detect large changes in the scene. We notice the gestalt more readily than its parts; on autopilot.

If you cover the penumbra with a black marker, the perception of the border?

Changes from an illumination edge to a reflectance edge

which of the following are circular, mound like structures surrounded by a trench that form an inverted V on the rear of the tongue?

Circumvallate papillae(yes)

Using knowledge to complete object with missing components

Closure

All auditory nerve fibers initially synapse in the?

Cochlear nucleus

Spatial distortions

Colin Bauer, Yasmine Gharbaoui bulging illusion motion

The tendency of a surface to appear the same color under a fairly wide range of illumination is known as?

Color constancy

_____is a color perception effect in which the color of one region induces the opponent color in a neighboring region.

Color contrast

technique in which you have to get the matching color to be the same as the target color by mixing red, green, and blue

Color matching technique

Although the brain separates perceptual tasks such as depth and color perception, it later uses information from some perceptual tasks to aid other perceptual tasks. Which of the following doesn't occur?

Color perception aids movement perception.

basic color terms

Color words that are monolexemic (single words "blue" not, "sky blue"), used with high frequency, and have meanings that are agreed upon by speakers of a language.

Grouping visual elements based on movement in same direction

Common Fate

Which Gestalt principle doesn't help explain why people perceive a white arrow in the figure below

Common Fate

WHich Gestalt grouping principle might lead you to organize the elements int

Common Region

Which Gestalt grouping principle states that elements moving in the same direction should be grouped together?

Common fate

Referring to the figure, which Gestalt grouping principle might lead to you to organize the elements into columns?

Common region

Response to ____ in a magnitude estimation experiment when doubling the stimulus intensity LESS than doubles the subjective magnitude of the stimulus.

Compression

What kind of cells in LGN compute chromatic differences, such as (L-M) and (M-L)?

Cone-opponent cells

Receptors that allow color vision

Cones

A ____ search is a search for a target that is defined by the combination of two or more attributes (e.g., a big and yellow target among big blue and small yellow distractors).

Conjunction

______ function descries how spatial frequency and contrast interact to make a grating more or less visible

Contrast sensitivity

During free fusion, the eyes ____ in order to view a stereogram without a stereoscope.

Converge or diverge

Turning the two eyes inward to place the two images of a feature in the world on corresponding locations in the two retinal images is known as?

Convergence

The problem faced by the motion detection system of knowing which feature in frame 2 corresponds to a particular feature in frame 1 is known as the ______ problem

Correspondence

The problem of determining which bit of the image in the left eye should be matched with which bit of image in the right eye is known as?

Correspondence problem

_______ is the amount of cortical area devoted to a specific region in the visual field

Cortical magnification(yes)

asked to tatse a lemon and tehn adjeust a light until its as bright as the lemon is sour

Cross modality matching

A stimulus that might indicate where (or what) a subsequent stimulus will be

Cue

In a probe detection experiment an invalid cue is a?

Cue that signals the wrong location of the target

In a probe detection experiment an invalid cue is a?

Cue that signals the wrong location of the target.

_____is the idea that basic perceptual experiences may be determined in part by the cultural environment.

Cultural relativism

is the idea that basic perceptual experiences may be determined in part by the cultural environment.

Cultural relativism

Which of the following depicts heropia

D

What is a "motion detector"? A. A device psychologists use to measure motion-induced afterimages. B. A new feature on the 2016 Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme. C. A "committee" in the visual system that helps us perceive global motion. D. A motion-selective cell in the visual system.

D. A motion-selective cell in the visual system

An indication of the smallest spatial detail that can be seen is given by a person's... A.contrast. B.visual angle. C.spatial frequency. D.acuity.

D. Acuity

The perception of visual motion is important... A.in enhancing perception of form. B.in depth perception. C.to the observer's safety. D.All of the above

D. All of the Above

Studies from biological motion have revealed that: A. we are able to recognize an individual based on motion cues alone. B. we can identify the type of movement based on motion cues alone. C. we can identify the gender of an individual based on motion cues alone. D. All of the above.

D. All of the above.

The opponent color theory is good at explaining: A. afterimages. B. the presence of four perceptual color primaries. C. the subjective appearance of color in various mixtures. D. All of the above.

D. All of the above.

Gestalt psychologist Max Wertheimer found that two flashing lights can be used to induce A. apparent motion. B. beta movement. C. a movement afterimage. D. Both A and B are correct

D. Both A and B are correct

What does D represent in this figure? A. Direction B. Difference C. Disparity D. Delay

D. Delay

Color, shape, and texture are examples of object A.Gestalts. B.characteristics. C.properties. D.features.

D. Features

What are object representations made of, according to the recognition-by-components model of object recognition? A.Surfaces B.Edges C.Image templates D. Geon structural descriptions

D. Geon structural descriptions

A ___ is a 1-mm block of striate cortex containing two sets of columns, each covering every possible orientation (0-180 degrees), with one set preferring input from the left eye and the other set preferring input from the right eye. A.simple cell B.stack C.complex cell D.hypercolumn

D. Hypercolumn

The difference between crossed disparity and uncrossed disparity is that crossed disparity involves objects that are ___ the plane of fixation, while uncrossed disparity involves objects that are ___ the plane of fixation. A. below; above B. above; below C. behind; in front of D. in front of; behind

D. In front of; behind

What is the "aperture problem"? A. We cannot perceive motion seen through apertures. B. We cannot perceive forms seen through apertures. C. Global edge motion within several apertures is ambiguous. D. Local edge motion within a single aperture is ambiguous.

D. Local edge motion within a single aperture is ambiguous

Which of the following is not a cause of hearing loss? A. Otitis media B. Useofototoxicdrugs C. Excessive exposure to noise D. Masking E. Otosclerosis

D. Masking

___ is the illusion that a stationary object is moving, and occurs after prolonged exposure to a moving object. A. Illusory motion B. Apparent motion C. Aperture problem D. Motion aftereffect

D. Motion aftereffect

According to size constancy: A. the perceived size of an object conforms to its actual size regardless of the distance. B. the retinal image of an object is directly related to its distance. C. the perceived size of the object is directly related to its distance. D. None of the above.

D. None of the above.

Topographical mapping is the... A.layout of the brain. B.guide to the structures of the brain. C.simultaneous mapping of two objects in the visual system. D.orderly mapping of the world in the LGN and the visual cortex.

D. Orderly mapping of the world in the LGN and the visual cortex

Which of the following is NOT a type of eye movement? A. Saccade B. Vergence C. Smooth pursuit D. Rapid pursuit

D. Rapid pursuit

The image below depicts the depth cue of... A. aerial perspective. B. occlusion. C. linear perspective. D. relative height.

D. Relative height

According to Euclidean geometry, parallel lines ___ as they extend through space. A. diverge B. converge C. cross D. remain parallel

D. Remain parallel

Which cones contribute to the blue-yellow color opponent channel? A. M & L only B. S & L only C. S & M only D. S, M, & L

D. S, M, & L

Which of the following is not one of the principles for summarizing middle vision? A.Bring together that which should be brought together. B.Split asunder that which should be split asunder. C.Use what you know D.Seek ambiguity and avoid consensus.

D. Seek ambiguity and avoid consensus

Visual angle is a measure of the... A.actual size of an object. B.perceived size of an object. C.angle between the observer and an object. D.size an object takes up on the retina.

D. Size an object takes up on the retina

The theoretical significance of random dot stereograms is that they show that... A. the parvocellular system cannot perceive stereo. B. accommodation and convergence cannot be uncoupled. C. stereo vision can be achieved only with identifiable shapes. D. stereo vision can be achieved without identifiable shapes.

D. Stereo vision can be achieved without identifiable shapes

Which Gestalt figure-ground assignment principle is most responsible for this interpretation? A. Symmetry B. Size C. Parallelism D. Surroundedness E. Proximity

D. Surroundedness

Which of the following is not a type of cone? A.M-cone B.S-cone C.L-cone D.T-cone

D. T-cone

The word "figure" in the term "figure-ground assignment" refers to... A.the background upon which an object is located. B.a group of separate lines that must be combined into a single object contour. C.the number of distinct objects in an image. D.the main object that is to be recognized in an image.

D. The main object that is to be recognized in an image

What does tau tell you? A. An object's rate of optical expansion B. An object's size on the retina C. Heading D. Time to collision

D. Time to collision

A cortical module that encompasses one pair of ocular dominance columns and a complete series of orientation columns is called ____________. A. a cytochrome oxidase blob B. acomputercube C. ahypocolumn D. a hypercolumn

D. a hypercolumn

According to subtractive color mixing, yellow paint: A. absorbs red and green while reflecting yellow. B. absorbs yellow light while reflecting red and green. C. absorbs green light while reflecting blue and red. D. absorbs blue light while reflecting red and green.

D. absorbs blue light while reflecting red and green.

If two stimuli are metamers, then they A.are dissimilar to any object you've seen before. B.are physically different and we can just barely perceive them as different. C.are physically identical, but appear different. D.are physically different, but appear the same.

D. are physically different, but appear the same

Which of the following parts of the eye contains a rich blood supply that not only nourishes cells but also helps to absorb any light scattered within the eye? A. sclera B. retina C. cornea D. choroid

D. choroid

A psychologist is interested in measuring the point at which a participant is able to detect that one tone stimulus is louder than another. This psychologist is measuring the: A. subthreshold. B. absolutethreshold. C. suprathreshold. D. difference threshold.

D. difference threshold.

Hobbes was a(n): A. nativist. B. mentalist. C. dualist. D. empiricist. E. All of the above

D. empiricist.

Which of the following optical disorders of the eye occurs because the eyeball is too short? A. myopia B. astigmatism C. presbyopia D. hyperopia

D. hyperopia

The difference between crossed disparity and uncrossed disparity is that crossed disparity involves objects that are _______ the plane of fixation, while uncrossed disparity involves objects that are _______ the plane of fixation. A. below ... above B. above...below C. behind ... in front of D. in front of ... behind E. None of the above

D. in front of ... behind

End stopping is the process by which cells in the cortex first _______ their firing rate as the bar length _______ to fill up its receptive field, and then _______ their firing rate as the bar is lengthened further. A. decrease ... increases ... decrease B. increase...decreases...decrease C. stop...increases...increase D. increase ... increases ... decrease E. decrease ... decreases ... increase

D. increase ... increases ... decrease

The purpose of the comparator is to ___ eye movements. A.compare saccades with smooth pursuit B.plan and execute saccadic C.plan and execute smooth pursuit D.keep track of which image movements on the retina are due to

D. keep track of which image movements on the retina are due to

The axons of retinal ganglion cells synapse in the two... A.cortexes. B.parvocellular layers. C.magnocellular layers. D.lateral geniculate nuclei.

D. lateral geniculate nuclei

Spatial frequency refers to the... A.distance between the observer and the grating. B.amount of contrast in a room. C.contrast threshold. D.number of cycles of a grating per unit of visual angle.

D. number of cycles of a grating per unit of visual angle

Which of the following Gestalt laws states that items that are close together tend to be grouped together? A. similarity B. closure C. common fate D. proximity

D. proximity

Which of the following occur when an object is transparent and light passes through it? A. transmission B. absorption C. a green color D. reflection

D. reflection

You're looking at a photograph of your friends going on a hike. Some of your friends were closer to the camera because they appear very large compared to your other friends that must have been at the head of the pack who look very small. This pictorial cue to depth is called _______________. A. texture gradient B. aerial perspective C. image blur D. relative size

D. relative size

Covert attentional shifts involve a(n): A. intentional shift of attention. B. shift of attention accompanied by corresponding movements of the eyes. C. unanticipated shift of attention. D. shift of attention in the absence of corresponding movements of the eyes. E. shift of the eyes without a corresponding shift of attention.

D. shift of attention in the absence of corresponding movements of the eyes.

The _______ of the brain is important for initiating and guiding eye movements. A. lateral rectus B. caudalmidbrain C. pons D. superior colliculus E. primary visual cortex

D. superior colliculus

Jimmy looks at a picture of a side of a submarine that has dents and bumps on it. When he turns the picture upside-down, what he originally perceived as bumps, now look like dents, and vice versa. This is due to the: A. Pragnanz effect. B. oblique effect. C. accidental properties of light. D. the "light-from-above" heuristic

D. the "light-from-above" heuristic

The moon illusion is the fact that: A. the moon looks larger when it is up in the sky than when it is near the horizon. B. the moon looks larger when it is full than when it is only a half moon. C. the moon looks red on the horizon and white when it is up in the sky. D. the moon looks larger when it is near the horizon than when it is up in the sky

D. the moon looks larger when it is near the horizon than when it is up in the sky

That a strong motion aftereffect is obtained when one eye is adapted and the other is tested (interocular transfer) suggests that: A. the motion aftereffect works better with one eye. B. adaptation is responsible for the motion aftereffect. C. testing the other eye increases the chance of seeing a motion aftereffect. D. the motion aftereffect occurs in a part of the visual system where information from the two eyes is combined. E. None of the above

D. the motion aftereffect occurs in a part of the visual system where information from the two eyes is combined.

What is the correct definition of a 'miss' in a signal detection experiment? A. when the subject responds "no" when the signal wasn't there B. whenthesubjectresponds"yes"whenthesignalwasn'tthere C. whenthesubjectresponds"yes"whenthesignalwasthere D. when the subject responds "no" when the signal was there

D. when the subject responds "no" when the signal was there

Tarr and his colleagues have found that the amount of time needed to recognize novel objects is at least partially determined by: A. the color of the object. B. the complexity of the outline of the object. C. whether or not the object is mirror-reversed from its studied view. D. whether or not the object can be described in terms of geons. E. the amount the object is rotated from its studied view.

D. whether or not the object can be described in terms of geons.

Stimulus error

Danger of confusing our knowledge of the physical conditions of sensory experience with this experience as such, a presumption of what the stimulus is , we perceive based on physical properties of the stimulus not our actual sensations

What does D represent?

Delay.

Wave motion

Demonstrated at sporting events, motion generated by waving arms by everyone in the stadium when the moment is right

The process of determining where objects are in space

Depth Perception

All of the following are examples of top-down processing EXCEPT

Detecting the outlines of objects using lateral antagonism

Three steps to color perception

Detection, discrimination, appearance

metamers

Different mixtures of wavelengths that look identical. More generally, any pair of stimuli that are perceived as identical in spite of physical differences.

In visual search studies, a ______ is any stimulus other than the target

Distractor

In visual search, any stimulus other than the target

Distractor

Some state laws prohibit a person from eating and talking on a cell phone while driving. THis is because there are limits in our ability to do ____ attention.

Divided

_______ predicts that if you are in a completely dark room and accidentally hit your head you might see stars despite that there was only mechanical stimulation no light, you still had an experience of light

Doctrine of specific nerve energies

Shortcomings of Recognition by Components

Does not do a good job of explaining how we perceive faces, can't explain everything about object recognition with geons

Simons & Levin Change Blindness Study

Door and directions "gist" of scene was not changed, so the change was not detected unless the spot happened to be attended at the time of the change

Where pathway

Dorsal pathway to parietal lobe

diplopia

Double vision. If visible in both eyes, stimuli falling outside of Panum's fusional area will appear double.

Converge or diverge

During free fusion, the eyes _____ in order to view a stereogram without a stereoscope

bigger

During response enhancement, a neuron responding to an attended stimulus might give a _____ response

Which of the following invented the ophthalmoscope, studied hearing, and first determined the speed of neural impulses? A. Weber B. Fechner C. Locke D. Ramón y Cajal E. Helmholtz

E. Helmholtz

________ provide(s) precise quantitative information about distance in the third dimension. A. Relative height B. Aerial perspective C. Occlusion D. Nonmetrical depth cues E. Metrical depth cues

E. Metrical depth cues

What is the term for a description of the structure of a scene without reference to the identity of specific objects in the scene? A. Spatial organization B. Physicalsetting C. Physicalorganization D. Setting E. Spatial layout

E. Spatial layout

The figure below demonstrates how: A. the cochlea produces sounds of different frequencies. B. sound waves can travel at different speeds. C. complex sounds are made of simple sounds. D. the auditory nerve transmits information to the brain. E. the cochlea is tuned to different frequencies.

E. the cochlea is tuned to different frequencies.

The fact that faces are more difficult than many other types of objects to recognize when viewed upside- down is taken by many researchers to indicate that: A. faces are recognized via structural descriptions. B. it is more difficult to segment faces from their backgrounds than other types of objects. C. face recognition cannot be doubly dissociated from object recognition. D. face recognition can be doubly dissociated from object recognition. E. the visual system uses special recognition processes for faces that are not used for other types of objects.

E. the visual system uses special recognition processes for faces that are not used for other types of objects.

_____ Is a technique that using multiple electrodes on the scalp measures changes in electrical activity across populations of many neurons in the brain.

EEG

________ refers to the distance between location of a retinal image and the fovea

Eccentricity

Deletion and accretion are?

Effective for detecting depth at an edge

Which of the following does not require optical correction to see normally?

Emmetropia

________ is the process by which cells in the cortex first increase their firing rateas bar length increases to fill p the receptoive field and then decrease their firing rate th e bar is lengthened further

End stopping

Car Limo Vehicle

Entry Subordinate Superordinate

Experience error

Error occurs when certain characteristics of sensory experience are inadvertentently attributed to the mosaic of stimuli, assumption that our perception is governed by the stimulus array

Pozno illusion

Even though bottom horizontal line is longer, we see the top and bottom as the same length-could be due to the illusions of the 2 tilted lines researchers argue that it is NOT a by-product of depth cues and that it reflects a more general aspect of the visual system's response to tilted lines

said that only some color combinations are allowed. stated which colors are "legal" and which are "illegal"

Ewald Hering

Divided Attention

Ex: Reading while continuing to be aware of music playing

Sustained attention

Ex: Watching the pot to see when the water boils

Fooling the corollary discharge system

Example: Carefully press your lower eyelid with your finger repeatedly, so as to move your eye, notice visual world is moving even though everything is stationary

External vs. Internal attention

External-Attention to stimuli in the world Internal-Our ability to attend to one line of thought as opposed to another or to select one response over another.

Six muscles are attached to each eye and are arranged in three pairs

Extraocular muscles

Color contrast is a color perception effect in which two colors bleed into each other, each taking on some of the chromatic quality of the other

False

If normal binocular visual stimulation is not experienced during adolescence then proper stereo vision might not develop

False

In a conjunction search task, the target is defined by the presence of a single feature, or attribute, such as a salient color or orientation

False

In the case of a negative afterimage, a yellow stimulus would produce a red afterimage

False

One type of single opponent cell has a center receptive field that is excited by red (R+) and a surround receptive field inhibited by yellow (Y-)

False

Stereopsis is an important depth cue that comes into play during head movements

False

The "focus of expansion" informs you of the direction of the largest object in your visual field

False

The media temporal area is least specialized for motion processing

False

The process by which the eye changes its focus by adjusting the lens is called disparity

False

The selective attention pathway rapidly extracts the "gist" of a scene

False

Video game players have a much larger attentional blink than non-video game players

False

Determine distance based on knowledge of an object's physical size ex) the image with the woman's hand bigger and smaller

Familiar size

The image above depicts the depth cue of (man with hand out)?

Familiar size

In a _____ task, the target is defined by the presence of a single feature, or attribute, such as a salient color or orientation.

Feature search

___ is the founder of psychophysics

Fechner

A ______ process is one that carries out a computation (e.g. object recognition) one neural step after another, without the need for feedback from a later stage to an earlier stage.

Feed-forward

A(n) _______ is the motion of an object that is defined by changes in luminance.

First-order motion

Entry-level category

For an object, the label that comes to mind most quickly when we identify it

projective geometry

For purposes of studying perception of the three-dimensional world, the geometry that describes the transformations that occur when the three-dimensional world is projected onto a two-dimensional surface. For example, parallel lines do not converge in the real world, but they do in the two-dimensional projection of that world.

Four kinds of edges

Four different kinds of luminance edges, orientation edges due to abrupt changes in surface orientation, depth edges due to gap between surfaces at different distances, reflectance edges due to different surface pigments or materials, illumination edges due to shadows

Pitch is primarily determined by the ______ of the sound wave.

Frequency

A complex tone can be created by starting with a pure tone, called the ____, and adding frequencies that are multiples of this first frequency.

Fundamental frequency

Responds strongly to faces and less to other kinds of objects

Fusiform Face Area (FFA)

What are object representations made of, according to the recognition-by-components model of object recognition?

Geon structural descriptions

what are object representations made of according to the recognition by components model of object recognition

Geons

Recognition by Components Theory Reading

Geons- manipulate to make various shapes, non-accidental properties help us determine shapes, parallelism is a non-accidental property, size-accidental property, visual systems put emphasis on dimensions of vision that don't change iwth viewpoint

Good continuation

Gestalt grouping rule stating that two elements will tend to group together if they seem to lie on the same contour

To see a whole object moving requires information combined across V1 neurons known as

Global motion detection

You probably organized Figure I into one jagged line and one curved line. Which Gestalt grouping principle guided this decision?

Good continuation

__________ refers to a neuron that responds best to a one specific object

Grandmother cell (a neuron is designated to respond to a certain object)

WHich of the following colors is "illegal" for our visual systems?

Greenish-Red

Which of the following colors is "illegal" for our visual systems?

Greenish-red

Which of the following colors is "illegal" for our visual systems? a. Bluish-green b. Reddish-yellow c. Yellowish-green d. Reddish-blue e. Greenish-red

Greenish-red

Component Issues in Perceptual organization

Grouping and segmentation, figure ground segregation, emergent features, perceptual coupling, multistability, globality, simplicity

defined by the hue, saturation, and brightness

HSB color space

The organ of Corti is a structure on the basilar membrane composed of ______ and dendrites of auditory nerve fibers.

Hair cells

Configural Inferiority Effects

Hard to detect difference in four boxes when more than one shape is involved

As we learned more about the nervous system, we learned that trichormatic theory and opponent process both describe how the nervous system functions to see color. What functional property of the nervous system explains how both of these are correct?

Hierarchical organization- trichromacy occurs at one level of neural organization and opponent process at a different level

IF a movie projector were out of focus and the images on the screen were blurry, the _________ would be missing

High spatial frequencies

Measuring efficiency of visual search

How much time is added for each item added to the display task becomes harder->slope relating RT to set size grows steeper Target is present 50% of the time and abest the other 50%-Both sets RTs are averaged and graphed

Perceptual property based on wavelength of light

Hue

Frequency is usually measured in units called?

Hz

parietal lobe

IN each cerebral hemisphere, a lobe that lies toward the top of the brain b/w the frontal and occipital lobes

In the Newsome and Pare motion coherence experiments, an observer's task is to?

Identify the direction of motion of the correlated dots

the critical period

If normal binocular visual stimulation is not experienced during _____ then proper stereo vision might not develop

Hollow faces

If we cannot rely on shadows, there is nothing that can tell us if the face is really hollow or normal, sophisticated processing kicks in and tips the balance toward the normal face since it is trained as such

The edge between a dark shadow and an illuminated check board is a(n)?

Illumination edge

Op-art

Illusion of shaking letters off of magazine cover, digits off face of digital clock

Seeing a blue cup when the cupboard contains blue mugs and yellow cups, but no blue cups is referred to as a(n)?

Illusory conjunction

The figure above depicts (arrow, circles and lines)?

Illusory contours

Geons

In Biedermann's recognition by components model, any of the geometric ions out of which perceptual objects are built

Correspondence problem

In binocular vision, the problem of figuring out which bit of the image in the left eye should be matched with which bit in the right eye

Correspondence problem

In binocular vision, the problem of figuring out which bit of the image in the left eye should be matched with which bit in the right eye, the problem is particularly vexing when the images consist of thousands of similar features, like dots in random dot stereograms

correspondence problem

In binocular vision, the problem of figuring out which bit of the image in the left eye should be matched with which bit in the right eye. The problem is particularly vexing when the images consist of thousands of similar features, like dots in random dot stereograms.

parietal lobe

In each cerebral hemisphere, a lobe that lies toward the top of the brain between the frontal and occipital lobes.

The difference between crossed disparity and uncrossed disparity is that crossed disparity involves objects that are _____ the plane of fixation, while uncrossed disparity involves objects that are _____ the place of fixation.

In front of; behind

correspondence problem

In motion detection, the problem faced by the motion detection system of knowing which feature in frame 2 corresponds to a particular feature in frame 1.

qualia (sing. quale)

In philosophy, private conscious experiences of sensation or perception.

Ducker's Rolling Wheel

In pitch darkness, a wheel with lights on the rim a or the hub b rolls slowly along a table, when both lights are on, the perception is not the simple sum of the perception of each light alone, a + b does not equal c, cycloid motion is lost and one light seems to rotate around the other as in d

cultural relativism

In sensation and perception, the idea that basic perceptual experiences (e.g., color perception) may be determined in part by the cultural environment.

uniqueness constraint

In stereopsis, the observation that a feature in the world is represented exactly once in each retinal image. This constraint simplifies the correspondence problem.

continuity constraint

In stereopsis, the observation that, except at the edges of objects, neighboring points in the world lie at similar distances from the viewer. This is one of several constraints that have been proposed to help solve the correspondence problem.

Which of the following (a,b,c) depicts a symbolic cue

In the illusion below, the viewer mistakaes the horizontal lines to be of different lengths

Suppression

In vision, the inhibition of an unwanted image. Suppression occurs frequently in persons with strabismus (to eliminate diplopia and confusion)

suppression

In vision, the inhibition of an unwanted image; occurs frequently in persons with strabismus.

extinction

In visual attention, the inability to perceive a stimulus to one side of the point of fixation (e.g., to the right) in the presence of another stimulus, typically in a comparable position in the other visual field (e.g., on the left side).

distractor

In visual search studies, a _____ is any stimulus other than the target

distractor

In visual search, any stimulus other than the target.

______ is when a stimulus that is not attended is not perceived, even though the person is looking directly at the stimulus (e.g., Moonwalking Bear video)

Inattentional blindness

Posner's precueing studies demonstrated that attention?

Increases the efficiency of information processing

Simon looks at the moon and some clouds at night. She perceives the moon moving through the clouds. This is an example of?

Induced motion

depth cues

Information about the third dimension (depth) of visual space; may be monocular or binocular.

scene-based guidance

Information in our understanding of scenes that helps us find specific objects in scenes (e.g., objects do not float in air, faucets are near sinks).

tau (τ)

Information in the optic flow that could signal time to collision (TTC) without the necessity of estimating either absolute distances or rates. The ratio of the retinal image size at any moment to the rate at which the image is expanding is tau, and TTC is proportional to tau.

which of the following methods of sound localization between the two ears is used most often for tones of very high frequencies?

Interaural level differences (yes)

which of the following methods of sound localization between the two ears is used most often for tone of very low frequencies?

Interaural time differences(yes)

Subject DF

Irreversible damage following carbon monoxide intoxication, MRI revealed bilateral damage to the lateral occipital area in the ventral stream

WHich of the following is true of dichromatism?

It is a sex-linked genetic disorder

The smallest detectable difference between two stimuli

JND

_______ is the smallest detectable difference between two stimuli

JND(yes)

The purpose of the comparator is to ____ eye movements.

Keep track of which image movements on the retina are due to

The purpose of the comparator is to ____ eye movements?

Keep track of which image movements on the retina are due to

Each of the following are different names for the same structure except

LGN

_______ is the antagonistic neural interaction between adjacent regions of the retina

Lateral inhibition

the _____ is a relay station in the brain stem where inputs from both ears contribute to the detections of interaural level differences.

Lateral superior olive(yes)

Humans use the _______ to determine shape from shading.

Light-from-above heuristic

In the simultaneous contrast effect, gray squares of equal intensities are surrounded by either a dark background or a lighter background. The square on the dark background looks ___ than the square on the lighter background

Lighter

Parallel lines will appear to converge as they extend into the distance in a two dimensional image

Linear perspective

The diagram above illustrates the ____ depth cue (lines going out)

Linear perspective

The diagram below illustrates the ___ depth cue

Linear perspective

Which is the "aperture problem"?

Local edge motion with a single aperture is ambiguous

What is the "aperture problem"?

Local edge motion within a single aperture is ambiguous.

_______ is the psychological aspect of sound related to perceived intensity or magnitude.

Loudness

_______ is a psychophysical method in which the participant assigns values according o perceived magnitudes of the stimuli

Magnitude estimation

estimating how intense a stimulus is

Magnitude estimation

The amplitude of a sound is the?

Magnitude of displacement of a sound pressure wave

Which of the following scientists developed the color‐matching technique depicted in the figure below? a. Helmholtz b. Young c. Maxwell d. Smith e. Newton

Maxwell

bluish= blue+green+red light

Maxwell

Which of the following brain regions is most specialized for motion processing?

Medial temporal area (area V5/MT)

area that includes neurons tuned to specific direction of motion.

Medial temporal lobe (area MT)

Different mixtures of wavelengths that look identical ex) red + green wavelength looks the same as yellow wavelength

Metamers

_____ are different mixtures of wavelengths that look identical.

Metamers

observer alters strength of stimulus until it matches some criterion:

Method of adjustment

person changes intensity until they can detect it or can't detect it

Method of adjustment

_____ provide(s) precise quantitative information about distance in the third dimension.

Metrical depth cue

provide quantitative information about an object's distance in 3-D; they let you know exactly where an object is

Metrical depth cues

provide(s) precise quantitative information about distance in the third dimension.

Metrical depth cues

Which of the following is a loosely defined stage of visual processing that comes after basic features have been extracted from the image, and before object recognition and scene understanding?

Middle vision

________ is loosely defined stage of visual processing tha comes after basic features have been extracted from the early image and before object recornition and scene understanding

Middle vision (yes)

A complex tone is a sound wave consisting of?

More than one sinusoidal component of different frequencies

the illusion of motion of a stationary object that occurs after prolonged exposure to a moving object

Motion Aftereffect (MAE)

Imagine that you are at Niagara Falls, staring at the falling water for a few minutes. When you look away from the water at the crowd, the people seem to be floating upward. What phenomenon have you just experienced?

Motion aftereffect

____ is the illusion that a stationary object is moving and occurs after prolonged exposure to a moving object.

Motion aftereffect

As a depth cue, occlusion provides ____

Motion parallax

Images closer to the observer appear to move faster across the visual field than more distant images

Motion parallax

The scene pictures above demonstrates the ____ depth cue.

Motion parallax

When driving in a car, the fact that light posts by the side of the road move faster across your eye than distant buildings do is known as the visual cue of?

Motion parallax

Name two monocular cues to depth and describe them

Motion parallax (difference in speed of movement for near and far objects), Accretion and Deletion (image moves to right and left respectively)

<-----> seems closer than >-----< when they are the same length

Muller-Lyer llusion

Random dot stereogram contains _____

NO monocular cues

The base of the basilar membrane is?

Narrower than at the apex of the basilar membrane

Brain injury that leads to no loss of vision, but to a loss of attention to part of the visual field - Often results from damage to the parietal lobe

Neglect

The figure below depicts what can happen when a ___ patient tries to copy a drawing.

Neglect

which of the following is not a symptom of Balint syndrome?

Neglect, especially on the left side of the visual field

Which of the following is not a symptom of Balint syndrome?

Neglect, especially on the left side of the visual field.

Basic neural circuit

Neurons A and B, activation of neuron A stimulates neuron D, neuron B and D are connected to neuron X, a multiplication cell, multiplication cell will only fire when cells B and D are active, by delaying neuron D firing and multiplying it by B's response, we can create a mechanism that is sensitive to motion, stimulation of X will activation motion neuron (M)

Which of the following provides physiological evidence for opponent-process theory?

Neurons that are excited by short wavelengths and inhibited by longer wavelengths

_______ is a chemical substance used in neuronal communication at synapses

Neurotransmitter (yes)

trained monkeys on a motion-based task. - What percentage of dots need to move in the same direction for you to detect it?

Newsome & Pare

Provides information only about relative depth (rank order)

Nonmetrical depth cues

Change blindness is a failure to?

Notice a change between to scenes

Change blindness is a failure to

Notice a change between two scenes

Some neglect patients neglect one side of an object rather than one side of the visual field.

Object-Based Neglect

Viewpoint invariance refers to the idea that?

Objects should be just as easy to recognize from any viewpoint

When one object obstructs the view of another

Occlusion

In the figure below the meaningless shapes in (a) become an obvious car in (b) once an inkblot is added to the image. THis demonstrates which perceptual heuristic?

Occlusion/Interposition

V1 in newborns

Ocular dominance columns in the input layers of V1 are essentially adult-like at birth Neural apparatus in V1 of newborns-capable of combining signals from the two eyes and that is sensitive to interocular disparities Possibility that extraction of relative disparity, which is needed for stereoacuity, takes place beyond V1 V1 cells could be cause of blame, still immature, they can't detect monocular spatial frequency or direction of motion, neurons display more interocular suppression than adult neurons, signals they send to next stage of processing might be too weak to support stereopsis

Direct solutions to depth

Oculomotor and Gibsonean Oculomotor- accommodation and convergence Gibsonean- texture gradients, optical flow, invariants

Openness and Expansion

Openness: from panoramic scenes to vertically structured scenes Expansion: capturing a sense of depth from perspective help pus achieve a basic understanding of the meaning of a scene very quickly by analyzing the spatial-frequency components of the image

• Theory stating that perception of color is based on the output of three mechanisms, each of them based on an opponency between two colors: - red-green - blue-yellow - black-white

Opponent Color Theory

Overt vs. Covert attention

Overt-directing a sense organ at a stimulus. Ex: Fixating your eyes on a single word on a page Covert-Ex: Pointing eyes at page, but directing attention to a person of interest elsewhere

The are in which the visual system can fuse two disparate retinal images into one percept

Panum's fusional area

Separating processes into smaller parts and using different neural structures to process these parts

Parallel Processing

Responds strongly to scenes (a.k.a., "places", like a house, room, street corner, or landscape).

Parhippocampal Place Area (PPA)

_____ lobe is the "where" pathway

Parietal

Briefly describe the Holway-Boring experiment and what it tells us about the relation ship between size and distance

Perceived size of object is based on retinal size and apparent distance

______ is the act of giving meaning to a detected sensation

Perception (yes)

Lateral pathways in the retina consists of each of the following except:

Photoreceptors and ganglion cells. The lateral pathway of the retina consists of amacrine cells and horizontal cells

Sounds are first collected from the environment by the?

Pinna

Ear coding mechanisms

Place coding, periodicity coding, volley priniciple, duplicity theory, missing fundamental, masking

Responses are: - Fastest on valid trials. - Middle on neutral trials. - Slowest on invalid trials.

Posner cueing task

The Olympic symbol is an example of the Gestalt law of?

Pragnanz

- Before attention - based on INDIVIDUAL features ex) color, orientation, shape

Preattentive processing

used to determine which simuli infants can and cannot see:

Preferential looking paradigm

The purpose of the ear canal is to?

Prevent damage to the tympanic membrane

Posner cuing paradigm

Probe detection experiment-2 possible probe locations Hit a key if the probe appears on the left and a different one if it appears on the right A valid cue indicates where the target will be An invalid cue points to the wrong side (symbolic cue) Symbolic cues direct attention more slowly (delayed reaction time-RT)

neuropsych disorder patiaent cannot identify faces but can recognize other objects

Prosopagnosia (yes)

Deficit in identifying face

Prospagnosia

A ____ is an individual who suffers from color blindness that is due to the absence of L-cones.

Protanope

Gestalt "laws" are more accurately described as heuristics because they?

Provide a "best-guess" as to perception of an object

Referring to the figure, which Gestalt grouping principle might lead you to organize the elements in rows?

Proximity

Laws of Organization in Perceptual Forms reading

Proximity tends to be the predominant factor, a gradual increase of interval will eventually introduce a point at which similarity is predominant, perceive such phenomenon such as right angles more than they actually exist in the real world

_________ is the science of defining relationships between physical and psychological evens

Pyschophysics (yes)

Defined by the amount of Red, Green, and Blue

RGB color space

Hit/CR/Miss/FA curve

ROC curve

Which of the following is an experimental procedure in which stimuli appear in a stream in one location at a quick rate:

RSVP rapid serial visual presentation

An experimental procedure in which stimuli appear one after the other in rapid succession.

Rapid Serial Visual Presentation (RSVP)

Which of the following is not a type of eye movement?

Rapid pursuit

Which of the following is an experimental procedure in which stimuli appear in a stream in one location at a quick rate?

Rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP)

A measure of the time from the onset of a stimulus to a response

Reaction Time (RT)

Nine stimuli that produce the perception of motion

Real motion, apparent motion, induced motion, autokinetic motion, motion aftereffect, fooling the corollary discharge system, wave motion, spatial distortions, other: op art

Objects are recognized by their parts and how those parts fit together is called

Recognition by components

Subordinate-level recognition

Recognizing objects with a more specific label, evidence shows that different parts of the brain are more active when people are engaged in subordinate- level recognition than when they are recognizing objects at the entry level

achromatic

Referring to any color that lacks a chromatic (hue) component. Black, white, or gray.

photopic

Referring to light intensities that are bright enough to stimulate the cone receptors and bright enough to "saturate" the rod receptors (that is, drive them to their maximum responses).

scotopic

Referring to light intensities that are bright enough to stimulate the rod receptors but too dim to stimulate the cone receptors

Cyclopean

Referring to stimuli that are defined by binocular disparity alone.

Euclidean

Referring to the geometry of the world, named in honor of the ancient Greek geometer of the third century BCE. Parallel lines remain parallel as they are extended in space, objects maintain the same size and shape as they move around in space, the internal angles of a triangle always add to 180 degrees, and so forth.

dichoptic

Referring to the presentation of two different stimuli, one to each eye.

_______ is the bending or spreading out of waves as they pass thorough a medium

Refraction

Objects higher in the visual field appear to be farther away

Relative height

The image above depicts the depth cue of (bunnies)?

Relative height

Corresponding retinal points

Retinal image located the same distance and direction from fovea in both eyes

______ sensation is the sensation of an odor that is perceived when chewing and swallowing force an odorant emitted by the mouth up behind the palate to the nose:

Retronasal olfactory(yes)

To what direction of motion would the M unit best respond to?

Rightward

Which of the following describes an individual with no cones of any type?

Rod monochromat

Which of the following describes an individual with no cones of any type? a. Cone monochromat b. Cone-anomalous c. Protanope d. Rod monochromat e. Deutranope

Rod monochromat

The ________ is an individual with no cones of any type

Rod monochromate (yes)

____ (rods/cones) function best in scotopic light

Rods

A(n) ____ eye movement rapidly changes fixation from one object or location to another.

Saccade

What type of eye movements do we make while reading?

Saccadic

Adding more white to color changes the color's ____

Saturation

If you are searching for your car keys and you restrict your attention to horizontal surfaces near the front door, you are using?

Scene-based guidance

What kind of lighting conditions are depicted in the photograph? a. Photopic b. Mesopic c. Biopic d. Monopic e. Scotopic

Scotopic

Feature Search

Search for a target defined by a single attribute, such as a salient color or orientation efficient RT will not change with set size

feature search

Search for a target defined by a single attribute, such as a salient color or orientation.

Conjunction search

Search for a target defined by the presence of 2 or more attributes (ex: a red, vertical target among red horizontal and blue vertical distractors)

conjunction search

Search for a target defined by the presence of two or more attributes (e.g., a red, vertical target among redhorizontal and blue verticaldistractors).

Visual Search

Search for a target in a display containing distracting elements

visual search

Search for a target in a display containing distracting elements.

Guided search

Search in which attention can be restricted to a subset of possible items on the basis of information about the target item's basic features (color, for example)

guided search

Search in which attention can be restricted to a subset of possible items on the basis of information about the target item's basic features (e.g., its color).

A(n) ______ is the motion of an object that is defined by changes in contrast or texture, but not by luminance.

Second-order motion

Which of the following is not one of the principles for summarizing middle vision?

Seek ambiguity and avoid consensus

____ attention involves restricting processing to a subset of the possible stimuli.

Selective

_______ attention involves restricting processing to a subset of the possible stimuli.

Selective

Processes a subset of the available information; Focuses on some information and ignores the rest

Selective Attention

Depth cue based on shadows cast by light source

Shading

Short vs/ medium and long wavelengths scatter tendencies

Short wavelengths scatter more than medium and long wavelengths

Newton's Color Circle

Shows that blue-yellow and red-green are on the other sides of the circle, gives evidence for the opponent processes

Figure II is like Figure I in many ways, but you organize it differently. Which Gestalt grouping principle shifts that interpretation here towards two irregularly-shaped lines?

Similarity

Figure II is very similar to Figure I in many ways, but you organize it differently. Gestalt grouping principle shifts the interpretation here towards two irregularly-shaped lines?

Similarity

Which Gestalt principle for combining elementary features into meaningful objects has most influence in the figure below?

Simplicity

Which of the following is the inability to perceive more than one object at once?

Simultagnosia

During smooth pursuit, the eyes move

Smoothly, to follow a moving object.

__________ refers to the number of cycles of a grating per unit of visual angle

Spatial frequency

What is the function relating the wavelength of light to the percentage of that wavelength that is reflected from the surface?

Spectral reflectance function

What is the function relating the wavelength of light to the percentage of the wavelength that is reflected from the surface?

Spectral reflectance function

According to the ____ theory, attention moves from point to point.

Spotlight of attention

According to the ___ theory, attention moves from point to point.

Spotlight of attention.

_____ disrupts binocular vision because one or both eyes are not aligned properly.

Sstrabisumus

A measure of the smallest binocular disparity that can generate a sensation of depth

Stereoacuity

Our vivid perception of being in a fully 3 dimensional world

Stereopsis

___ is the principle describing the relationship between stimulus and resulting sensation that says the magnitude of subjective sensation is proportional to the stimulus magnitude raised to a exponent

Stevens Power Law

Which of the following is the inability to perceive more than one subject at once?

Stimultagnosia

The time between the onset of one stimulus and the onset of another

Stimulus Onset Asynchrony (SOA)

what is the term for the period of time between the onset of one stimulus and the onset of another?

Stimulus onset asynchrony

____ Disrupts binocular vision because one or both eyes are not aligned properly

Strabismus

______ disrupts binocular vision because one or both eyes are not aligned properly.

Strabismus

________ disrupts binocular vision because one or bothe eyes are not aligned properly

Strabismus (yes)

Esotropia

Strabismus in which one eye deviates in ward (cross-eyed)

esotropia

Strabismus in which one eye deviates inward.

Exotropia

Strabismus in which one eye deviates outward

exotropia

Strabismus in which one eye deviates outward.

Still pictures that appear to move

Stroboscopic Motion

how paints and dyes mix; • Mix Pigment A and Pigment B. - A absorbs some wavelengths and reflects others. - B absorbs some wavelengths and reflects others. - What you see is what is left after each pigment subtracts some.

Subtractive color mixing

The order of structures in the auditory pathway is:

Superior Olivary Nucleus, Inferior Colliculus, Medial Geniculate Nucleus

the ______ of the brain is important for initiating guiding eye movements.

Superior colliculus

Patient DB

Surgical removal of right occipital cortex, including most of V1, showed perceptual skills, reported no conscious experience in his blind field

Which Gestalt grouping principle states that elements that change or appear at the same time should be grouped together?

Synchrony

Which of the following is not a type of cone:

T cone

Which of the following is not a type of cone?

T-cone

Which of the following is not a type of cone? [S-cone, L-cone, M-cone, T-cone]

T-cone

a random dot stereogram

THe figure in front of the house is an example of...

what you are looking for

Target

Ratio of the retinal size of an object and the rate at which that size is increasing.

Tau (T)

________ lobe is the "what" pathway

Temporal

Which of the following is a monocular depth cue?

Texture Gradient

Lots of similar objects in the same image

Texture gradient

Using the ____ depth cue you can tell far away something is based on how much detail is visible in the elements on the ground between you and the object.

Texture gradient

Apparent motion

The (illusory) impression of smooth motion resulting from the rapid alternation of objects appearing in different locations in rapid succession

Newsome, Britten, an Movshon found while recording neurons in monkeys that as the coherence between the dots' direction of movement increased?

The MT neuron fired more rapidly

Bayesian approach

The _____ is based on the idea that prior knowledge could influence the estimates of the probability of a current event

convergence

The ability of the two eyes to turn inward, often used in order to place the two images of a feature in the world on corresponding locations in the two retinal images (typically on the fovea of each eye).

divergence

The ability of the two eyes to turn outward, often used in order to place the two images of a feature in the world on corresponding locations in the two retinal images (typically on the fovea of each eye).

stereopsis

The ability to use binocular disparity as a cue to depth.

vanishing point

The apparent point at which parallel lines receding in depth converge.

ensemble statistics

The average of and distribution of properties like orientation or color over a set of objects or over a region in a scene.

Binding problem

The challenge of trying different attributes of visual stimuli, which are handled by different brain circuits, to the appropriate object so that we perceive a unified object.

binding problem

The challenge of tying different attributes of visual stimuli (e.g., color, orientation, motion), which are handled by different brain circuits, to the appropriate object so that we perceive a unified object (e.g., red, vertical, moving right).

optic flow

The changing angular positions of points in a perspective image that we experience as we move through the world.

hue

The chromatic (colorful) aspect of color (red, blue, green, yellow, and so on).

saturation

The chromatic strength of a hue. White has zero saturation, pink is more saturated, and red is fully saturated.

optic array

The collection of light rays that interact with objects in the world that are in front of a viewer. Term coined by J. J. Gibson.

binocular summation

The combination of signals from each eye in ways that make performance on many tasks better with both eyes than with either eye alone.

According to Corollary Discharge Theory, movement is perceived when?

The comparator receives the corollary discharge signal alone or image movement signal alone

binocular rivalry

The competition between the two eyes for control of visual perception, which is evident when completely different stimuli are presented to the two eyes.

Binocular rivalry

The competition between the two eyes for control of visual perception; evident when completely different stimuli are presented to the two eyes

According to Treisman's feature integration theory,

The correct binding of features to objects does not require attention.

Normalization Theory

The current response of a neuron is the product of that neurons built-in receptive field and the effects of attention. This product must then be "normalized" by neural suppression.

spatial layout

The description of the structure of a scene (e.g., enclosed, open, rough, smooth) without reference to the identity of specific objects in the scene.

Spatial Layout

The description of the structure of a scene without a reference to the identity of specific objects in a scene viewers can detect the spatial layout in a scene in milliseconds scenes with the same meaning tend to be neighbors

binocular disparity

The differences between the two retinal images of the same scene. Disparity is the basis for stereopsis, a vivid perception of the three-dimensionality of the world that is not available with monocular vision.

problem of univariance

The fact that an infinite set of different wavelength-intensity combinations can elicit exactly the same response from a single type of photoreceptor. One photoreceptor type cannot make color discriminations based on wavelength.

aperture problem

The fact that when a moving object is viewed through an aperture (or a receptive field), the direction of motion of a local feature or part of the object may be ambiguous.

Aperture problem

The fact that when moving objects is viewed through an aperture (or a receptive field), the direction of motion of a local feature or part of the object may be ambiguous

Change blindness

The failure to notice a change b/w 2 scenes. If the gist, or meaning, of the scene is not altered, quite large changes can pass unnoticed shows the gap b/w perception and reality

change blindness

The failure to notice a change between two scenes. If the gist, or meaning, of the scene is not altered, quite large changes can pass unnoticed.

The acuity constraint

The following cannot be used to solve the correspondence problem.

Selective attention

The form of attention involved when processing is restricted to a subset of the possible stimuli

selective attention

The form of attention involved when processing is restricted to a subset of the possible stimuli.

Parallax

The geometric relationship revealed w/ motion parallax when you change your viewpoint, rolling down the tracks, objects closer to you shift position more than objects farther away

As Dore runs through the park, the flow signals that he is moving and not the environment. Givson (behavioral approach to studying motion) calls this?

The global optical flow

target

The goal of a visual search.

The imaginary circle in the figure above is known as?

The horopter

______is the surface of zero disparity, or the location of objects whose images lie on corresponding points in the two eyes.

The horopter

motion aftereffect (MAE)

The illusion of motion of a stationary object that occurs after prolonged exposure to a moving object.

apparent motion

The illusory impression of smooth motion resulting from the rapid alternation of objects that appear in different locations in rapid succession.

illuminant

The light that illuminates a surface.

Vieth-Müller circle

The location of objects whose images fall on geometrically corresponding points in the two retinas. If life were simple, this circle would be the horopter, but life is not simple.

horopter

The location of objects whose images lie on corresponding points. The surface of zero disparity.

Horopter

The location of objects whose images lie on the corresponding points. the surface of zero disparity

The word "figure" in the "figure-ground assignment" refers to?

The main object that is to be recognized in an image

Newsome and colleagues (1989( presented moving dot displays differing in degree of coherence to monkeys. They found as the dots' coherence increased

The monkey judged the direction of motion more accurately

second-order motion

The motion of an object that is defined by changes in contrast or texture, but not by luminance.

first-order motion

The motion of an object that is defined by changes in luminance.

Set size

The number of items in a visual display

set size

The number of items in a visual display.

To achieve color vision, the human visual system uses three types of cone photoreceptors. Which of the following statements best describes how this system works?

The pattern of activity over all three cone types is used to code for all wavelengths

biological motion

The pattern of movement of living beings (humans and animals).

spectral reflectance function

The percentage of a particular wavelength that is reflected from a surface.

reflectance

The percentage of light hitting a surface that is reflected and not absorbed into the surface. Typically reflectance is given as a function of wavelength.

brightness

The perceptual consequence of the physical intensity of a light.

tilt aftereffect

The perceptual illusion of tilt, produced by adaptation to a pattern of a given orientation.

Gestalt psychologists emphasize that?

The perceptual whole is greater than the sum of the parts

spectral power distribution

The physical energy in a light as a function of wavelength.

neutral point

The point at which an opponent color mechanism is generating no signal. If red-green and blue-yellow mechanisms are at their neutral points, a stimulus will appear achromatic.

neutral point

The point at which an opponent color mechanism is generating no signal. If red-green and blue-yellow mechanisms are at their neutral points, a stimulus will appear achromatic. (The black-white process has no neutral point.)

focus of expansion

The point in the center of the horizon from which, when we're in motion (e.g., driving on the highway), all points in the perspective image seem to emanate. The focus of expansion is one aspect of optic flow.

accommodation

The process by which the eye changes its focus (in which the lens gets fatter as gaze is directed toward nearer objects).

Preattentive stage

The processing of a stimulus that occurs before selective attention is deployed to that stimulus

preattentive stage

The processing of a stimulus that occurs before selective attention is deployed to that stimulus

preattentive stage

The processing of a stimulus that occurs before selective attention is deployed to that stimulus.

saccadic suppression

The reduction of visual sensitivity that occurs when we make saccadic eye movements. Saccadic suppression eliminates the smear from retinal image motion during an eye movement.

Panum's fusional area

The region of space, in front of and behind the horopter, within which binocular single vision is possible.

When you look around a dark room, it is difficult to see details and colors. This is because

The rods are controlling vision in dark conditions

uncrossed disparity

The sign of disparity created by objects behind the plane of fixation (the horopter).

crossed disparity

The sign of disparity created by objects in front of the plane of fixation (the horopter).

Ramachandran and Anstis first presented a triangle and a square below the triangle on the left side of the screen. Then, they presented just the square in the upper right-hand corner. Observers in this condition perceived?

The square moving diagonally upward to the right, and the triangle moving to the right, but sliding behind the square

free fusion

The technique of converging (crossing) or diverging the eyes in order to view a stereogram without a stereoscope.

Attentional blink

The tendency not to perceive or respond to the 2nd of 2 different target stimuli amid a rapid stream of distracting stimuli if the observer has responded to the first target stimulus within 200-500 ms before the 2nd stimulus is presented. fishing metaphor-temporary inhibition or loss of control unless they are presented close enough that you catch them both with the one net gamers-smaller attentional blink

attentional blink

The tendency not to perceive or respond to the second of two different target stimuli amid a rapid stream of distracting stimuli if the observer has responded to the first target stimulus within 200-500 milliseconds before the second stimulus is presented.

color constancy

The tendency of a surface to appear the same color under a fairly wide range of illuminants.

opponent color theory

The theory that perception of color is based on the output of three mechanisms, each of them resulting from an opponency between two colors: red-green, blue-yellow, and black-white.

trichromatic theory of color vision (or trichromacy)

The theory that the color of any light is defined in our visual system by the relationships of three numbers—the outputs of three receptor types now known to be the three cones. Also known as the Young-Helmholtz theory.

color space

The three-dimensional space, established because color perception is based on the outputs of three cone types, that describes the set of all colors.

stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA)

The time between the onset of one stimulus and the onset of another.

Stimulus Onset Asynchrony (SOA)

The time between the onset of one stimulus to the onset of another Ex: If it is 0-cue and probe appear simultaneously-no time for the cue to be used to direct attention (the effect of a cue develops over time) and there is no difference b/w the effects of the valid or invalid cues increases-magnitude of cueing affect from a valid peripheral cue increases after that-effect of the cue levels off or declines a bit GRAPH ON PAGE 190

time to collision (TTC)

The time required for a moving object (such as a cricket ball) to hit a stationary object (such as a batsman's head). TTC = distance/rate.

Interoccular transfer

The transfer of an effect (such as adaptation) from one eye to another

interocular transfer

The transfer of an effect (such as adaptation) from one eye to the other.

ipsilesional field

The visual field on the same side as a brain lesion

ipsilesional field

The visual field on the same side as a brain lesion.

contralesional field

The visual field on the side opposite a brain lesion. For example, points to the left of fixation are contralesional to damage in the right hemisphere of the brain.

The fact that faces are more difficult than many other types of objects to recognize when viewed upside down is taken by many researchers to indicate that?

The visual system uses special recognition processes for faces that are not used for other types of objects

Salience

The vividness of a stimulus relative to its neighbors

salience

The vividness of a stimulus relative to its neighbors.

Example of non-additives in visual perception

The whole does not equal sum of parts, color, apparent motion, orientation, subjective contours

Which of the following is true for animals that have eyes on the sides of their heads compared to animals that have eyes on the front of their heads?

Their depth perception is generally not good

An afterimage when viewed in the dark appears to move when you move your eyes. THis is what the Corollary Discharge Theory would predict because?

There is no IMS, but there is a CDS

If someone has 20/20 vision, what does this mean?

They see at 20 ft what a person with normal vision sees at 100 ft

How many lights (of the correct type) are needed to match any color that humans can see?

Three

When a person scans a visual scene, he/she usually makes about ____ fixation(s) per second.

Three

How many lights (of the correct type) are needed to match any color that humans can see?

Three.

A ____ is a map plotting the thresholds of a neuron or fiber in response to sine waves with varying frequencies at the lowest intensity that will give rise to a response.

Threshold tuning curve

The sound quality that is related to the sound's clarity, "nasalness" or "ready-ness" is?

Timbre

the time required for a moving object to hit a stationary object. it equals the distance/rate

Time To Contact

When measuring reaction time (RT), we measure the?

Time from the onset of a stimulus to a response

When measuring reaction time (RT), we measure the?

Time from the onset of a stimulus to a response.

_____ is the property of increasing pitch that accompanies increases in the tone's frequency.

Tone height

The primary auditory cortex (A1) is organized in a ____ manner

Tonotopic

______ the orderly mapping of the world in the lgn and visual cortex

Topographical mapping (yes)

According to the _____ theory, the color of any light is defined in our visual system by the relationships between a set of three numbers.

Trichromacy

According to the___ theory, the color of any light is defined in our visual system by the relationships between a set of three numbers.

Trichromacy

A ______ is an individual who suffers from color blindness that is due to the absence of 5-cones.

Tritanope

Accretion and deletion are movement-produced cues to depth

True

Achromatopsia is the inability to perceive colors due to brain damage

True

Rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) is an experimental procedure in which stimuli appear in a stream in one location at a quick rate

True

Second-order motion is the motion of an object that is defined by changes in contrast or texture, but not by luminance

True

Selective attention involves restricting processing to a subset of the possible stimuli

True

TF? Binocular depth cues can be used by all animals that have two functioning eyes.

True

TF? People are able to perceive words more quickly than individual letters

True

TF? Saccades must be used to follow fast moving objects?

True

TF? The neural processes that produce opponent process color perception are similar to those that produce center-surround antagonism

True

Tau tells you time to collision

True

The further an object is the for horopter, the greater the angle of disparity

True

The perception of a point-light walker stimulus as a person walks is an example of biological motion.

True

Three lights (of the correct type) are needed to match any color that humans can see

True

The ____ is/are a thin sheet of skin at the end of the outer ear canal that vibrates in response to sound.

Tympanic membrane

the ___ is/are a thin sheet of skin at the end of the outer ear canal that vibrates in response to sound.

Tympanic membrane(yes)

What's motion and event perception good for?

Updating location, figure-ground, edge detection, recognizing objects and actions from motion

To what direction of motion would the "M unit" respond to best in the figure below

Upward

Anamorphosis (anamorphic projection)

Use of the rules of linear perspective to create a 2D image so distorted that it looks correct only when viewed from a special angle or with a mirror that counters the distortion

anamorphosis (or anamorphic projection)

Use of the rules of linear perspective to create a two-dimensional image so distorted that it looks correct only when viewed from a special angle or with a mirror that counters the distortion

Indirect solutions

Use visual depth cues and unconscious inference, binocular and monocular cues

which of the following areas is not part of the extrastriate cortex

V1

Attention to a region of space changes activity of neurons in the area __. Neurons with receptive fields covering that region respond _____ (less/more)

V1 more

which is not part of extrastriate cortex? V1, V1, V3,V4, all

V1 (primary visual cortex)

The extrastriate cortex includes V2, V3, V4 but not

V1 (yes)

Which of the following areas is not part of the extrastriate cortex?

V1, V2, V3, V4

What pathway

Ventral pathway to temporal lobe

One kind of inefficient search is a _______ search.

Vertical

A property of an object that doesn't change when an observer changes viewpoint.

Viewpoint invariance

_______ refers t the idea that objects should be just as easy to recognize from any viewpoint

Viewpoint invariance

search for a target in a display containing distracting elements

Visual Search

_______ is a measure of the size an object takes up on the retina

Visual angle (yes)

Used to view objects that are moving

Voluntary Saccades

Blurring the image, uniqueness constraint, continuity constraint

Ways to solve the correspondence problem

Simplicity and Pragnanz

We organize our percepts in the simplest way that is consistent with the information in the stimulus

The size-distance scaling equation explains the Ames Room illusion because?

We perceive the two people in the room to be different sizes because they are perceived to be the same distance away and their retinal image size is different

___ describes the relationship between a stimulus and its resulting sensation by proposing that the JND is a constant fraction of the stimulus intensity

Weber's law

What will the eye pay more attention to?

When images are presented in 2 eyes, the visual system chooses to surpress one image and perceive the other. High contrast is more salient than low bright is better than dim moving objects are more interesting than stationary

Key Issues Raised by Dallenbach's Cow

Where are the objects in the image? Which edges reflect illumination changes and which reflectance changes? What are the objects? What is the role of knowledge, top-down processing in segmentation and identification?

monocular

With one eye.

We know that the three signals come from the three types of cones because of _____ and ______ (who?)

Young and Helmholtz

Stereoacuity

____ is a measure of the smallest binocular disparity that can generate a sensation of depth

Strabismus

_____ disrupts binocular vision because one or both eyes are not aligned properly

Double opponent cell

a cell type, found in the visual cortex in which one region is excited by one cone type, combination of cones, or color and inhibited by the opponent cones or color, R+/G- center, R-/G+ surround

stereoblindness usually results from

a childhood disorder

Color assimilation

a color perception effect in which two colors bleed into each other, each taking on some of the chromatic quality of the other

Color contrast

a color perception effect in which two colors bleed into each other, each taking on some of the chromatic quality of the other

relative size

a comparison of size b/w items without knowing the absolute size of either one

Illusory contour

a contour that is perceived even though the vast majority of the shape's lines are missing

Pictorial depth cues

a cue to distance or depth used by artists to depict 3D depth in 2D pictures

Familiar size

a depth cue based on knowledge of the typical size of objects like humans or pennies

Linear perspective

a depth cue based on the fact that lines that are parallel in the 3D world will appear to converge in a 2D image provides relative, but not absolute metrical depth information

Texture gradient

a depth cue based on the geometric fact that items of the same size form smaller images when they are farther away. An array of items that change in size smoothly across the image will appear to form a surface tilted in depth

Aerial perspective

a depth cue based on the implicit understanding that light is scattered by the atmosphere

Relative metrical depth cue

a depth cue that could specify that object A is twice as far away as object B without providing information about the absolute distance to either A or B- relative size or relative height

monocular depth cue

a depth cue that is available even when the world is viewed with one eye alone

Nonmetrical depth cue

a depth cue that provides information about the depth order (relative depth) but not depth magnitude

absolute metrical depth cue

a depth cue that provides quantifiable information about distance in the third dimension

metrical depth cue

a depth cue that provides quantitative information about distance in the third dimension

Structural description

a description of an object in terms of the nature of its constituent parts and the relationships between those parts

Stereoscope

a device for simultaneously presenting one image to one eye and another image to the other eye can be used to present dichoptic stimuli for stereopsis and binocular rivalry

Repetition blindness

a failure to detect the second occurrence of an identical letter, word, or picture in a rapidly presented stream of stimuli when the second occurrence falls within 200-500 ms

Inattentional blindness

a failure to notice a stimulus that would be easy reportable if it were attended

Attention is generally thought of as consisting of a. a single locus in the brain. b. a family of selection mechanisms. c. a big filter. d. the perception of many small objects. e. the power to focus on two things at once.

a family of selection mechanisms

Attention is generally thought of as consisting of

a family of selection mechanisms.

Nonaccidental feature

a feature of an object that is not dependent on the exact viewpoint

Congenital prosopagnosia

a form of face blindness apparently present from birth, as opposed to acquired prosopagnosia

corresponding retinal points

a geometric concept stating that points on the retina of each eye where the monocular retinal images of a single object are formed are at the same distance from the fovea in each eye The 2 foveas are also corresponding points

if a stimulus is present and the observer reports it as presemt, this is called

a hit

According to treisman's feature integration theory:

a limited set of features can be processed in parallel preattentively (yes)

According to Treisman's feature integration theory,

a limited set of features can be processed in parallel preattentively.

proto-objects

a loose collection of unbound features that will be a recognizable object, once attended

Stereoacuity

a measure of the smallest binocular disparity that can gerate a sensation of depth

Strabismus

a misalignment of the two eyes such that a single object in space is imaged on the fovea of one eye and on a nonfoveal area of the other (tuned) eye reduces the number of binocular neurons in the visual cortex and hurts the development of stereopsis

Additive color mixture

a mixture of lights, if light A and light B are both reflected from a surface to the eye, in the perception of color the effects of these two lights add together

Subtractive color mixture

a mixture of pigments, if pigments A and B mix, some of the light shining on the surface will be subtracted by A and some by B, only the remainder contributes to the perception of color

Positivsm

a philosophical position arguing that all we really have to go on is the evidence of the senses, so the world might be nothing more than an elaborate hallucination

an individual who suffers from color blinness due to the absence of L cones is

a protanope

Akinetopsia

a rare neuropsychological disorder in which the affected individual has no perception of motion, damage to cortical MT area

The Decibel Scale

a ratio scale, referenced to the classical threshold of human hearing, a logarithmic scale, converts multiplicative changes to additive changes

Surroundedness

a rule for figure-ground assignment stating that if one region is entirely surrounded by another, it is likely that the surrounded region is the figure

Gestalt Grouping rules

a set of rules describing which elements in an image will appear to group together

Random dot stereogram

a stereogram made of a large number of randomly placed dots, random dot stereograms contain no monocular cues to depth, stimuli visible stereoscopically in random dot stereographs are Cyclopean stimuli -if you free fuse-you will see 2 rectangular regions-one in front of the page and the other behind it

Lateral geniculate nucleus

a structure in the thalamus, part of the midbrain, that receives input from the retinal ganglion cells and has input and output connections to the visual cortex

a ______ is any stimulus that can be tasted

a tastant

Ideal observer analysis

a theoretical observer with complete access to the best available information and the ability to combine different sources of information in the optimal manner can be useful to compare human performance to that of an ideal observer

Vergence

a type of eye movement in which the two eyes move in opposite direction, bring the eyes inward or outward

Saccade

a type of eye movement made both voluntarily and involuntarily, in which the eyes rapidly change fixation from one object or location to another

Accidental viewpoint

a viewing position that produces some regularity in the visual image that is not present in the world

Bayesian aproach

a way of formalizing the idea that our perception is a combination of the current stimulus and the knowledge of the conditions of the world- what is and is not likely to occur stated mathematically in Bayes' theorem

which of the following stimuli would cause an Off-center ganglion cell to fire the most? a) a ring of light covering the surround f the receptive field, but not the center b) complete darkness over the whole receptive field, including the center and surround c) a large spot of light covering both the center and surround of the receptive field d) a spot of light in the center of the receptive field, but not the surround

a) a ring of light covering the surround f the receptive field, but not the center

The ability of the human visual system to detect fine detail is called _____. a) acuity c) sensitivity b) contrast d) focus

a) acuity

if you mix red and green together and you get yellow, you must be using ____ color mixing a) additive c) subtractive b) photopic d) multiplicative

a) additive

Hubel and Wiesel found that neurons with similar properties were arranged in ___ that extended though the cortex a) columns c) stacks b) branches d) rows

a) columns

The tough outer covering that protects the eye and allows light to enter is called the a) cornea c) lens b) aqueous humor d) retina

a) cornea

in signal detection theory, if a stimulus is absent and the observer reports it as absent, this is called a _____ a) correct rejection b) hit c) false alarm d) miss

a) correct rejection

Aerial perspective is based on the fact that a) distant objects appear fuzzy because the light that must pass through more air b) parallel lines appear to converge as they get further away c) more distant objects tend to appear smaller and higher up than closer objects

a) distant objects appear fuzzy because the light that must pass through more air

_____ is when the 2 eyes turn away from each other to focus on a distant object a) divergence c) accommodation b) motion parallax d) convergence

a) divergence

In lateral inhibition a) excitement of one neuron has the opposite effect on nearby neurons b) visual acuity is improved by increasing the size of neural receptive fields c) each neuron excites the neurons around it whenever it is excited d) each neuron inhibits other neurons whenever it is inhibited

a) excitement of one neuron has the opposite effect on nearby neurons

Imagine a circle drawn through your eyes and the object at which you are looking. This circle is called the ______ a) horopter c) radiopter b) vanishing point d) convergence point

a) horopter

Cones function primarily in _____ light a) photopic c) monopic b) scotopic d) dim

a) photopic

Which of the following best describes the method of limits? a) the experimenter increases or decreases the stimulus intensity until the participant detects it or can no longer detect it b) the participant attempts to detect the stimulus as quickly as she/he can c) several stimuli with diff intensities are presented repeatedly and in random order d) the participant changes the stimulus intensity until it becomes detectable or until it becomes undetectable

a) the experimenter increases or decreases the stimulus intensity until the participant detects it or can no longer detect it

A major problem with template theories of object recognition is that a) we cannot possible store enough templates in memory to match every object we might encounter b) template theories predict that object recognition should usually be viewpoint-dependent, but in fact recognition has been shown to be viewpoint-invariant c) templates are too abstract to be used in object recognition

a) we cannot possible store enough templates in memory to match every object we might encounter

What is the optic chiasm? a) where ganglion cell axons from each eye cross over b) where ganglion cell axons leave each eye, crossing the cornea c) where ganglion cell axons synapse in striate cortex d) where ganglion cell axons synapse in the LGN

a) where ganglion cell axons from each eye cross over

_______ is an enzyme used to reveal the regular array of "CO blobs," which are spaced about 0.5 mm apart in the primary visual cortex. a. Cytochrome oxidase b. Chromophore c. Rhodopsin d. Aromadase e. Carbon monoxide

a. Cytochrome oxidase

Which of the following was not an empiricist? a. Descartes b. Hobbes c. Locke d. Berkeley e. All of the above were empiricists.

a. Descartes

_______ is the psychological aspect of sound related to perceived intensity or magnitude. a. Loudness b. Pitch c. Frequency d. Intensity e. Tone

a. Loudness

. _______ is an important depth cue that is based on head movement. a. Motion parallax b. Familiar size c. Convergence d. Vanishing point e. Stereopsis

a. Motion parallax

What type of eye movements do we make while reading? a. Saccadic b. Vergence c. Smooth pursuit d. Reflexive e. None of the above

a. Saccadic

What is hyperacuity? a. The ability to resolve details that are smaller than the width of a single photoreceptor b. The ability to resolve details that are larger than the width of a single photoreceptor c. The ability to resolve details when the ambient illumination is extremely dark d. The ability to resolve details when the ambient illumination is extremely bright e. Better than normal vision (i.e., better than 20/20 vision)

a. The ability to resolve details that are smaller than the width of a single photoreceptor

The figure below is an example of a. a random dot stereogram. b. motion parallax. c. strabismus. d. stereoblindness. e. a Vieth-Müller circle.

a. a random dot stereogram.

The phenomenon known as two-tone suppression occurs when a. a second tone of a slightly different frequency is added to the first tone. b. three tones are heard together. c. the hair cells are not tuned properly to the particular frequencies heard. d. several tones are heard at the same time. e. All of the above

a. a second tone of a slightly different frequency is added to the first tone.

Plato's "The Allegory in the Cave," shown below, depicts a. a world perceived through the senses. b. the idea of people depending on each other. c. neuronal activity. d. the psychology of human beings. e. vision after adaptation to the dark.

a. a world perceived through the senses.

Dualism is the idea that a. both mind and body exist. b. two sensations can co-occur simultaneously. c. one sensation often follows another. d. the body can be divided into two parts. e. All of the above

a. both mind and body exist.

The difference in illumination between a figure and its background is known as a. contrast. b. definition. c. visual angle. d. surround. e. brightness.

a. contrast.

During free fusion, the eyes _______ in order to view a stereogram without a stereoscope. a. converge or diverge b. are half closed c. use the motion parallax d. use the pictorial depth cue e. glaze over

a. converge or diverge

In a _______ task, the target is defined by the presence of a single feature, or attribute, such as a salient color or orientation. a. feature search b. cueing c. visual search d. reaction time e. conjunction search

a. feature search

Rate saturation occurs when a nerve fiber is firing as rapidly as possible and a. further stimulation is incapable of increasing the firing rate. b. no transmission of signals is capable of occurring. c. a second nerve fiber stops firing. d. a second nerve fiber slows down its firing. e. then slows down.

a. further stimulation is incapable of increasing the firing rate.

The method of _______ requires the experimenter to vary a perceptible stimulus until it is no longer perceived or an imperceptible stimulus until it is finally perceived. a. limits b. constant stimuli c. adjustment d. sensation and perception e. matching

a. limits

The idea that the mind is the true reality, and that objects exist only as aspects of the mind's awareness is known as a. mentalism. b. perception. c. dualism. d. empiricism. e. the Matrix.

a. mentalism.

Magnitude estimation, demonstrated by this figure, is a psychophysical method in which the _______ assigns values according to perceived magnitudes of stimuli. a. observer b. experimenter c. apparatus d. computer e. All of the above

a. observer

Scientists study contrast sensitivity for sine wave gratings across many different spatial frequencies because a. patterns of stripes with fuzzy boundaries are common in the real world. b. the eye is especially sensitive to sine wave gratings. c. sine wave gratings involve no shadows. d. spatial frequency is easy to study. e. contrast sensitivity is easy to study.

a. patterns of stripes with fuzzy boundaries are common in the real world.

When one makes a saccadic eye movement, there is a(n) _______ sensitivity known as saccadic suppression. a. reduction of visual b. increase of visual c. acceleration of motion d. reduction of motion e. increase of color

a. reduction of visual

The doctrine of specific nerve energies involves the stimulation of a. sensory fibers. b. sensations. c. nerve endings. d. signals. e. All of the above

a. sensory fibers.

JND is the a. smallest detectable difference between two stimuli. b. difference in detection time for two different stimuli. c. true difference in detection time. d. time it takes to notice a stimulus. e. judgment of no detection.

a. smallest detectable difference between two stimuli.

A(n) _____ eye movement maintains focus on a single object as that object moves. a. smooth pursuit b. tracking c. saccade d. scan

a. smooth pursuit

The cornea, shown below, can be thought of as a(n) [human eye figure] a. transparent window. b. opaque substance. c. refractive medium. d. mirror. e. focusing surface.

a. transparent window.

Experimenters often use _______ as masking in their studies involving sound. a. white noise b. critical bandwidth sounds c. low-frequency sounds d. high-frequency sounds e. All of the above

a. white noise

semicircular canal neurons respond to __ and __ but not __

acceleration; deceleration; constant velocity

the two photographs below are of the same sculpture. The photo on the left is an example of an __, a viewing position that produces properties in the visual image that is to present in the world?

accidental viewpoint

which of the following is a viewing position that produces some regularity in the visual image

accidental viewpoint

Han tries to focus on the tip of her pencil as she brings it closer to her. She feels the strain on her eye as she does this. What she is feeling in her eye is due to the process called?

accomodation

The process by which the eye changes its focus by adjusting the lens

accomodation

____ is the inability to perceive colors due to damage to the central nervous system:

achromastopsia

____ is the inability to perceive colors due to damage to the central nervous system

achromatopsia

_______ is the inability to perceive colors due to damage to the central nervous system

achromatopsia

A neuron will not fire if the stimulus does not activate its

action potential

after the movie you go to a party where the host owns a 3d tv. The host only owns a few pair of 3d glasses because they are expensive and the glasses you stole from the theater are not compatible with it. What type of glasses does the tv use?

active shutter glasses

The smallest spatial detail that can be resolved is known as

acuity

the smallest spatial detail that can be resolved is known as:

acuity(yes)

the diminishing response of a sense organ to a sustained stimulus is referred to as

adaptation

Diminishing response of a sense organ to a sustanined stimulus is referred to as

adaptation(yes)

The tilt aftereffect is the perceptual illusion of tilt produced by

adapting to patter of given orientation

when adding colors blue and yellow create white under____ color mixing and create green under____ color mixing

additive, subtractive

When adding colors, blue and yellow create white under ______ color mixing but create green under ______ color mixing. a. additive; subtractive b. subtractive; additive c. additive; multiplicative d. multiplicative; subtractive e. multiplicative; divisive

additive; subtractive

When adding colors, blue and yellow create white under ______ color mixing but create green under ______ color mixing.

additive; subtractive

The method of ___ requires the observer to alter the strength of a stimulus until it matches some criterion

adjustment

the method of____ requires the observer/participant to alter the strength of a stimulus until it matches some criterion

adjustment

A(n) _______ is a visual image seen after the stimulus has been removed. a. adapting stimulus b. afterimage c. neutral pointd. metamer e. hallucination

after image

an____ is a visual image seen after the stimulus has been removed

after image

A(n) _______ is a visual image seen after the stimulus has been removed

afterimage

A(n) ________ is a visual image seen after the stimulus has been removed.

afterimage

a _______ is a visual image seen after the stimulus has been removed

afterimage

a _______ is a visual image seen after the stimulus has been removed:

afterimage (yes)

Assumptions about _______ is not a physical constraint that makes constancy possible. a. the light source b. surfaces c. afterimages d. sharp borders in an image e. All of the above are physical constraints that make constancy possible.

afterimages

___ is a failure to recognize objects in spite of the ability to see them

agnosia

the outer ear is filled with __ the middle ear is filled with ___ and the inner ear is filled with respectively

air, air, fluid

____ is a rare neuropsychological disorder in which the affected individual has no perception of motion:

akinestopsia

A rare neurophysiological disorder that leads to loss of motion perception. - Caused by damage to area MT

akinetopsia

The PPA: a. contains information about scene categories b. prefers scenes over objects and faces c. all of the above d. represents line drawings of scenes just as well as photographs e.was identified using functional magnetic resonance imaging

all of the above

Which of the following is a monocular cue? [occlusion, relative size, texture gradient, all of the above]

all of the above

Which of the following does not contribute to auditory stream segregation? a. Location b. Onset c. Timbre d. Pitch e. All of the above contribute to auditory stream segregation.

all of the above contribute to auditory stream segregation

which of the following does not contribute to sound localization?

all of the above contribute to sound localization

Which of the following is an application of perception research

all of these

what combination of noises was used to create the T.rex roar in jurassic park

alligator, tiger, and baby elephant

Attention can affect neural activity by making it shift the neural tuning functions called ______

altered tuning

The three ways that the responses of a cell could be changed by attention are enhancement, sharper tuning, and a. attentive listening. b. localization. c. altered tuning d. concentration e. priming

altered tuning

A very simple example of auditory stream segregation involves two tones with similar frequencies that are a. played continuously together. b. alternated. c. started together at the same time. d. different in amplitude. e. missing fundamentals.

alternated

In the fovea, single cones pass information to single ganglion cells via ___ cells

amacrine

cells that connect the synapses of bipolar cells

amacrine cellls

The vertical pathway in the retina consists of each of the following except

amacrine cells

the illustration below by M.C Escher is a good demonstration of:

ambiguous figure ground assignment

cortical magnification is the ____ devoted to a specified region in the visual field

amount of cortical area

one of the roles of the middle ears ossicles is to

amplify sound

in the fourier frequency spectrum the height of the lines represents the

amplitude at each frequency

3d necker cube is an example of

an ambiguous figure

the figure below is a classic demonstrations of

an ambiguous figure

Middle temporal area

an area of the brain thought to be important in the perception of motion

Comparator

an area of the visual system that receives one copy of the command issued by the motor system when the eyes move, comparator compares the image motion signal with the eye motion signal to compensate for the image changes caused by the eye movement

Interocular transfer is the transfer of...

an effect from one eye to the other

Response Enhancement

an effect of attention on the response of a neuron responding to an attended stimulus giving a bigger response

Illusionary conjunction

an erroneous combination of 2 featured in a visual scene, conjoin only features that are actually in the display

Motion parallax

an important depth cue that is based on head movement, the geometric information obtained from an eye in two different positions at two different times (motion parallax) is similar to the information from two eyes in different positions in the head at the same time (stereopsis) downside-only works if the head moves

Stereoblindness

an inability to make use of binocular disparity as a depth cue, this term is typically used to describe individuals with vision in both eyes

Protanope

an individual who suffers from color blindness that is due to the absence of L- cones

Deuteranope

an individual who suffers from color blindness that is due to the absence of M-cones

Tritanope

an individual who suffers from color blindness that is due to the absence of S-cones

Rod monochromat

an individual with no cones of any type, in addition to being truly color-blind, rod monochromats are badly visually impaired in bright light

the problem of univariance refers to the fact that:

an infinite set of different wavelength intensity combinations can elicit the same response from a single type of photoreceptor

The problem of univariance refers to the fact that

an infinite set of different wavelength-intensity combinations can elicit the same response from a single type of photoreceptor

problem of univariance refers to the fact that

an infinite set of different wavelength-intensity combinations can elicit the same response from a single type of photoreceptor

Microsaccade

an involuntary, small, jerk-like movement, might be useful for very fine spatial judgments by precisely moving the eye to areas of interest

Fourier analysis

analyzing complex waves into simpler components- sine waves

sidewalks art that can only be viewed correctly from a single viewpoint is referred to as __ art

anamorphic

the azimuth is the

angle of a sound source on the horizontal plane relative to the center of the head between the ears

The azimuth is the A) distance between the sound and the ears. B) location of the sound in space. C) angle of a sound source on the horizontal plane relative to the point in the center of the head between the ears

angle of a sound source on the horizontal plane relative to the point in the center of the head between the ears

the sense of __ registers motion resulting from rotation

angular motion

______ is the total ability to smell, most often resulting form sinus illness or head trauma

anosmia(yes)

Single opponent cell

another way to refer to cone-opponent cells, in order to differentiate them from double-opponent cells, R+ center, G- surround

Lateral inhibition is the

antagonistic neural interaction between adjacent regions of the retina

Unique hue

any of four colors that can be described with only a single color term: red, yellow, green, blue

An opening (say, a window) that allows only a partial view of an object.

aperture

The _____ problem is local edge motion within a single aperture is ambiguous

aperture

the problem that arises when a moving object is viewed through an aperture, the direction of motion of the visible part of the object may be ambiguous

aperture problem

Perception of smooth motion resulting from rapid alternation of objects between locations.

apparent motion

The impression of smooth motion that comes form the rapid alternation of objects appearing in nearby locations in rapid succession is:

apparent motion

The impression of smooth motion that comes from the rapid alternation of objects appearing in nearby locations in rapid succession is

apparent motion

The impression of smooth motion that comes from the rapid alternation of objects appearing in nearby locations in rapid succession is

apparent motion.

Orientation edges

appear when a surface quickly changes orientation: folding a card yields an orientation edge with no change in reflectance and neither side of the edge closer than the other

Depth edges

appear when one object is in front of another in the viewers line of sight, putting one's hand in front of one's face yields edges that belong to the hand

Illumination edges

appear when one part of a surface is lit more strongly than another: the edges cast by shadows are illumination edges

Reflectance edges

appear when the coloring or pigmentation of an edge changes: the stripes on a zebra are reflectance stripes that can be seen with the eye but can't be felt

Relative Height

as a depth cue, the observation that objects at different distances from the viewer on the ground plane will form images at different heights in the retinal image, objects farther away will be seen as higher in the image

The experiment conducted by Bloj et al. (depicted) shows us how

assumptions about the physics of the world influence color perception.

The part of a sound during which amplitude increases is known as A) decay. B) end note. C) attack. D) octave. E) pitch.

attack

guided search

attention can be restricted to a subset of possible items on the basis of information about the target's basic features

The ____ is the difficulty in perceiving and responding to the second of two targets stimuli amid a stream of stimuli if the observer has responded to the first target stimulus within 200 to 500 ms before the second stimulus is presented.

attentional blink

The ____ is the difficulty in perceiving and responding to the second of two targets stimuli amid a stream of stimuli if the observer has responded to the first target stimulus within 200 to 500 ms before the second stimulus is presented. a. attentional blink b. spotlight challenge c. illusory conjunction d. stimulus processing difficulty e. visual search illusion

attentional blink

The _______ is the difficulty in perceiving and responding to the second of two target stimuli amid a rapid stream of stimuli if the observer has responded to the first target stimulus within 200 to 500 ms before the second stimulus is presented.

attentional blink

The diagram below depicts an attention phenomenon known as the LOOKS LIKE A NOSE ON A GRAPH a. illusory conjunction. b. attentional blink. c. RSVP. d. binding problem. e. search performance deficit.

attentional blink

________ is the perceptual organization of a complex acoustic signal into separate auditory events for which each stream is heard as a separate event.

auditory stream segregation

Adaptation is the a) increase in a neuron's firing rate after continuous exposure to one stimulus b) Decrease in a neuron's firing rate after continuous exposure to one stimulus c) decrease in a neuron's firing rate as you practice a skill or learn new info d) increase in a neuron's firing rate as you practice a skill or learn new info

b) Decrease in a neuron's firing rate after continuous exposure to one stimulus

A(n) _____ is a visual image seen after the stimulus has been removed a) hallucination c) adapting stimulus b) afterimage d) metamer

b) afterimage

a _____ cell is a neuron that responds equally well to regions that are either brighter or darker than the background a) simple c) ganglion b) complex d) stop

b) complex

The basic premise of Gestalt psychology is that a) an object's parts are irrelevant to identifying the object as a whole b) identifying an object is more than just identifying its parts c) the parts of an object are more important than the object itself d) an object is just a collection of parts

b) identifying an object is more than just identifying its parts

Evidence indicates that structures in ____ cortex are especially important in the final steps of object recognition a) occipital c) striate b) inferotemporal d) parietal

b) inferotemporal

The Necker cube is interesting because a) it has only one valid interpretation, but the visual system is unable to perceive it correctly b) it has two equally valid interpretations, and the visual system switches between the two c) it has two valid interpretations, but the visual system cannot perceive either of them

b) it has two equally valid interpretations, and the visual system switches between the two

the criminal justice system in America is biased to make it more likely that a guilty person will be found innocent than an innocent person found guilty. in terms of signal detection theory, this means that the criminal justice system is more likely to have a ____ than a _____. Assume that the goal is to detect and convict a guilty person a) correct rejection, hit c) hit, correct rejection b)miss, false alarm d) false alarm miss

b) miss, false alarm

____ travel across the gap between two connected neurons a) junctions c) synapses b) neurotransmitters d) action potentials

b) neurotransmitters

The vertical processing pathway in the retina is the main stream of processing from photons to brain. the cells involved in this pathway are (in order) a)photoreceptors, ganglion cells, and amacrine cells b) photoreceptors, bipolar cells, and ganglion cells c) photoreceptors, horizontal cells, and amacrine cells d) photoreceptors, amacrine cells, and horizontal cells

b) photoreceptors, bipolar cells, and ganglion cells

Which Gestalt grouping principle leads us to group objects that change at the same time? a) good continuation c) common fate b) synchrony d) similarity

b) synchrony

Vision researchers specify the size of a stimulus in terms of a) the total number of photoreceptors activated by the stimulus b) the size of the stimulus on the retina in degrees of visual angle c) the stimulus' area in centimeters-squared d) a formula that takes into account the physical brightness and size of the stimulus

b) the size of the stimulus on the retina in degrees of visual angle

If you look at a friend's face the part of your visual cortex that processes his/her eyes will be near the part of the cortex that processes his/her nose. this is because of______ a) orientation tuning c) cortical magnification b) topographical mapping d) ocular dominance

b) topographical mapping

Visual processing in the cerebral cortex is divided into two pathways. the pathway that identifies objects is called the ____ pathway. a) location c) object recognition b) what d) where

b) what

_______ is often referred to as the father of psychophysics. a. Berkeley b. Fechner c. Weber d. Plato e. Wundt

b. Fechner

The retinal ganglion cell depicted below is most responsive to which spatial frequency? a. Low frequency b. Medium frequency c. High frequency d. Both low and high frequencies e. There is no difference in the responses of the cells shown to different frequencies.

b. Medium frequency

_______ is the illusion that a stationary object is moving, and occurs after prolonged exposure to a moving object. a. Illusory motion b. Motion aftereffect c. Neural circuit d. Apparent motion e. Aperture problem

b. Motion aftereffect

_______ is the illusion that a stationary object is moving, and occurs after prolonged exposure to a moving object. a. Illusory motion b. Motion aftereffect c. Neural circuit d. Apparent motion e. Aperture problem

b. Motion aftereffect

Which of the following is not a symptom of Balint syndrome? a. The spatial localization abilities are greatly reduced. b. Neglect occurs, especially on the left side of the visual field. c. There is an inability to perceive more than one object at a time. d. A tendency to gaze fixedly ahead develops. e. All of the above are symptoms of Balint syndrome.

b. Neglect occurs, especially on the left side of the visual field.

_______ is the difference in absolute disparities of two elements in the visual scene. a. Absolute disparity b. Relative disparity c. Binocular rivalry d. Crossed disparity e. Stereo convergence

b. Relative disparity

_______ sense light. a. Ganglion cells b. Rods and cones c. Horizontal cells d. Amacrine cells e. Bipolar cells

b. Rods and cones

_______ is a measure of the smallest binocular disparity that can generate a sensation of depth. a. Minimum disparity b. Stereoacuity c. Stereo sensitivity d. Disparity threshold e. Stereo parallax

b. Stereoacuity

Attention is generally thought of as consisting of a. a single locus in the brain. b. a family of selection mechanisms. c. a big filter. d. the perception of many small objects. e. the power to focus on two things at once.

b. a family of selection mechanisms.

According to the feature integration theory, a. visual search depends on the construction of geons. b. a limited set of features can be processed in parallel preattentively. c. parallel processing is impossible. d. the correct binding of features to objects does not require attention. e. all feature processing is serial

b. a limited set of features can be processed in parallel preattentively.

According to the feature integration theory, a. visual search depends on the construction of geons. b. a limited set of features can be processed in parallel preattentively. c. parallel processing is impossible. d. the correct binding of features to objects does not require attention. e. all feature processing is serial.

b. a limited set of features can be processed in parallel preattentively.

The scene pictured below demonstrates the _______ depth cue. a. motion parallax b. aerial perspective c. linear perspective d. accommodation e. convergence

b. aerial perspective

Cortical magnification is the _______ devoted to a specific region in the visual field. a. topographical map b. amount of cortical area c. amount of magnification d. number of neuronal connections e. amount of retina

b. amount of cortical area

Interocular transfer is the transfer of a. light from one eye to the other. b. an effect from one eye to the other. c. focus from one eye to the other. d. electrical signals from both eyes to the brain. e. electrical signals from the brain to both eyes.

b. an effect from one eye to the other.

Interocular transfer is the transfer of a. light from one eye to the other. b. an effect from one eye to the other. c. focus from one eye to the other. d. electrical signals from both eyes to the brain. e. electrical signals from the brain to both eyes.

b. an effect from one eye to the other.

The problem of univariance refers to the fact that a. we have three types of cones in our visual system. b. an infinite set of different wavelength-intensity combinations can elicit the same response from a single type of photoreceptor. c. an infinite number of colors exist in the real world. d. many shades of colors appear the same under certain lighting conditions. e. an infinite set of cones can record the same response from a single wavelength.Term

b. an infinite set of different wavelength-intensity combinations can elicit the same response from a single type of photoreceptor.

As shown in the figure below, _______ is the changing angular positions of points in an image that you experience as you move through the world. a. an optic array b. an optic flow field c. a positional change d. a motion perspective e. tau

b. an optic flow field

As shown in the figure below, _______ is the changing angular positions of points in an image that you experience as you move through the world. a. an optic array b. an optic flow field c. a positional change d. a motion perspective e. tau

b. an optic flow field

The motion we interpret as configurations of animated dots as people moving around is called _______ motion. a. apparent b. biological c. induced d. real e. None of the above

b. biological

The motion we interpret as configurations of animated dots as people moving around is called _______ motion. a. apparent b. biological c. induced d. real e. None of the above

b. biological

The tendency of a surface to appear the same color under a fairly wide range of illuminations is known as a. color invariance. b. color constancy. c. color anomaly. d. reflectance. e. illuminance.

b. color constancy.

A _______ cell is a neuron whose receptive field characteristics cannot be easily predicted by mapping with spots of light. a. simple b. complex c. stop d. ganglion e. blob

b. complex

Weber proposed that the smallest change in a stimulus that can be detected is a(n) _______ proportion of the stimulus level. a. ever-changing b. constant c. opposite d. small e. one-fifth

b. constant

The acoustic reflex protects the ear from intense sounds by a. transmitting only low-frequency sounds to the brain. b. contraction of the stapedius and tensor tympani muscles. c. opening the oval window to transmit vibration. d. transmitting loud noises back to the ear canal. e. stiffening the round tympanic membrane.

b. contraction of the stapedius and tensor tympani muscles.

A(n) _______ is the motion of an object that is defined by changes in luminance. a. anomalous motion b. first-order motion c. second-order motion d. interocular motion e. motion aftereffect

b. first-order motion

Seeing a blue cup when the cupboard contains blue mugs and non-blue cups, but no blue cups is referred to as (a)n a. visual search illusion. b. illusory conjunction. c. erroneous feature integration. d. perceptual illusion. e. perceptual fallacy

b. illusory conjunction.

Seeing a blue cup when the cupboard contains blue mugs and non-blue cups, but no blue cups is referred to as (a)n a. visual search illusion. b. illusory conjunction. c. erroneous feature integration. d. perceptual illusion. e. perceptual fallacy

b. illusory conjunction.

The "focus of expansion" informs you of the direction a. in which you are looking. b. in which you are moving. c. from which you came. d. of the largest object in your visual field. e. None of the above

b. in which you are moving.

The "focus of expansion" informs you of the direction a. in which you are looking. b. in which you are moving. c. from which you came. d. of the largest object in your visual field. e. None of the above

b. in which you are moving.

The _______ consists of three tiny bones called ossicles. a. tympanic membrane b. middle ear c. inner ear d. cochlea e. outer ear

b. middle ear

The belt area has neurons that respond to a. simple characteristics of sound. b. more complex characteristics of sound. c. particular frequencies. d. low frequencies only. e. language.

b. more complex characteristics of sound.

The "line cancellation test" is used to assess a. visual field defects. b. neglect. c. memory problems. d. occipital lobe damage. e. temporal lobe damage.

b. neglect.

Change blindness is a failure to a. pay attention to an ever-changing part of the visual field. b. notice a change between two scenes. c. detect small changes in an environment. d. notice changes in the right side of the visual field due to a left hemisphere damage. e. notice anything constant in the scene and only attend to the changes.

b. notice a change between two scenes.

Evidence from labs such as Warren's shows that humans can estimate their direction of heading solely on the basis of a. information given by the comparator. b. optic flow simulated by moving dots. c. biological motion calculations. d. eye movements. e. head movements.

b. optic flow simulated by moving dots.

Evidence from labs such as Warren's shows that humans can estimate their direction of heading solely on the basis of a. information given by the comparator. b. optic flow simulated by moving dots. c. biological motion calculations. d. eye movements. e. head movements.

b. optic flow simulated by moving dots.

The figure below illustrates the phenomenon of a. rate saturation. b. phase locking. c. spontaneous firing. d. threshold tuning. e. None of the above

b. phase locking.

Materialism is the notion that a. all materials influence the mind. b. physical matter is the only reality. c. materials are important to functioning. d. materials help the mind. e. happiness results from acquisition of material possessions.

b. physical matter is the only reality.

A neuron will not fire if the stimulus does not activate its a. action potential. b. receptive field. c. central region. d. photoreceptor. e. axon.

b. receptive field.

According to Democritus, primary qualities can be directly perceived, while secondary qualities a. cannot be perceived at all. b. require interaction between atoms from objects and atoms in the perceiver. c. are very difficult to perceive. d. are perceived only after a preliminary perception occurs. e. are derived from primary qualities.

b. require interaction between atoms from objects and atoms in the perceiver.

A(n) _______ eye movement rapidly changes fixation from one object or location to another. a. tracking b. saccade c. smooth pursuit d. scan e. adapting

b. saccade

According to the _______ theory, attention moves from point to point. a. visual search b. spotlight attention c. zoom lens d. selective attention e. flashlight attention

b. spotlight attention

No single neuron receives input from both eyes until the a. LGN. b. striate cortex. c. parietal lobe. d. magnocellular layer. e. parvocellular layer.

b. striate cortex.

The imaginary circle in the figure below is known as a. the vanishing point. b. the Vieth-Müller circle. c. Panum's circle. d. the convergence point. e. the stereo circle.

b. the Vieth-Müller circle.

what is the aperture problem? a. we cannot perceive object motion through apertures b. the motion of one edge within a single aperture is ambiguous c. the motion of multiple edges within several apertures is ambiguous d. we cannot perceive an object's shape through apertures

b. the motion of one edge within a single aperture is ambiguous

. According to the opponent color theory, the perception of color is based on the output of _______ cones, each of them an opponency between _______ colors. a. three; three b. three; two c. two; two d. four; three e. four; two

b. three; two

SOA refers to the a. tie between the end of one trial and the beginning of the next b. tie from the onset of one stimulus to the onset of another stimulus c. time before the stimulus appears d. time from the onset of a stimulus to a response

b. tie from the onset of one stimulus to the onset of another stimulus

In the Posner cueing task, responses will be slowest on a. trials with a valid cue. b. trials with an invalid cue c. trials with no cue d. trials with a neutral cue

b. trials with an invalid cue

In 1862, Snellen constructed a method for designating a. sine gratings. b. visual acuity. c. spatial frequencies. d. contrast sensitivity. e. perceived contrast.

b. visual acuity.

Light can be described as a stream of photons or a(n) a. signal. b. wave. c. source. d. outlet of energy. e. illuminant.

b. wave.

which of the following is the correct ordering of body parts, form the largest two point threshold to the smallest?

back, forehead, lips(yes)

A theory based on the idea that the visual system can use what it already knows about the world to estimate the probability of a percept

bayesian approach

Why were you unable to sort the M&Ms by color under the yellow sodium light in class?

because no differential activation of the three cone types was possible.

During response enhancement, a neuron responding to an attended stimulus might give a _______ response. a. bigger b. smaller c. slower d. surprising e. delayed

bigger

balint syndrome

bilateral lesions to parietal lobes where patients don't move their eyes much because spatial localization abilities are reduced; these patients have simultagnosia

The _____ problem refers to the challenge of tying different attributes of visual stimuli (eg color, orientation and motion) which are handled different brain circuits, to the appropriate object so that we perceive a unified object (eg blue, horizontal, moving to the left)

binding

Color, orientation, and motion are represented by different sets of neurons. / (red) • How do we combine them together to perceive a single whole object?

binding problem

___________ depth cues rely on information from both eyes.

binocular

The lateral displacement of the same scene in the two retinal images

binocular disparity

Which of the following is not a monocular cue? [occlusion, relative size, binocular disparity, texture gradient]

binocular disparity

______ is the difference between the two retinal images of the same scene. It is the basis of stereopsis.

binocular disparity

which of the following is not a monocular cue?

binocular disparity

When the two visual images from the left and right eye fight for attention

binocular rivalry

if the two images below are free fused (or view from above)0 they lead

binocular rivalry

instead of studying you decide to go to a movie theater to see the latest release of a 3d movie. The movie starts and you see some parts of a scene closer than others. This effect is achieved using slight variations in the position of corresponding objects in the two eyes. This variation in the retinal position is called

binocullar disparity

The motion we interpret as people moving around from a few animated dots is called _______ motion.

biological

the motion we interpret as people moving around from a few animated dots is called____ motion:

biological (yes)

describes the way living things move

biological motion

_____ is an entry or basic level category term unlike sparrow animal or limousine

bird

what is an example of a basic/entry level category term

bird

______ is the taste quality that is produced by the substances like quinine or caffeine.

bitter(yes)

In the case of a negative afterimage, a yellow stimulus would produce a ______ afterimage.

blue

In the case of a negative afterimage, a yellow stimulus would produce a _______ afterimage. a. blue b. green c. red d. brown e. black

blue

In the case of negative afterimage, a yellow stimulus would produce a ___afterimage.

blue

negative after image, a yellow stimulus would produce a ____ after image

blue

In the case of negative afterimage, a yellow stimulus would produce a ___afterimage.

blue (yes)

Which of the following color pair is further apart in wavelengths?

blue and red

which of the following color pairs is the furthest apart in wavelength?

blue and red

which of the following color pairs is the furthest apart in wavelength?:

blue and red (yes)

dualism is the idea that

both mind and body exist and are separate entities

Which of these is an error in committing a scene to memory? a. Balint's syndrom b. relational violations c. boundary extension d. inattentional blindness e. all of the above

boundary extension

distance from black in color space.

brightness

Goals of Middle vision-processes

bring together that which should be brought together, split asunder that should be split asunder, use what you know, avoid accidents, seek consensus and avoid ambiguity

Which of the following is a related color?

brown(yes)

The problem of univariance refers to the fact that

c) an infinite set of different wavelength-intensity combinations can elicit the same response from a single type of photoreceptor.

If an animal is able to distinguish different colors, it must have at least ____ type(s) of cones a) 3 c) 2 b) 1 d) 4

c) 2

a geon is a(n) a) template c) 3-D shape b) gestalt grouping rule d) 2-D shape

c) 3-D shape

The problem of univariance refers to the fact that a) many shades of colors appear the same under certain lighting conditions b) an infinite number of colors exist in the real world, but photoreceptors are tuned to only three different wavelengths c) an infinite set of different wavelength-intensity combinations can elicit the same response from a single type of photoreceptor

c) an infinite set of different wavelength-intensity combinations can elicit the same response from a single type of photoreceptor

In class, we discussed an artist who uses _____ to make chalk drawings on public sidewalks that appear to be 3-D. a) convergence & divergence cues c) anamorphosis b) motion parallax d) binocular disparity

c) anamorphosis

The 2 retinal images for the same scene differ. This is called ___________ a) accommodation c) binocular disparity b) depth perception d) binocular summation

c) binocular disparity

prosopagnosia is a neuropsychological disorder in which the patient a) can identify faces, but cannot recognize other types of objects b) can perceive objects but cannot recognize them c) cannot identify faces, but can recognize other types of objects d) can recognize objects but cannot name them

c) cannot identify faces, but can recognize other types of objects

The ____ function describes how spatial frequency and contrast interact to make a grating more or less visible a) spatial layout c) contrast sensitivity b) spatial frequency d) visual angle

c) contrast sensitivity

As you look around the room, each person in the room will generate two images, one on each of your eyes. most of these images will be in different locations on each eye. The challenge of figuring out that these distinct images belong together is known as the a) convergence problem c) correspondence problem b) disparity problem d) problem of univariance

c) correspondence problem

In the HSB color space, the "H" stands for ____ and the " B" stands for ____ a) hue, blue level c) hue, brightness b) height, brightness d) height, blue level

c) hue, brightness

The right hemisphere of the brain receives info from the a) right side of the visual field from both eyes b) whole visual field of the right eye c) left side of the visual field from both eyes d) whole visual field of the left eye

c) left side of the visual field from both eyes

We perceive a mixture of red and blue light as pink, which means that a pink light source and a red-blue light mixture are ______. a) illuminants c) metamers b) constant colors d) opposite colors

c) metamers

What depth cue is based on the fact that closer objects block our view of more distant objects? a) divergence c) occlusion b) motion parallax d) convergence

c) occlusion

The ______ pathway carries high acuity, low sensitivity info from the eyes to the brain a) foveal c) parvocellular b) peripheral d) magnocellular

c) parvocellular

Which of the following colors is the longest wavelength? a) green c) red b) blue d) yellow

c) red

As light strikes a surface it can bounce off the surface in a random direction, which is called a) refraction c) scatter b) absorption d) transmission

c) scatter

in psychophysics, the ___ is the term for whatever you are trying to detect (ex. a tone or light) a) criterion b) threshold c) signal d) sensation

c) signal

An individual who has no S-cones suffers from a) deuteranopia c) tritanopia b) monochromatopsia d) protanopia

c) tritanopia

An object that is farther from you than the object you are looking at will have ________ a) no disparity c) uncrossed disparity b) crossed disparity d) ( impossible to tell)

c) uncrossed disparity

Absolute threshold is the minimum amount of stimulation necessary for a person to detect a stimulus _______ of the time. a. 30% b. 100% c. 50% d. 80% e. 99%

c. 50%

_______ occurs when there is a misperception of a grating due to undersampling. a. Topographical mapping b. Cortical magnification c. Aliasing d. Confusion e. Blindness

c. Aliasing

The _______ is based on the idea that prior knowledge could influence the estimates of the probability of a current event. a. binocular rivalry philosophy b. euclidean philosophy c. Bayesian approach d. uniqueness constraint e. correspondence problem

c. Bayesian approach

Which of the following is not a monocular cue? a. Occlusion b. Relative size c. Binocular disparity d. Texture gradient e. Aerial perspective

c. Binocular disparity

. Stereoblindness usually results from which of the following? a. Stroke b. Visual neglect c. Childhood disorder d. Agnosia e. Glaucoma

c. Childhood disorder

What does D represent in the above schematic? a. Direction b. Disparity c. Delay d. Difference e. None of the above

c. Delay

. _______ refers to the presentation of two stimuli, one to each eye. a. Biopic b. Monoptic c. Dichoptic d. Stereoptic e. Chronoptic

c. Dichoptic

Each of the following terms refers to the same structure except a. area V1. b. primary visual cortex. c. LGN. d. striate cortex. e. All of the above are the same structure.

c. LGN.

Search efficiency is best defined as a. the number of items searched in one second b. the number of targets correctly detected out of the total number presented c. RT as a function of a set size d. the amount of time taken to finish a search experiment as a function of the number of trials presented

c. RT as a function of a set size

Which of the following is not a type of eye movement? a. Vergence b. Saccade c. Rapid pursuit d. Smooth pursuit e. Reflexive

c. Rapid pursuit

_______ is the visual pigment found in rods. a. Macular pigment b. Aqueous humor c. Rhodopsin d. Chromopsin e. Vitreous humor

c. Rhodopsin

_______ is an example of energy that can be sensed by some animals but not by humans. a. Smell b. Electromagnetic energy c. Ultraviolet light d. Sound e. Heat

c. Ultraviolet light

The figure below is an example of Find [0]

c. a conjunction search task.

The figure below illustrates [face][connect the dot face] a. the role of the comparator. b. saccadic suppression. c. a pattern of eye movements. d. the phenomenon known as vergence. e. None of the above

c. a pattern of eye movements.

The diminishing response of a sense organ to a sustained stimulus is referred to as a. constant stimulation. b. response decrease. c. adaptation. d. accommodation. e. convergence.

c. adaptation.

The tilt aftereffect is the perceptual illusion of tilt, produced by a. changing the direction of gaze. b. tilting the head. c. adapting to a pattern of a given orientation. d. constantly moving the head. e. spinning in circles for 30 seconds.

c. adapting to a pattern of a given orientation.

The method of _______ requires the observer to alter the strength of a stimulus until it is just barely perceptible. a. limits b. constant stimuli c. adjustment d. sensation and perception e. matching

c. adjustment

The impression of smooth motion that comes from the rapid alternation of objects appearing in nearby locations in rapid succession is a. illusory motion. b. motion aftereffect. c. apparent motion. d. aperture motion. e. kinetic motion.

c. apparent motion.

The impression of smooth motion that comes from the rapid alternation of objects appearing in nearby locations in rapid succession is a. illusory motion. b. motion aftereffect. c. apparent motion. d. aperture motion. e. kinetic motion.

c. apparent motion.

The figure below is a chart used to test for [\|/] a. myopia. b. hyperopia. c. astigmatism. d. macular degeneration. e. retinitis pigmentosa.

c. astigmatism.

The retina can be referred to as _______ because it contains both rods and cones, which operate under different conditions. a. a focal point b. a shutter c. duplex d. a light-passing membrane e. bipartisan

c. duplex

A(n) _______ is the motion of an object that is defined by changes in luminance. a. anomalous motion b. first-order motion c. second-order motion d. interocular motion e. motion aftereffect

c. first-order motion

In the Newsome and Pare paradigm, an observer's task is to a. determine whether or not motion is observed. b. experience a motion aftereffect. c. identify the direction of motion of the correlated dots. d. trace the moving dots. e. None of the above

c. identify the direction of motion of the correlated dots.

The _______ is the location where fine changes in sound pressure in the environment are translated into neural signals. a. outer ear b. middle ear c. inner ear d. tympanic canal e. oval window

c. inner ear

The part of the eye that expands or contracts to let more or less light into the eye is the a. cornea. b. lens. c. iris. d. sclera. e. fovea.

c. iris.

The diagram below illustrates the _______ depth cue. a. motion parallax b. aerial perspective c. linear perspective d. accommodation e. convergence

c. linear perspective

The amplitude of a sound is the a. amount of sound energy falling on a unit area. b. intensity of the sound. c. magnitude of displacement of a sound pressure wave. d. psychological aspect of sound related to frequency. e. pitch.

c. magnitude of displacement of a sound pressure wave.

In the fovea, single cones pass information to single ganglion cells via _______ cells. a. horizontal b. amacrine c. midget bipolar d. diffuse bipolar e. All of the above

c. midget bipolar

A synapse is the junction between _______ that permits information transfer. a. stimuli b. sensory fibers c. neurons d. signals e. spinal cord and brain

c. neurons

A random dot stereogram contains a. many monocular cues. b. a horopter. c. no monocular cues. d. a vanishing point. e. occlusion cues.

c. no monocular cues.

The tendency of neurons in striate cortex to respond optimally to certain orientations and less to others is known as a. spatial frequency. b. spatial selection. c. orientation tuning. d. cortical magnification. e. orientation agnosia.

c. orientation tuning.

The idea that all matter has consciousness is known as a. psychophysics. b. empiricism. c. panpsychism. d. mentalism. e. nativism.

c. panpsychism.

Helmholtz thought that all behavior could be explained only by a. mental forces. b. perception. c. physical forces. d. energy. e. God.

c. physical forces.

The purpose of the ear canal is to a. transmit information from the brain back to the ear. b. transduce sound waves into electric signals. c. prevent damage to the tympanic membrane. d. keep the pressure inside the ear comfortable. e. All of the above

c. prevent damage to the tympanic membrane.

Accommodation is the process in which the _______ of the eye changes its shape. a. retina b. lens c. pupil d. iris e. cornea

c. pupil

Light and dark adaptation can occur by a. convergence. b. focusing. c. pupil constriction or dilation. d. lateral inhibition. e. accommodation.

c. pupil constriction or dilation.

The philosophical position arguing that there is a real world to sense is known as a. Euclidean philosophy. b. positivism. c. realism. d. structuralism. e. materialism.

c. realism.

. In the yellow and black box on the left side of the color picker shown below, _______ changes along the horizontal axis and _______ changes along the vertical axis. a. hue; brightness b. saturation; hue c. saturation; brightness d. brightness; saturation e. brightness; hue

c. saturation; hue

A(n) _______ is the motion of an object that is defined by changes in contrast or texture, but not by luminance. a. anomalous motion b. first-order motion c. second-order motion d. interocular motion e. motion aftereffect

c. second-order motion

A(n) _______ is the motion of an object that is defined by changes in contrast or texture, but not by luminance. a. anomalous motion b. first-order motion c. second-order motion d. interocular motion e. motion aftereffect

c. second-order motion

The left side of the figure below shows the a. spectrum of visible light. b. different kinds of light. c. spectrum of electromagnetic energy. d. number of photons emitted by a light source. e. amount of heat emitted by a light source.

c. spectrum of electromagnetic energy.

A _______ is a map plotting the thresholds of a neuron or fiber in response to sine waves with varying frequencies at the lowest intensity that will give rise to a response. a. spectrum b. isointensity function c. threshold tuning curve d. characteristic frequency e. None of the above

c. threshold tuning curve

The light energy from an object is _______ into neural energy that can be interpreted by the brain. a. transferred b. transformed c. transduced d. absorbed e. translated

c. transduced

The figure below shows what happens when _______ causes a displacement along the cochlear partition. a. neural firing b. the auditory system c. vibration d. place code e. head tilt

c. vibration

Eye doctors specify acuity in terms like 20/20, but vision scientists prefer to talk about the smallest _______ of a cycle of the grating that one can perceive. a. sine wave b. segment c. visual angle d. viewing distance e. width

c. visual angle

The moonlit world depicted in the above photograph below appears to be drained of color because a. we can only use two types of rod photoreceptors under these conditions. b. our cones are defective. c. we only have one type of rod photoreceptor transducing light under these conditions. d. the S-cones do not function at night. e. the M-cones do not function at night

c. we only have one type of rod photoreceptor transducing light under these conditions.

Using stereopsis

can be used for military technology and can detect breast cancer

Functional utility of sound

carries information helpful for locating where things are, where you are, carries information good for identification, travels well in air

Cone-opponent cell

cell type found in the retina, LGN and visual cortex in effect subtracts one type of cone input from another

What is a binocular depth cell (or disparity detector) and how does it work?

cells in visual cortex that respond best to points that are separated by particular angles of disparity

which circular object in the figure above will be seen with zero diplopia?

center and lower right

Color afterimage

certain cones get fatigued, see opponent colors after staring at one image for a long time

Change blindness is a failure to notice a _________

change between two scenes (yes)

Colors and Subjective contours

changes in color at edges can lead us to see additional figures, Kanizsa

Hue

chromatic (colorful) aspect of color

Saturation

chromatic strength of a hue, white has zero saturation, pink is more saturated, and red is fully saturated

all auditory nerve fibers initially synapse in the

cochlear nucleus

Place Coding

coding frequency and amplitude

_____ is the psychological process by which, after long term exposure to an odorant, one is no longer able to detect that odorant or has very diminished detection ability

cognitive habituation

Optic array

collection of light rays that interact with objects in the world that are in front of a viewer

____is a color perception effect in which two colors bleed into each other, each taking on some of the chromatic quality of the other

color assimilation

The tendency of a surface to appear the same color under a fairly wide range of illuminations is known as

color constancy

The tendency of a surface to appear the same color under a fairly wide range of illuminations is known as:

color constancy

the tendency of a surface to appear the same color under a fairly wide range of illuminations is known as

color constancy

The tendency of a surface to appear the same color under a fairly wide range of illuminations is known as _____

color constancy (yes)

____ is a color perception effect in which the color of one region induces the opponent color in a neighboring region.

color contrast (yes)

Hubel and Wiesel concluded that neurons with similar orientation preferences were arranged in ___ that extended vertically through the cortex

columns

That a strong motion aftereffect is obtained when one eye is adapted and the other is tested suggests: the motion aftereffect occurs in a part of the visual system where information from the two eyes is:

combined (yes)

the motion aftereffect occurs in a part of the visual system where information from the two eyes is:

combined (yes)

Which gestalt grouping principle states elements moving in same direction should be grouped:

common fate

Organize into columns

common region

An area of the visual system that receives a copy of the signal from the motor system telling the eyes to move. - Compensates for changes on the retina caused by eye movements.

comparator

An area of the visual system that receives one copy of the order issued by the motor system when the eyes move is called:

comparator (yes)

Split asunder that should be split asunder

complementing grouping principles are the edge-finding processes that divide regions from each other, figure-ground mechanisms separate objects from the background, texture segmentation processed divide one region from the next on the basis of image statistics

which of the following types of hearing loss might be caused by problems with bones of the middle ear?

conductive hearing loss

Which of the following does not contribute to sound localization? a. Interaural time difference b. Interaural level difference c. Lateral superior olives d. Cone of confusion e. All of the above

cone of confusion

__ refers to the region of positions in space where all the sounds produce the same time and level (intensity) differences

cone of confusion

______ refers to the region of positions in space where all the sounds produce the same time and level (intensity) differences. A) Cochlear region B) Sound source C) Cone of confusion D) Medial region E) Azimuth

cone of confusion

____refers to the region of positions in space where all sounds produce the same level (intensity) differences.

cone of confusion(yes)

what kind of cells in LGN compute chromatic differences, such as (L-M) and (M-L)?

cone-opponent cells

_____ (rods/cones) function best in photopic light

cones

Photoreceptors specialized for daylight, fineacuity and color are

cones (yes)

____ search for a target that is defined by the combination of two or more attributes (eg a big and yellow target among big blue and small yellow distractors):

conjunction (yes)

a ____ search for a target that is defined by the combination of two or more attributes (eg a big and yellow target among big blue and small yellow distractors):

conjunction (yes)

search for a target defined by the presence of two or more attributes (e.g. a red, vertical target among red horizontal)

conjunction search

figure with black background and colorful stuff

conjunction search task

weber proposed that the smallest change in a stimulus that can be detected is a ____ proportion of the constant stimulus level

constant

The method of ___ requires that random presentation of many stimuli, ranging from rarely to almost always perceivable, one at a time

constant stimuli

the method of ____ requires the random presentation of many stimuli, ranging from rarely to almost always perceivable, one at a time

constant stimuli

exploratory procedures are used to:

contact objects in order to perceive their properties

_______ effects have been demonstrated in the laboratory with a wide variety of target sounds and interrupting sounds. The simplest version of such an experiment is to delete portions of a pure tone and replace them with noise. a. Alternating b. Continuity c. Grouping by onset d. Grouping by timbre e. Auditory segregation

continuity

the acoustic reflex protects the ear from intense sounds by

contraction of the stapedius and tensor tympani muscles

the acoustic reflex protects the ear from intense sounds by:

contraction of the stapedius and tensor tympani muscles (yes)

The visual field on the side opposite a brain lesion

contralesional field

The diffuerence in illumination between a figure and background is known as

contrast

During free fusion, the eyes _____ in order to view a stereogram without a stereoscope.

converge and diverge (yes)

free fusion, the eyes____ in order to view a stereogram with out a stereoscope

converge or diverge (e.g. magic eye puzzles)

Both eyes rotate inward to fixate on close objects

convergence

The ability of the two eyes to turn inward in order to place the two images of a feature in the world on corresponding locations in the two retinal images is known as

convergence

Turning the two eyes inward to place the two images of a feature in the world on corresponding locations in the two retinal images is known as

convergence

Turning the two eyes inward to place the two images of an object on corresponding retinal locations

convergence

which of the following depth cues uses information about the tensions of eye muscles

convergence & accommodation

Turning the two eyes inward to place the two images of a feature int eh world on corresponding locations in the two retinal images is known as

convergence(yes)

the image below is usually perceived as an outward bump not an inward dimple because

convex interpretations are preferred over concave ones

Accommodation

convexity of the lenses

the transparent "window" on the outer part of the eye that allows light into the eyeball

cornea

stimulus absent and observer reports as absent

correct rejection

if a stimulus is absent and the observer reports it as absent this is a called a _________

correct rejection (yes)

The problem faced by the motion detection system of knowing which feature in frame 2 corresponds to a particular feature in frame 1 is known as the _______ problem.

correspondence

How does a motion detector system know which part of frame 2 corresponds to which part of frame 1?

correspondence problem

How does the visual system put together the images from each eye?

correspondence problem

The problem faced by motion detection system of knowing which feature in frame 2 corresponds to a particular feature in frame 1 is known as the ______

correspondence problem

The problem of determining which bit of the image in the left eye should be matched with which bit of an image in the right eye

correspondence problem

The problem of determining which bit of the image in the left eye should be matched with which bit of image in the right eye is known as the

correspondence problem

The problem of determining which bit of the image in the left eye should be matched with which bit of image in the right eye is known as:

correspondence problem

The problem of dtermining which bit of the image in the left eye should be matched with which bit of image in the right eye is known as the

correspondence problem

images in front of the horopter are displaced to the left in the right eye and to the right in the left eye.

crossed disparity

In a probe detection experiment an invalid cue is a. cue that appears at the wrong time. b. wrong choice by the subject. c. cue that signals the wrong location of the target. d. cue that signals the right location of the target but at the wrong time. e. cue that does not appear.

cue that signals the right location of the target but at the wrong time

In Posner's attentional cuing experiment an invalid cue is a

cue that signals the wrong location of the target

_____ is the idea that basic perceptual experiences may be determined in part by the cultural environment

cultural relativism

_______ is the idea that basic perceptual experiences may be determined in part by the cultural environment. a. Cultural determination b. Culturalism c. Cultural perceptualism d. Cultural relativism e. Chromatic adaptation

cultural relativism

_____ is an enztme used to reveal the regular array of CO blobs, which are spaced .5mm apart in the primary visual cortx

cytochrome oxidase

In what part of the brain is the lateral geniculate nucleus located? a) striate cortex c) retina b) Area V1 d) Thalamus

d) Thalamus

rods are specialized for a) processing color c) sensing rod-like objects b) daylight vision d) night vision

d) night vision

Neurons that are involved in the earliest stages of visual processing respond to edges of a particular angle. for example, one neuron may respond maximally to a vertical edge, another to a horizontal edge, and still another to a diagonal edge. what is this property called? a) spatial frequency tuning c) spatial selectivity b) orientation selectivity d) orientation tuning

d) orientation tuning

Which of the following plays the largest role in light and dark adaptation? a) in bright light, horizontal cells can inhibit photoreceptors to decrease their firing rates b) the eyelids can open wide when there's only di light, but can close into a squint to limit the total amount of light entering the eyes c) the pupil can dilate to let in more light, or constrict to let in less light d) photoreceptors contain a limited amount of photopigment, and regenerate it at a fixed rate

d) photoreceptors contain a limited amount of photopigment, and regenerate it at a fixed rate

In the periphery, most ganglion cells receive input from a) one cone c) one rod b) several cones d) several rods

d) several rods

Which of the following statements is true? a) most non-human animals have more than 3 types of cones b) all animals have 3 types of cones c) only humans have 3 types of cones, other animals have one or more d) some animals have no cones

d) some animals have no cones

What is another name for V1? a) retina c) thalamus b) lateral geniculate nucleus d) striate cortex

d) striate cortex

sensation involves_____, while perception involves _____. a) processing info, taking in that info b) taking in info, thinking about that info c) identifying info, remembering info d) taking in info, processing that info

d) taking in info, processing that info

Contrast refers to a) the brightness of the background surface behind an object b) spatial frequency c) the brightness of an object d) the difference in brightness between two surfaces

d) the difference in brightness between two surfaces

An object's color is based on a)the amount of light it absorbs b) the amount of light it scatters c) the wavelengths of light it absorbs d) the wavelengths of light it scatters

d) the wavelengths of light it scatters

The fluid that fills the eye between the lens and the retina is called a) the cornea c) ocular humor b) aqueous humor d) vitreous humor

d) vitreous humor

Which of the following is NOT a relational violation according to Biederman a. Size: The object appears too large or too small relative to other objects in the scene b. Probability: The object is unlikely to appear in the scene. c. Position: The object is likely to occur in that scene but is unlikely to be in that particular position. d. Color: The object is unlikely to appear with a particular surface color. e. Support: Object does not appear to be resting on a surface

d. Color: The object is unlikely to appear with a particular surface color.

_______ refers to the distance between the location of a retinal image and the fovea. a. Degradation b. Density c. Circularity d. Eccentricity e. Signal strength

d. Eccentricity

The empiricists' famous image of "tabula rasa" (blank slate), was formulated by a. Descartes. b. Hobbes. c. Berkeley. d. Locke. e. Plato.

d. Locke.

which of the following brain regions is most specialized for motion processing? a. optic chiasm b. frontal lobe c. primary visual cortex d. medial temporal area (MT)

d. Medial Temporal area

Which of the following is not a type of cone? a. S‐cone b. M‐cone c. L‐cone d. T‐cone e. All of the above are types of cones.

d. T -cone

Which of the following cannot be used to solve the correspondence problem? a. A low spatial frequency version of the image b. The uniqueness constraint c. The continuity constraint d. The disparity constraint e. All of the above can be used to solve the correspondence problem.

d. The disparity constraint

According to feature integration theory, a. serial processing is necessary to detect any basic features b. parallel processing is impossible c. the correct binding of features to objects does not require attention d. a limited set of features can be processed in parallel preattentively

d. a limited set of features can be processed in parallel preattentively

The purpose of the comparator is to a. plan and execute saccade eye movements b. compare saccades and smooth pursuit eye movements c. plan and execute smooth pursuit eye movements d. determine which retinal image changes are due to eye movements

d. determine which retinal image changes are due to eye movements

In visual search studies, a _______ is any stimulus other than the target. a. set item b. display item c. cued object d. distractor e. filler

d. distractor

The retina is analogous to the _______ in a camera. a. lens b. stop c. flash d. film e. shutter

d. film

The _______ is the brain area that responds preferentially to faces in fMRI studies. a. reticular formation b. striate cortex c. hippocampus d. fusiform gyrus e. parahippocampal area

d. fusiform gyrus

The chemical substance used in neuronal communication at synapses is known as a. axon. b. receptor. c. transducer. d. neurotransmitter. e. lymph.

d. neurotransmitter.

Rods are photoreceptors that are specialized for a. daylight vision. b. sensing rod-like objects. c. transmitting light. d. night vision. e. processing color.

d. night vision.

In the figure below, the "knot" at the center is known as the [x] a. optic nerve. b. LGN. c. striate cortex. d. optic chiasm. e. occipital lobe.

d. optic chiasm.

Topographical mapping is the a. layout of the brain. b. guide to the structures of the brain. c. simultaneous mapping of two objects in the visual system. d. orderly mapping of the world in the LGN and the visual cortex. e. mapping of gyri and sulci in the brain.

d. orderly mapping of the world in the LGN and the visual cortex.

Each retinal ganglion cell responds not only to spots of light but also to certain a. fields of uniform gray. b. circles of uniform gray. c. squares of uniform gray. d. patterns of stripes. e. motion directions.

d. patterns of stripes.

Sensory transducers are a. external stimuli. b. receptors that sense energy. c. used to transfer energy from one person to another. d. receptors that convert physical energy into neural activity. e. areas in the brain that interpret sensations.

d. receptors that convert physical energy into neural activity.

When something strikes a surface, especially light, sound, or heat, and it is redirected (usually back toward its point of origin), it is being a. refracted. b. transmitted. c. scattered. d. reflected. e. absorbed.

d. reflected.

According to Euclidean geometry, parallel lines _______ as they extend through space. a. converge b. diverge c. bend d. remain parallel e. cross

d. remain parallel

One kind of inefficient search is a _______ search. a. looping b. speeded c. vertical d. serial self-terminating e. feature

d. serial self-terminating

One kind of inefficient search is a _______ search. a. looping b. speeded c. vertical d. serial self-terminating e. feature

d. serial self-terminating

Covert attentional shifts involve a(n) a. intentional shift of attention. b. shift of attention accompanied by corresponding movements of the eyes. c. unanticipated shift of attention. d. shift of attention in the absence of corresponding movements of the eyes. e. shift of the eyes without a corresponding shift of attention

d. shift of attention in the absence of corresponding movements of the eyes.

Vibrations transmitted through the tympanic membrane and middle-ear bones cause the _______ to push and pull the flexible window in and out of the vestibular canal at the base of the cochlea. a. helicotrema b. basilar membrane c. round window d. stapes e. pinna

d. stapes

This figure below depicts a(n) a. convergence test. b. occluder. c. metronome. d. stereoscope. e. accommodation test

d. stereoscope.

Using the _______ depth cue you can tell far away something is based on how much detail is visible in the elements on the ground between you and the object. a. occlusion b. aerial perspective c. linear perspective d. texture gradient e. relative height

d. texture gradient

If normal binocular visual stimulation is not experienced during _______ then proper stereo vision might not develop. a. gestation b. adulthood c. adolescence d. the critical period e. the early period

d. the critical period

That a strong motion aftereffect is obtained when one eye is adapted and the other is tested suggests that a. the motion aftereffect works better with one eye. b. adaptation is responsible for the motion aftereffect. c. testing the other eye increases the chance of seeing a motion aftereffect. d. the motion aftereffect occurs in a part of the visual system where information from the two eyes is combined. e. None of the above

d. the motion aftereffect occurs in a part of the visual system where information from the two eyes is combined.

That a strong motion aftereffect is obtained when one eye is adapted and the other is tested suggests that a. the motion aftereffect works better with one eye. b. adaptation is responsible for the motion aftereffect. c. testing the other eye increases the chance of seeing a motion aftereffect. d. the motion aftereffect occurs in a part of the visual system where information from the two eyes is combined. e. None of the above

d. the motion aftereffect occurs in a part of the visual system where information from the two eyes is combined.

Light cannot be a. absorbed. b. refracted. c. dissolved. d. transmitted. e. scattered.

d. transmitted.

Optic ataxia

damage to dorsal pathway, impaired performance during visually guided movements, intact vision, intact ability to move arms

an anesthesia of the chorda tympani causes:

damaged taste(yes)

according to the universe square law, as distances from a source increases, intensity __ faster such that the __ in intensity is the distance squared

decreases, decreases

in retinitis pigmentosa, there is

degeneration of the pigment epithelium

In the figure above, what does D represent?

delay

What does D represent in the above schematic? a. Direction b. Disparity c. Delay d. Difference e. None of the above

delay

Mountains in the distance

depth cue relies on an implicit understanding that light is scattered by the atmosphere, objects farther away are subject to more scatter and appear fainter and less distinct

The visual system makes use of _____ as information to enable our perception of three-dimensional space

depth cues

touch receptors can be found in the epidermis and

dermis (yes)

the gustatory system is responsible for:

detecting nutrients and anti nutrients before we ingest them

what are the steps in color perception

detection, discrimination, appearance

an individual who suffers from color blinness due to the absence of m cones is

deuteronope

Metamers

different mixtures of wavelengths that look identical, more generally any pair of stimuli that are perceived as identical in spite of physical differences

3D glasses

different wavelengths to each eye

__ is a function that describes how the pinna, ear canal, head and torso change the intensity of sound with different frequencies that arrive at each from different locations in space

directional transfer function

_____is a function that describes how the pinna, ear canal, head, and torso change the intensity of sounds with different frequencies that arrive at each ear from different locations in space:

directional transfer function

Light cannot be

dissolved

Source segregation involves the a. distinction of various harmonic sounds. b. tuning to one particular sound. c. combination of various harmonic sounds into one. d. distinction of auditory events in the broader environment. e. missing fundamental

distinction of auditory events in the broader environment

source segregation involves the

distinction of auditory events in the broader environment

In visual search studies, a ____ is any stimulus other than the target.

distractor

In visual search studies, a _______ is any stimulus other than the target. a. set item b. display item c. cued object d. distractor e. filler

distractor

in visual search studies, a ___ is any stimulus other than the target:

distractor

Both eyes rotate outward to fixate on distant objects

divergence

Diplopia

double vision, if visible in both eyes, stimuli falling outside of Panum's fusional area will appear diplopic

______ is when a second sound, frequently noise, is added to make the detection of another sound more difficult. a. Obstruction b. Overshadowing c. Auditory suppression d. Interference e. Masking

e. Masking

________ provide(s) precise quantitative information about distance in the third dimension. a. Relative height b. Aerial perspective c. Occlusion d. Nonmetrical depth cues e. Metrical depth cues

e. Metrical depth cues

Which of the following is an experimental procedure in which stimuli appear in a stream in one location at a quick rate? a. Spatiotemporal attention probe (STAP) b. Reaction Time (RT) analysis c. Repetition blindness (RB) d. Attentional blink (AB) e. Rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP)

e. Rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP)

Which of the following is the inability to perceive more than one object at once? a. Neglect b. Tunnel vision c. Functional fixedness d. Pathological focus e. Simultagnosia

e. Simultagnosia

What is the term for a description of the structure of a scene without reference to the identity of specific objects in the scene? a. Spatial organization b. Physical setting c. Physical organization d. Setting e. Spatial layout

e. Spatial layout

Which of the following is the process by which a sound at a constant level is perceived as being louder when it is of a greater duration? a. Auditory synthesis b. Temporal synthesis c. Auditory analysis d. Auditory intensification e. Temporal integration

e. Temporal integration

To look at the tip of your nose, what kind of eye movement would you make? a. Saccade b. Smooth pursuit c. Rapid Pursuit d. Reflexive e. Vergence

e. Vergence

Hubel and Wiesel concluded that neurons with similar orientation preferences were arranged in _______ that extended vertically through the cortex. a. stacks b. branches c. rows d. tangles e. columns

e. columns

The retina a. is the tough outer covering that protects the eye. b. contains watery fluid. c. focuses the image. d. diffracts light. e. contains rods and cones.

e. contains rods and cones.

If I ask you to taste a lemon and then adjust a light until it is as bright as the lemon is sour, then I have asked you to engage in a. magnitude estimation. b. the method of constant stimuli. c. the method of limits. d. signal detection. e. cross-modality matching.

e. cross-modality matching.

As shown in the photograph below, eye doctors use an instrument called an ophthalmoscope to look at the _______ of their patients' eyes. a. cornea b. iris c. lens d. focal point e. fundus

e. fundus

In _______, known information is combined in an optimal way using Bayes' theorem to determine the best possible performance of someone using that information. a. statistical regression b. analysis of variance c. signal detection analysis d. phantom observer analysis e. ideal observer analysis

e. ideal observer analysis

The purpose of the comparator is to _______ eye movements. a. plan and execute vergence b. plan and execute smooth pursuit c. plan and execute saccadic d. compare saccades with smooth pursuit e. keep track of which image movements on the retina are due to

e. keep track of which image movements on the retina are due to

Spatial frequency refers to the a. flicker rate of a grating. b. distance between the observer and the grating. c. amount of contrast in a room. d. contrast threshold. e. number of cycles of a grating per unit of visual angle.

e. number of cycles of a grating per unit of visual angle.

Spatial frequency channels are often referred to as a. a set of simple cells. b. a set of complex cells. c. orientation tuned cells. d. filters. e. pattern analyzers.

e. pattern analyzers.

10. The collection of light rays that interact with objects in the world in front of a viewer is a. the optic flow field. b. tau. c. sigma. d. the focus of expansion. e. the optic array.

e. the optic array.

The collection of light rays that interact with objects in the world in front of a viewer is a. the optic flow field. b. tau. c. sigma. d. the focus of expansion. e. the optic array.

e. the optic array.

Inefficient search

each additional item in the display imposes a significant cost on the searcher

Interocular transfer is the transfer of an ________

effect from on eye to the other (yes)

Pasternak (1990) reared kittens in a dark room illuminated by light flickering 8 times per second. He found that these rearing conditions

eliminated cat's ability to detect direction of moving stimulus

normal vision that does not require optical correction to see normally

emmetropia

attention can strengthen neural responses called neural ________

enhancement

The average and distribution of properties, like orientation or color, over a set of objects or a region in a scene is/are called the _______ of the scene, and is/are computed by the ______ pathway

ensemble statistics; nonselective

what is being plotted in the graph below

equal loudness curves

Stereoblindness often results from this condition

esotropia

Rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP)

experimental procedure in which stimuli appear in a stream at a rapid rate. used to measure speed of visual object recognition

When a patient with neglect attends to a stimulus on his/her "good" side, he/she cannot attend to a stimulus on the other side. - The attended stimulus cancels out the other stimulus.

extinction

Which of the following is not a cortical area that has been identified as processing very specific forms of visual stimuli?

extrastriate motion pericomplex (EMP)

______ makes it possible to measure localized patterns of activity in the brain by tracing changing levels of blood oxygenation

fMRI

what is the aperture problem?

fact that when a moving object is viewed through an aperture, the direction of motion of a local feature or part of the object may be ambiguous

If a stimulus is absent but the observer reports it as present this is called a

false alarm

Airport security is very tight. If a traveler even jokes about a bomb, they are detained and questioned to ensure that no real terrorist threat succeeds. In terms of signal detection theory, airport security would rather have a __ than a ___

false alarm; miss

if a stimulus is absent but the observer reports is as present, this is called a

false alrm

hands: depicts depth cue of...

familiar size

in the image below the man appears to be shrinking. This depicts the depth cue of

familiar size

In a ___ task, the target is defined by the presence of a single feature, or attribute, such as a salient color or orientation.

feature search

In a _______ task, the target is defined by the presence of a single feature, or attribute, such as a salient color or orientation. a. feature search b. cueing c. visual search d. reaction time e. conjunction search

feature search

search for a target defined by a single attribute such as a salient color or orientation

feature search

In a ___ task, the target is defined by the presence of a single feature, or attribute, such as salient color or orientation.

feature search (yes)

which of the following are the small structures on the tongue causing its bumpy appearance and that have no taste function?

filiform papillae (yes)

The retina is analaguous to the ______ in a camera

film

neuron that allows the passage of some frequencies and blocks the passage of some frequencies and blocks the passage of others is a

filter

Native listeners learn to A) pronounce all possible sounds in all languages. B) pronounce vowels first. C) listen attentively to foreign languages. D) filter out irrelevant acoustic information E)pronounce consonants first

filter out irrelevant acoustic information

the cilia are:

first structures involved in olfactory signal transduction

The point in the center of the horizon. • When moving, all points seem to emanate from the _______

focus of expansion (FOE)

The _______ in forms you of the direction in which you are moving

focus of expansion(yes)

Which of the following are taste bud containing folds of tissue that are located on the rear of the tongue, where the tongue attaches to the mouth?

foliate papillae (yes)

disney world utilizes ___ when designing buildings like cinderella's castle to give them a larger apparent size. AS buildings get taller the elements become smaller. The odd proportions often go unnoticed when viewed from the street level

forced perspective

Cognitive/feature demons

found vertical lines, acute angles, behave like a collection of specialists, each with a specific area of expertiese and individual opinions about what the input might mean

A human or animal that is a tetrachromat would have the following attributes?

four cones

In the ______ single cones pass info o single ganglion via midget bipolar cells

fovea (yes)

The high resolution part of the eye used for detailed vision is called the:

fovea(yes)

During ________, the eyes converge or diverge in order to view a stereogram without a stereoscope

free fusion

Periodicity

frequency and amplitude, phase locking

__ is often the lowest frequency component of a complex periodic sound

fundamental frequency

_______ is the lowest-frequency component of a complex periodic sound. A) Harmonic sound B) Missing fundamental C) Fundamental frequency D) timbre E) pitch

fundamental frequency

_______ is the lowest-frequency component of a complex periodic sound. a. Harmonic sound b. Missing fundamental c. Fundamental frequency d. Timbre e. Pitch

fundamental frequency

which of the following are mushroom shaped structures distributed most densely on the edges of the tongue, especially the tip?

fungiform papillae(yes)

rate saturation occurs when a nerve fiber is firing as rapidly as possible and

further stimulation is incapable of increasing the firing rate

The _____is the brain area that responds preferentially to faces in fMRI studies

fusiform face area FFA (yes)

The _______ is the brain area that responds preferentially to faces in fMRI studies. a. reticular formation b. striate cortex c. hippocampus d. fusiform gyrus e. parahippocampal area

fusiform gyrus

______ emphasize that the perceptual whole is greater thant he sum of its parts

gestalt psychologists

the idea that the whole is more than sum of its part is closely associated with __. This school of thought opposed

gestalt psychology; structuralism

a simple example of __ in auditory event perception is deleting portions of a pure tone and replacing them with noise

good continuation

complete the analogy between language and recognition by components: words are to sentences as

goons are to objects

Larger disparity, ______

greater distance in depth of the object from the horopter

In the case of a negative afterimage, a red stimulus would produce a ______ afterimage.

green

In the hue cancellation experiment depicted below, if the starting color were reddish, you would add

green

hue cancelation experiment, if the starting color were too red, you would add

green

Which of the following colors is not seen by our visual systems?

greenish red

Which of the following colors is "illegal" for our visual systems?

greenish-red

color that is illegal for our visual systems

greenish-red

the spot with the arrow pointing at it is usual interpreted as being on top of a ridge as opposed to in a valley. This depicts the depth cue of

ground plane bias

Which of the following describes the phenomenon of grouping sounds that begin at the same time? a. Grouping by onset b. Grouping by timbre c. Grouping by continuity d. Grouping by decay e. Restoration effects

grouping by onset

A ____ search is one in which attention can be restricted to a subset of possible items on the basis of information about the targets items basic features (eg its color)

guided

Search by restricting attention to a subset of items Restrict based on items' basic features. - color, size, shape - (about 10-20 other types of features)

guided search

the organ of corti is a structure on the basilar membrane composed of ______ and dendrites of auditory nerve fibers.

hair cells (yes)

a cochlear implant provides a sense of sound to a person who is deaf due to damaged __ by directly stimulating the __

hair cells; auditory nerve

which of the following body parts has the largest representation in the somatosensory map?

hand (yes)

_____ perception is knowledge of the world that is derived from sensory receptors in skin, muscles, tendons, and joints and usually involves active exploration:

haptic(yes)

What do the graphs below illustrate? a. The azimuth b. The localization function c. The combination function d. The inverse square law e. Head-related transfer functions

head related transfer function

Lateral inhibition has been used to explain

hermann grid, mach bands, and simultaneous contrast

If a stimulus is present and the observer reports t as present,his is called a

hit (yes)

the lateral pathway in the retina consists of....

horizonal and amacrine cells

imaginary circle

horopter

____ is a surface of zero disparity, or the location of objects whose images lie on corresponding points in the two eyes:

horopter (yes)

chromatic (color) aspect of light

hue

in____, known information is combined in an optimal way using bayes' theorem to determine the best possible performance of someone using that information

ideal observer analysis

In the Newsome and Pare paradigm, an observer's task is to:

identify the direction of motion of the correlated dots.

Incorrect combination of two features in a visual scene. - Example: remember a red X when you saw red letters and Xs, but no red X.

illusory conjunction

Seeing a blue cup when the cupboard contains blue mugs and yellow cups, but no blue cups is referred to as a

illusory conjunction

Seeing a blue cup when the cupboard contains blue mugs and yellow cups, but no blue cups is referred to as a(n)

illusory conjunction

the figure below best depicts

illusory contours

Feature search

in a _____ task, the target is defined by the presence of a single feature, or attribute, such as a salient color or orientation

Hubel and wiesel concluded that neurons with similar orientation preferences were arranged:

in columns that extend vertically throughout he cortex

The difference between crossed disparity and uncrossed disparity is that crossed involves objects that are _____ the plane of fixation, while uncrossed disparity involves objects that are ___ the plane of fixation:

in front of, behind

The difference between crossed disparity and uncrossed disparity is that crossed involves objects that are _____ the plane of fixation, while uncrossed disparity involves objects that are ___ the plane of fixation:

in front of, behind (yes)

The differences between crossed disparity and uncrossed disparity is that crossed disparity involves objects that a re _____ the plane of fixation, while uncrossed disparity involves objects that are ____ the plane of fixation

in front of; behind

Correspondance problem

in motion detection, the problem faced by the motion detection system of knowing which feature in frame 2 corresponds to a particular feature in frame 1

Uniqueness constraint

in stereopsis, the observation that a feature in the world is represented exactly once in each retinal image simplifies the correspondence problem In opposite direction, the visual system knows that each monocular image feature should be paired with exactly one feature in the other image

Continuity constraint

in stereopsis, the observation that, except at the edges of objects, neighboring points in the world lie at similar distances from the viewer one of several constraints that have been proposed to help solve the correspondence problem

identify the direction of motion of the correlated dots

in the Newsome and Pare paradigm, an observer's task is to...

The critical period

in the study of development, a period of time when the organism is particularly susceptible to developmental change

Supression

in vision, the inhibition of an unwanted image

Extinciton

in visual attention, the inability to perceive a stimulus to one side of the point of fixation in the presence of another stimulus, typically in a comparable position in the other visual field

The "focus of expansion" informs you of the direction

in which you are moving

The "focus of expansion" informs you of the direction

in which you are moving.

Achromatopsia

inability to perceive colors that is caused by damage to the central nervous system

Illusory conjunction

incorrect combination of two features. (i.e. seeing a red H when the display contains red letters and Hs but no red Hs

According to the inverse-square law, as distance from a source _______, intensity_______ faster such that the _______ in intensity is the distance squared. A) increases; increases; increase B) decreases; decreases; decrease C) decreases; decreases; increase D) increases; decreases; decrease

increases, decreases, decrease

Evidence indicates that structures in ___ cortex are especially important in end-stage object recognition processes

inferotemporal

evidence indicates that structures in _____ cortex are especially important in end-stage object recognition

inferotemporal

Evidence indicates that structures in the ____________ are especially important in end stage object recognition processes

inferotemporal cortex

depth cues

information about the 3rd dimension (depth) or visual space. Depth cues may be monocular or binocular

scene-based guidance

information in our understanding of scened that help us find specific objects in scenes

Tau

information in the optic flow that could signal time to collision without the necessity of estimating either absolute distances or rates, advantage is that it relies solely on information directly available on the retinal image, ratio of retinal image size at any moment to the rate at which the image is expanding is tau

the ____ is the location where fine changes in sound pressure in the environment are translated into neural signals

inner ear (yes)\

crossed disparity involves objects that are __ the imaginary circle above, while uncrossed disparity involves objects that are__ the imaginary circle above

inside; outside

the ______ is the difference in time between a sound arriving at one ear versus the other and it helps us to localize sound

inter-aural time difference(yes)

The figure below shows _______ for tones of different frequencies presented at different positions around the head. a. interaural intensity differences b. cones of confusion c. pitch differences d. loudness differences e. interaural time differences

interaural intensity differences

Which of the following methods of sound localization between the two ears is used most often for tones of very high frequencies? a. Interaural time differences b. Interaural level differences c. Interaural frequency differences d. Interaural echo differences e. None of the above

interaural level differences

The _______ is the difference in time between a sound arriving at one ear versus the other and it helps us localize sound. a. azimuth b. interaural time difference c. interaural level difference d. cone of confusion e. sound shadow

interaural time difference

Which of the following methods of sound localization between the two ears is used most often for tones of very low frequencies? a. Interaural time differences b. Interaural level differences c. Interaural frequency differences d. Interaural echo differences e. None of the above

interaural time differences

The transfer of an effect (such as adaptation) from one eye to another. • Stare at a waterfall with one eye closed, then at a wall with both eyes. - Still get the effect.

interocular transfer

Monocular cues to depth

interposition, size, size-distance coupling, Emmert's law, size constancy and illusions of depth, linear perspective, texture gradients, arial perspective, height in the image, relative movement, shading and shadows

the perfect placement of a home theater subwoofer is not critical compared to the main speakers because __ are almost non existent __ 100hz

intramural level differences below

the _ is the difference between when a sound arrives at one ear versus the other

intramural time difference

cues that are incorrect

invalid

covert attentional shifts

involve a shift of attention in the absence of corresponding movements of the eyes

The visual field on the same side as a brain lesion

ipsilesional field

Of the three classical psychophysical methods, the method of constant stimuli

is most accurate, but takes the most amount of time

The insular cortex

is the first and primary cortical processing area for taste

as the auditory system ages what will naturally happen to the audibility threshold in the graph above?

it will rise

Which character was the tallest on the lord of the rings in real life

john rhys davies

The purpose of the comparator is to _____ eye movements

keep track of which image movements on the retina are due to

The purpose of the comparator is to _______ eye movements. a. plan and execute vergence b. plan and execute smooth pursuit c. keep track of which image movements on the retina are from

keep track of which image movements on the retina are from

The purpose of the comparator is to _______ eye movements

keep track of which image movements on the retina are from (yes)

The ____is a relay station in the brain stem where inputs form both ears contribute to the direction of interaural level differences.

lateral superior olive(yes)

Neurons that are sensitive to intensity differences between the two ears can be found in the a. medial superior olives. b. lateral superior olives. c. brain stem. d. cochlear muscles. e. ossicles.

lateral superior olives

The _______ are relay stations in the brain stem where inputs from both ears contribute to the detection of interaural time differences. a. medial superior olives b. cochleas c. pons d. lateral superior olives e. frontal lobesf

lateral superior olives

the _ are relay stations in the brain stem where inputs from both ears contribute to the detection of intramural level differences

lateral superior olives

Topographical mapping is the

layout of the brain

A ____is often responsible for our disliking of a particular food after gastric illness:

learned taste aversion

The blue circles in the interaural time difference diagram below refer to locations from which sound reaches the _______ first. a. right ear b. left ear c. brain stem d. pons e. superior olive

left ear

The right visual field projects to the __ half of each eye and then is analyzed by the LGN in the ___ hemisphere

left; left

The structure that becomes thicker or thinner to allow images to be focused onto the back to the eye is called the

lens

accommodation is the process durin with the ____ of the eye changes its shape

lens

The structure that becomes thicker and thinner to allow images to be focused onto the back of he eye is called the:

lens (yes)

compared to those who moved away native residents of the remote easter island are

less likely to suffer hearing loss since they live in a quite enviornment

Problem with Depth Perception

light doesn't tell us how far it has travelled, our retinas are effectively 2D

The method of ___ requires the experimenter to vary a perceptible stimulus until it is no longer perceived or an imperceptible stimulus until it is finally perceived

limits

The psychophysical method in which stimuli of varying intensities are presented in ascending and descending orders in discrete steps is called the method of

limits

subordinate level category term

limo (most detailed)

which motion stimulus would yield the largest response from vestibular system?

linear acceleration

The diagram illustrates the _______ depth cue.

linear perspective

converging lines illustrates

linear perspective

despite being the exact same length in the image one man appears taller because of which depth cue?

linear perspective

What is the "aperture problem"? a. We cannot perceive motion seen through apertures. b. We cannot perceive forms seen through apertures. c.local edge motion within a single aperature is ambiguous

local edge motion within a single aperature is ambiguous

in class I demonstrated that adaptation could reduce sensitivity to specific spatial frequencies but not dalmatians. This is because spatial frequencies detection is __ in the brain and our mental representations of dalmatians are __

localized; distributed

when trying to focus on a single instrument while listening to the radio. Which auditory grouping principle would not help if the radio only has one speaker?

location

Visual search

looking for a target in a display containing distracting elements

Middle vision

loosely defined stage of visual processing that comes after basic features have been extracted from the image and before object recognition and scene understanding

the amplitude of a sound is the

magnitude of displacement of a sound pressure wave.

The axons of retinal ganglion cells synapse into

magnocellular layers

in which of the following orders does sound travel through the middle ear

malleus, incus , stapes

Vibrations from the eardrum pass through the ossicles in the following order:

malleus, incus, stapes

vibrations from the eardrum pass through the ossicles in the following order:

malleus, incus, stapes(yes)

Which of the following brain regions is most specialized for motion processing?

medial temporal area

which of the following brain regions is most specialized for motion processing?:

medial temporal area

which of the following brain regions is most specialized for motion processing?:

medial temporal area(yes)

the ______ are relay stations in the brain stem where inputs from both ears contribute to the detection of the inter aural time differences:

meidal superior olives(yes)

mechanoreceptors that have a fast adaptation rate and small receptive field size are called

meissener corpuscles

Dynamic mental representation

memory representations for moving (dynamic) images, present a sequence of images of an object in motion, test the memory for the last item in the sequence, people's memory will extrapolate and reconstruct a memory going beyond the last image presented

mechanoreceptors that have a slow adaption rate and small receptive field size are called:

merkel cell neurite complexes.

_______ are different mixtures of wavelengths that look identical. a. Subtractive light mixtures b. Additive light mixtures c. Hues d. Metamers e. Illuminants

metamers

the spotlight metaphor

metaphor for attention-sweeps across space in a similar manner to a spotlight

The ___________ requires the random presentation of many stimuli ranging from rarely to almost always perceivable one at a time

method of constant stimuli (yes)

____ are slender projections on the tips of some taste bud cells that extend into the taste pore:

microvilli (yes)

the _____ consists of three tiny bones called ossicles.

middle ear (yes)

Nonmetrical stereopsis

might just tell you that a feature lies in front of or behind the plane of fixation

when driving in a car the fact that light posts by the side of the road move faster across your eye than distant buildings do is known as the visual cue of

minion parallax

If a stimulus is present and the observer reports it as absent this is called a

miss

Innocent until proven guilty- would rather have a:

miss than a false alarm (yes)

The criminal justice system in the U.S. is designed to be biased such that it would rather let a guilty person go free than convict an innocent person. In terms of signal detection theory, the courts would rather have a __ than ____

miss; false alarm

Even if the lowest frequency of a harmonic sound is removed, as in the figure below, listeners still hear the pitch of this a. timbre. b. missing fundamental. c. vibration. d. attack. e. chord.

missing fundamental

_________ depth cues need information from only one eye

monocular

There are two types of cues to an object's location in space called _________ & _________ depth cues

monocular & binocular

Interposition

monocular cue that relies on occlusion

a complex tone is a sound of wave consisting of

more than one sinusoidal component of different frequencies

a complex tone is a sound wave consisting of

more than one sinusoidal component of different frequencies

a change in an object's position over time

motion

Imagine that you are at Niagara Falls, staring at the falling water for a few minutes. When you look away from the water at the crowd, the people seem to be floating upward. What phenomenon have you just experienced?

motion aftereffect

Imagine that you are at Niagara Falls, staring at the falling water for a few minutes. When you look away from the water at the crowd, the poeple seem to be floating upward. What phenomenon have you just experienced?

motion aftereffect

___is the illusion that a stationary object is moving, and occurs after prolonged exposure to a moving object:

motion aftereffect

___is the illusion that a stationary object is moving, and occurs after prolonged exposure to a moving object:

motion aftereffect (yes)

The fact that light posts by the side of the road move faster across your eye than distant buildings while driving is known as the visual cue of _____

motion parallax

When driving in a car, the fact that light posts by the side of the road move faster across your eye than distant buildings do is known as the visual cue of

motion parallax

1.When driving in a car, the fact that light posts by the side of the road move faster across your eye than distant buildings do is known as the visual cue of:

motion parallax (yes)

When driving in a car, the fact that light posts by the side of the road move faster across your eye than distant buildings do is known as the visual cue of

motion parallax.

When driving in a car, the fact that light posts by the side of the road move faster across your eye than distant buildings do is known as the visual cue of

motion parallex

When driving in a car, the fact that light posts by the side of the road move faster across your eye than distant buildings do is known as the visual cue of:

motion parralex

__ typically results from a disagreement between the motion and orientation signals provided by the semicircular canals, otolith organs and vision

motion sickness

During hyperpolarization there is an increase in membrane potential and the innermembrane surface becomes more _______ than the outer membrane surface

negative

during hyperpolarization, there is an increase in membrane potential and the inner membrane surface becomes more_____ than the outer membrane surface

negative

The "line cancellation test" is used to assess a. visual field defects. b. neglect. c. memory problems. d. occipital lobe damage. e. temporal lobe damage.

neglect

The line cancelation test is used to assess ______

neglect

Which of the following is not a symptom of Balint syndrome? a. The spatial localization abilities are greatly reduced. b. Neglect occurs, especially on the left side of the visual field. c. There is an inability to perceive more than one object at a time. d. A tendency to gaze fixedly ahead develops. e. All of the above are symptoms of Balint syndrome.

neglect occurs, especially on the left of the visual field

what is visual neglect? describe test to illustrate this deficit

neglect patients behave as if part of the world were not there. a test to demonstrate this would be providing a sheet of lines and asking a neglect patient to cross out all of the lines, the patient would not cross them all out.

the role of the taste buds is to create the ____ conveyed to the brain by taste nerves.

neural signals(yes)

cues that are uninformative

neutral

In the _______ an observer's task is to identify the motion of the correlated dots

newsome and pare paradigm

Random dot stereograms contain _____ binocular cues

no

a tree falls in the forest and there is no one around to hear it. Does the sound have a loudness and a timbre

no

random dot stereogram

no monocular clues

A random dot stereogram contains

no monocular cues

a random dot stereogram (like the one below) contains

no monocular cues

A random dot stereogram contains

no monocular cues.

the A delta and C fibers are types of:

nociceptors

the T junction pointed to by the arrow in the figure below is an example of a

non accidental property

the T-junction is an example of a

non-accidental feature

A _______ is an individual born without receptors for the bitter PROP

non-taster (yes)

As a depth cue, occlusion provides _______ information.

nonmetrical depth

As a depth cue, occlusion provides___ information

nonmetrical depth

nociceptors transmit information about:

noxious or painful stimuli

Cortical magnification is the ___ devoted to a specific region in the visual field

number of neuronal connections

The left side of the figure above shows the

number of photons emitted by a light source

viewpoint invariance refers to the idea that

objects should be just as easy to recognize from any viewpoint

When Object A obstructs the view of Object B, then A must be closer than B

occlusion

which of the following is a general smell sensation of a particular quantity that might include many aromatic chemicals?

odor(yes)

which of the following refers to a specific aromatic chemical?

odorant(yes)

the shape pattern theory of olfaction is based on the idea that:

odorants shape fit into the olfactory receptors shapes.(yes)

viewer mistakes horizontal lines to be... (/-\)

of different lengths

the ______ is the blueberry sized extension of the brain, just above the nose, where olfactory information is first processed.

olfactory bulb(yes)

the ___ is a narrow space at the back of the nose in which air flows and where the main olfactory epithelium is located

olfactory cleft(yes)

which of the following structures is sometimes called the retina of the nose?

olfactory epitheliun(yes)

one explanation for why our sense of smell and language are so disconnected is that

olfactory information is not integrated in the thalamus prior to processing in the cortex.

A spot of light in the center of a receptive field would optimally activate an:

on center ganglion cell (yes)

According to the figure below, when two rhythms are played together

one rhythm tends to dominate and the non-dominant rhythm is perceptually adjusted to correspond to the dominant rhythm.

Motion aftereffect implies an _______________ in motion. Like color vision (red-green, purple-yellow, blue-orange)

opponent process

crossing point

optic chiasm

The changing angular position of points that we experience as we move through the world.

optic flow

Evidence from labs such as Warren't shows that humans can estimate their direction of heading solely on the basis of

optic flow simulated by moving dots

the ______is the part of the brain responsible for processing olfaction and for assigning affective value to the stimuli:

orbitofrontal cortex

the __ is a structure on the basilar membrane composed of hair cells and dendrites of auditory nerve fibers

organ of corti

The tendency of neurons in striate cortex to correspond optimally to vertain orientations

orientation tuning

The tendency of neurons in the striate cortex to respond optimally to certain orientations and less to others is known as ______

orientation tuning (yes)

The tendency of neurons in striate cortex to respond optimally to certain orientations and less to there is known as

orientation uning

the __ are tiny calcium carbonate stones in the ear that provide inertial mass for the otolith organs enabling them to sense gravity and linear acceleration

otoconia

__ are the mechanical structures in the vestibular system that sense both linear acceleration and gravity. __ are the toroidal tubes in the vestibular system that sense angular motion.

otolith organs, semicircular canals

attention/perception and inference

our conscious experience of the world is the mother of all inferences we man not perceive what we do not expect to see because it doesn't fit in with the current inference

of the two types of hair cells the __ are more numerous. It is the __ hair cells that are primarily responsible for sending signals to the auditory nerve

outer, inner

vibrations transmitted through the tympanic membrane and middle ear bones cause the stapes to to push and pull the __ in and out of the base of the cochlea

oval window

mechanoreceptors that have a fast adaption rate and large receptive field size are called:

pacinian corpuscles

_____ are structures that give the tongue its bumpy appearance:

papillae (yes)

processing multiple stimuli at the same time (all-at-once)

parallel search

in each cerebral hemisphere, a lobe that lies toward the top of the brain between the frontal and occipital lobes

parietal lobe

Inferotemporal cortex

part of the cerebral cortex in the lower part of the temporal lobe, important in object recognition, IT cortex maintains close connections with parts of the brain involved in memory formation

at the same movie what type of technology most likely facilitates the 3d movie effect you see?

passive polarized glasses

spatial frequency channels are often referred to as

pattern analyzers

Interpreting shape of 3D objects from 2D pictures

people take orientation of the flat surface into account-allows them to understand that the picture is, in fact, a picture and not a real thing.

Motion aftereffect

perceiving motion in the opposite direction of what is actually happening after specific motion neurons are stimulated, happens due to neuron fatigue

_______ is a process by which missing or degraded acoustic signals are perceptually replaced. a. Good continuation b. Appropriate grouping rule c. Perceptual filling d. Perceptual restoration e. Auditory stream segregation

perceptual restoration

the perceived sensation form a physically amputated limb of the body is known as:

phantom limb

McCollough Effect

phenomenon of human visual perception in which colorless gratings appear colored contingent on the orientation of the gratings

______ are chemicals emitted by one member of a species that triggers a psychological or behavioral response in another member of the same species:

pheromones

According to feature integration theory, the color, orientation, and other features of objects are initially processed in the _______ stage of processing

preattentive

the purpose of the ear canal is to:

prevent damage to the tympanic membrane (yes)

the brain region responsible for processing smell is known as:

primary olfactory cortex

In a ______ and invalid cue is a cue that signals the wrong location of the target

probe detection experiment

Lesion to parietal lobe

problems directing attention to objects or places on their left

Feed-forward

process that carries out a computation one neural step after another, without need for feedback from a later stage to an earlier stage

The tilt after effect is perceptual illusion of tilt:

produced by adapting to a pattern of given orientation

A ______ is an individual who suffers from a color blindness that is due to the absence of L-cones.

protanope

A _______ is an individual who suffers from color blindness that is due to the absence of L-cones. a. deuteranope b. protanope c. tritanope d. isotope e. color-anomalous individual

protanope

a ____ is an individual who suffers from color blindness that is due to the absence of L cones

protanope

a ____ is an individual who suffers from color blindness that is due to the absence of L cones.

protanope

Texture fields

provide an impression of three-dimensionality are really combinations of relative size and relative height cues

Gestalt grouping principle might lead you to organize the elements into rows (photo)

proximity

which gestalt grouping principle would lead you to organize the elements into rows? Which would lead you to organize them into columns?

proximity; common region

_____is a study of the psychological correlates of the physical dimensions of acoustics

psychoacoustics(yes)

___ is the science of defining quantitative relationships between physical and psychological evens.

psychophysics

The dark circular opening at the center of the eye, where light enters the eye is called the

pupil

Which of the following is not a type of eye movement? a. Vergence b. Saccade c. Rapid pursuit d. Smooth pursuit e. Reflexive

rapid pursuit

which of the following is not a type of eye movement?

rapid pursuit

An "efficient" search is one in which the slope of the function relating _______ time to set size is about 0 ms/item. a. total b. reaction c. item display d. subject's rest e. accuracy

reaction

Saccadic eye movements are made while _____

reading(yes)

Problems of real motion

real motion cannot be generated via Powerpoint on a computer screen, real motion can be seen without retinal motion, as happens when we track a moving object with our eyes

which is not a step toward color perception

recalibration

the region on the retina in which visual stimuli influence a neuron's firing rate

receptive field

Hubel and Wiesel uncovered some important properties of the ___ of neurons in the striate cortex

receptive fields

____ is the biochemical phenomenon, occurring after continual exposure to an odorant, whereby receptors stop responding to an odorant and detection ceases.

receptor adaptation (yes)

A unique blue is one that has no ______ or green tint.

red

A unique blue is one that has no _______ or green tint. a. yellow b. red c. purple d. orange e. None of the above

red

a unique blue is one that has no ____ or green tint

red

A unique blue is one that has no ______ tint

red or green(yes)

If you stared at the right‐hand image of the figure below for 20 seconds, and then looked at the left‐hand image, what colors would the top three circles appear to be, from left to right (i.e., 11:00, 12:00, and 1:00 positions)? a. Blue, green, yellow b. Red, blue, orange c. Red, green, yellow d. Yellow, green, red e. Purple, green, orange

red, green, yellow

the concept in the previous question is also used by disney. Their theme park sidewalks are tinted __ in an effort to convince our brains that nearby plants are __

red; greener

When one makes a saccadic eye movement, there is a _____ sensitivity known as saccadic suppression.

reduction of visual(yes)

Achromatic

referring to any color that lacks a chromatic hue component, black, white or gray

Cyclopean

referring to stimuli that are defined by binocular disparity alone

Euclidean

referring to the geometry of the world // lines remain // as they are extended into space, objects maintain the same size and shape as they move around in space, the internal angles of a triangle always add to 180 degrees, and so forth. geometry becomes non-euclidean when the 3D world is projected onto the curved, 2D surface of the retina

Dichopric

referring to the presentation of two different stimuli, one to each eye. Different than binocular presentation, which could involve both eyes looking at a single stimulus

Dichoptic

referring to the presentation of two stimuli one to each eye.

When something strikes a surface, especial light, sound, or heat and is redirected usually back to point of origin it is being:

reflected

when something strikes a surface, especially light, sound, or heat, and is redirected, it is being

reflected

The vestiblo ocular reflex VOR and optokineetic nystagmus OKN are both examples of _____ eye movements

reflexive

The vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) and optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) are both examples of ______ eye movements.

reflexive

movement of the eye that is automatic and involuntary

reflexive eye movement

A color that is seen only in relation to other colors

related color

the figure below demonstrations that the relative amounts of direct and reverberant energy coming from the listeners neighbor and the singer will inform him of the

relative distances of the two sound sources

rabbits in field big in front small in back

relative height

Compare size between items. • Items appear smaller when they are farther away from us

relative size

According to Euclidean geometry, parallel lines _____ as they extend through space.

remain parallel

according to euclidean geometry, parallel lines __ as they extend through space

remain parallel

Each consonant we produce can be classified according to all but which of the following articulatory dimensions? A) Place of articulation B) Manner of articulation C) Resonation of sound D) Voicing E) All of the above are used in classifying consonants

resonation of sound

"grandmother cell" refers to a neuron that

responds best to one specific object

The structure of the eye that provides about 80% of the eye's focusing power is the

retina

All rods contain the photopigment _____

rhodopsin

______ is a visual pigment found in rods

rhodopsin (yes)

patients with _____damage have problems directing attention to the objects and places on their left

right parietal lobe

patients with _____damage have problems directing attention to the objects and places on their left:

right parietal lobe (yes)

mechanoreceptors that have a slow adaptation rate and large receptive field size are called:

ruffini endings

Parallelism

rule for figure-ground assignment stating that parallel contours are likely to belong to the same figure

Symmetry

rule for figure-ground assignment stating that symmetrical regions are more likely to be seen as figure

A rapid shift from one object or location to another. • Used to scan an image, or react to the sudden appearance of a new object. ex) face of a little girl

saccade

An _______ eye movement rapidly changes fixation from one object or location to another

saccade(yes)

What type of eye movements do we make while reading? a. Saccadic b. Vergence c. Smooth pursuit d. Reflexive e. None of the above

saccadic

Visual sensitivity is reduced during saccades called _____ ________. We are essentially blind while our eye is moving from one point to another.

saccadic suppression

Area V1, primary visual cortex, striate cortex are all names for the:

same thing (yes)

chromatic strength of a hue.

saturation

in the red and black box..... ___changes along the horizonal axis and ___ changes along the vertical axis

saturation, brightness

Structuralists

school of thought believing that complex objects or perceptions could be understood by analysis of the components

what kind of lighting conditions are depected with dim light

scotopic (rods only)

A(n) _______ is the motion of an object that is defined by changes in contrast or texture, but not by luminance.

second-order motion

Kanizsa figure

see an arrow outline even though the vast majority of the shape's lines are missing

which of the following is not one of the principles for summarizing middle vision

seek ambiguity and avoid consensus

ability to detect a stimulus and to turn that into a private experience

sensation (yes)

the doctrine of specific nerve energies involves the stimulation of

sensory fibers

Searching items one-at-a-time

serial search

One kind of inefficient search is a _______

serial self terminating search (yes)

The number of items in the display in a visual search experiment is referred to as the a. parameter of the experiment. b. experimental display. c. set size. d. count. e. complexity.

set size

The number of items in the display in a visual search experiment is referred to as the ?

set size

The number of items in the display in a visual search experiment is referred to as the:

set size

the number of items through which you must search ex) finding your car in the parking lot

set size

attention can affect the neural activity by making it have more focused neural tuning functions called

sharper tuning

Covert attentional shifts involve a(n) a. intentional shift of attention. b. shift of attention accompanied by corresponding movements of the eyes. c. unanticipated shift of attention. d. shift of attention in the absence of corresponding movements of the eyes. e. shift of the eyes without a corresponding shift of attention.

shift of attention in the absence of corresponding movements of the eyes

Wavelength spectrum

short, medium, and long wavelengths, blue, green, yellow and red, red vs. green and yellow vs. blue, 420-violet, 465-blue, 495-green, 570-yellow, 700+-red

Signal detection theory consists of:

signal and noise

auditory grouping based on __ lets us distinguish a note played on the piano from the same note played on a trumpet

similarity of timbre

Disorder where one cannot perceive more than one object at a time

simultagnosia

Which of the following is the inability to perceive more than one object at once? a. Neglectb. Tunnel vision c. Functional fixedness d. Pathological focus e. Simultagnosia

simultagnosia

which of the following is the inability to perceive more than one object at once?

simultagnosia

a visual angle is a measure of the

size an object takes up on the retina

to smoothly follow a moving target. • Can only be done when there is a moving target to follow.

smooth pursuit

During smooth pursuit, the eye moves

smoothly to follow a moving object

During smooth pursuit the eyes move ______

smoothly, to follow a moving object(yes)

During smooth pursuit, the eyes move a. smoothly, to follow a moving object. b. rapidly, while jumping from one object to the next. c. independently. d. with the head.

smoothly. to follow a moving object

____ is the taste quality produced by the hydrogen ion in foods

sour(yes)

in 1862, Snellen constructed a method for determining

spatial frequencies

in a referee's uniform, the number of white and black stripes per inch could be considered its

spatial frequent

What is the term for a description of the structure of a scene without reference to the identity of specific objects in the scene? a. Spatial organization b. Physical setting c. Physical organization d. Setting e. Spatial layout

spatial layout

what is the term for a description of the structure of a scene without reference tot he identity of specific objects in the scene?

spatial layout

The fact that faces are more difficult than many other types of objects to recognize when viewed upseide down is taken to indicate the visual system uses:

special recognition processes for faces that are not used for other types of objects

______theory is the deficiency of a given nutrient procedures craving for that nutrient:

specific hungers

The right side of the figure shows the

spectrum of visible light

each of the following is considered to be a basic taste except:

spicy (yes)

According to the _______ theory, attention moves from point to point. a. visual search b. spotlight attention c. zoom lens d. selective attention e. flashlight attention

spotlight attention

According to the _____ theory attention moves from point to point

spotlight o attention (yes)

____ disrupts binocular vision because one or both eyes are not aligned

stabismus

vibrations transmitted through the tympanic membrane and middle-ear bones cause the ___ to push and pull the flexible window in and out of the vestibular canal at the base of the cochlea.

stapes (yes)

Describe color constancy and how we might achieve this kind of constancy?

state of appearing to be same color regardless of characteristics of surrounding luminance. this can be demonstrated by looking at an object in dim light and flood lights, the objects color will not change.

not moving

static

The theoretical significance of random dot stereograms is that they show that

stereo vision can be achieved only with identifiable shapes

The theoretical significance of random dot stereograms is that they show that

stereo vision can be achieved without identifiable shapes

_____is a measure of the smallest binocular disparity that can generate a sensation of depth:

stereoacuity

_____is a measure of the smallest binocular disparity that can generate a sensation of depth:

stereoacuity (yes)

_____ is a measure of the smallest binocular disparity that can generate a sensation of depth

stereoacutiy

the variation in retinal position (answer to previous question) is the basis for what?

stereogis?

______ allows us to see the world in 3 dimensions

stereopsis

the figure below depicts a

stereoscope

theoretical significance of rds is that they show

stereovision can be acheived without identifiable shapes

Steven's power law describes the relationship between

stimulus magnitude and sensation magnitude

SOA refers to a. stimulus onset asynchrony. b. stimulus of action. c. switching of attention. d. sets of asynchronies. e. None of the above

stimulus onset asynchrony

SOA refers to _______

stimulus onset asynchrony

SOA refers to?

stimulus onset asynchrony

______ disrupts binocular vision because one or both eyes are not aligned properly.

strabismus

_______ disrupts binocular vision because one or both eyes are not aligned properly.

strabismus

Estropia

strabismus in which one eye deviates inward suppression of the input from the eye that is turned in is common

Exotropia

strabismus in which one eye deviates outward

No single neuron receives receives input from both eyes until:

striate cortex (yes)

at a theoretical level what are object representations made of according to the marr's generalized cones of biederman's recognition by components models of object recognition

structural description

A major problem with _____________ is that structural description theories predict that object recognition should usually be viewpoint invariant but in fact recognition has been shown to viewpoint dependent

structural description theories of object recognition

major problem with structural description theories of object recognition is that

structural description theories predict that object recognition SHOULD be viewpoint invariant, but has been shown to be viewpoint dependent

a major problem with structural description theories of object recognition is that

structural descriptions theories predict that object recognition should usually be viewpoint invariant but in fact recognition has shown to viewpoint dependent

Wundt: ______ :: Wertheimer: ______

structuralism; Gestalt psychology

mixing paint to create new colors is an example of_____color mixing, while shining lights to create new colors is an example of ____ color mixing.

subtractive and additive

anaglyph (red/blue) stereogram glasses rely on which of the following to create binocular disparity?

subtractive color mixing

Mixing paints to create new colors is an example of ____ color mixing, which shining lights to create new colors is an example of ____ color mixing.

subtractive; additive

Mixing paints to create new colors is an example of _______ color mixing, while shining lights to create new colors is an example of _______ color mixing. a. additive; subtractive b. subtractive; additive c. additive; multiplicative d. subtractive; multiplicative e. multiplicative; divisive

subtractive; additive

Mixing paints to create new colors is an example of _______ color mixing, while shining lights to create new colors is an example of _______ color mixing.

subtractive; additive

The figure below depicts _______ color mixing and the patch shown appears _______. a. additive; green b. additive; orange c. subtractive; red d. additive; yellow e. subtractive; blue

subtractive; blue

structure in the midbrain; initiates and guides eye movements

superior colliculus

black box white blob. what figure ground assignment principle is most responsible?

surroundedness

which gestalt figure ground assignment principle is most responsible for this interpretation?

surroundedness

which of the following taste sensations is evoked by simple carbohydrates that conform to the chemical formula (CH20)n where n is between 3 and 7?

sweet(yes)

which gestalt grouping principle states that elements that change at the same time should be grouped together

synchrony

Symbolic cues

take longer to work (we need to do more to interpret it) But some behave like fast, peripheral cues (exs: arrow cues and eyes looking one direction or another)

Free fusion

technique of converging (crossing) or diverging (uncrossing) the eyes in order to view a stereogram without a stereoscope

A major problem with ________________ is that we cannot possible store enough templates in memory to match every object we might encounter

template theories of object recognistion

evidence indicates that structures in the __ lobe are especially important in the end stage object recognition process

temporal

Describe attentional blink

tendency not to perccieve or respond to 2nd of two different target stimuli amid a rapid stream of distracting stimuli. specifically 200-500 ms. people who play videogames have reduced attentional blink

That a strong motion aftereffect is obtained when one eye is adapted and the other is test suggests that

testing the other eye increases the chance of seeing a motion aftereffect.

Visual cue that arises from the combination of relative size and relative height

texture gradient

using the __ depth cue you can tell far away something is based on how much detail is visible in the elements on the ground between you and the object

texture gradient

using the _____ depth cue you can tell far away something is based on how much detail is visible in the elements on the ground between you and the object

texture gradient

using the ____depth cue, you can tell far way something is based on how much detail is visible in the elements on the ground between you and the subject:

texture gradient

In Kanwisher et al.'s study, subjects were presented with super imposed images of faces on houses like those below. They found that

the PPA became more active when attending to houses and the FFA became more active when attending to faces

Fusiform gyrus

the ____ is the brain area that responds preferentially to faces in fMRI studies

Divergence

the ability of the two eyes to run outward, often used in order to place the two images of a feature in the world on corresponding locations in the two retinal images, divergence reduces the disparity of that feature to zero (or nearly zero)

Convergence

the ability of the two eyes to turn inward, often used in order to place the two images of a feature in the world on corresponding locations in the two retinal images, convergence reduces the disparity of that feature to zero (or nearly zero) the more we have to converge, the more the lens has to bulge in order to focus on the object

Blindsight

the ability to respond appropriately to visual stimuli in the absence of conscious vision in patients with extensive damage to the primary visual cortex

Stereopsis

the ability to use binocular disparity as a cue to depth Adds a richness to perception of the 3D world

amount of time needed to recognize novel objects is at least partially determined by

the amount the object has been rotated from its studied view

Tarr and his colleagues have found that the amount of time needed to recognize novel objects is at least partially determined by:

the amount the object is rotated from its studied view

Convergence

the angle at which the two eyes point

Vanishing point

the apparent point at which parallel lines receding in depth converge

Ensemble statistics

the average of and distribution of properties like orientation or color over a set of objects or over a region in a scene represent knowledge about the properties of a group (ensemble) of objects or, perhaps we should say, an ensemble of proto-objects

which portion of the figure is interpreted as ground according to the gestalt figure ground assignment principles?

the black portion

Optic flow

the changing angular positions of points in a perspective image that we experience as we move through the world

the figure above demonstrates how

the cochlea is tuned to different frequencies in different areas

Binocular summation

the combination of signals from each eye in ways that make performance on many tasks better than with one eye alone

Binocular rivalry

the competition between the two eyes for control of visual perception which is evident when completely different stimuli are presented to the two eyes part of a larger effort by the visual system to come up with the most likely version of the world given the current retinal images

if normal binocular visual stimulation is not experienced during____then proper stereo vision might not develop

the critical period

Binocular Disparity

the differences between the two retinal images for the same scene, disparity is the basis for stereopsis, a vivid perception of the three dimensionality of the world that is not available with monocular vision

dark room hit head and see stars. only mechanical stimulation, you still experience light. explained by

the doctrine of specific nerve energies

Aperture problem

the fact that when a moving object is viewed through an aperture, the direction of motion of a local feature or part of the object may be ambiguous, relevant issue because every V1 cell sees the world through a small aperture

Global superiority effect

the finding in various experiments that the properties of the whole object take precedence over the properties of the parts of the object

Cortical processing and attention

the first stages of cortical processing are influenced by attention effects seen at early stages in the cortex are quite possible the result of feedback from these later stages of processing

projective geometry

the geometry that describes the transformations that occur when the 3D world is projected onto a 2D surface

_______ is the surface of zero disparity, or the location of objects whose images lie on corresponding points in the two eyes.

the horopter

the imaginary circle in the figure above is known as

the horopter

describe cultural relativism and an example from the perception of color

the idea that basic perceptual experiences may be determined in part by the cultural environment. in color, each group is free to create its own linguistic map of color space.

Autokinetic motion

the illusion of motion in a stationary stimulus appearing in a Ganzfeld, illuminate a tiny white light in an otherwise dark room and soon it will seem to move

Motion aftereffect

the illusion of motion of a stationary object that occurs after prolonged exposure to a moving object

simultagnosia

the inability to perceive more than one object at once

Vieth-Muller circle

the location of objects whose images fall on geometrically corresponding points in the two retinas any objects lying on the imaginary circle that runs through the 2 eyeballs and the object-have zero binocular disparity

Horopter

the location of objects whose images lie on corresponding points, surface of zero disparity These objects are seen as single objects when viewed with both eyes **there is a surface of zero disparity whose position in the world depends on the current state of convergence of the eyes

The word figure in term figure ground assignment refers to:

the main object to be recognized in an image

___ is a psychophysical method in which the participant assigns values according to perceived magnitudes of the stimuli

the method of adjustment

That a strong motion aftereffect is obtained when one eye is adapted and the other is tested suggests that

the motion aftereffect occurs in a part of the visual system where information from the two eyes is combined

Second-order motion

the motion of an object that is defined by changes in contrast or texture but not by luminance

Second-order motion

the motion of an object that is defined by changes in contrast or texture, but not by luminance

First-order motion

the motion of an object that is defined by changes in luminance

the collection of light rays that interact with objects in the world in front of a viewer is

the optic array

the collection of light rays that interact with objects in the world in front of a viewer is:

the optic array(yes)

Reflectance

the percentage of light hitting a surface that is reflected and not absorbed into the surface, typically reflectance is given as a function of wavelength

Brightness

the perceptual consequence of the physical intensity of a light

tilt aftereffect

the perceptual illusion of tilt, produced by adaptation to a pattern of a given orientation, shows interocular transfer (transfer of the effect from one eye to another)

Gestalt psychologists emphasize that

the perceptual whole is greater than the sum of its parts

Neutral point

the point at which an opponent color mechanism is generating no signal, if red-green and yellow-blue mechanisms are at their neutral points, a stimulus will appear achromatic

Focus of expansion

the point in the center of the horizon from which we are in motion

When using the method of limits the absolute threshold is determined by calculating

the point to which the observer detects the intensity change

Correspondence problem (motion)

the problem faced by the motion detection system of knowing which feature in frame 2 corresponds to a particular feature in frame 1

Accommodation

the process by which the eye changes its focus (lens gets fatter as gaze is directed toward nearer objects)

Figure-ground assignment

the process of determining that some regions of an image belong to a foreground object and other regions are part of the background

Naive temporal theory

the proposal that the visual system recognizes objects by matching the neural representation of the image with a stored representation of the same shape in the brain

Saccadic suppression

the reduction of visual sensitivity that occurs when we make saccadic eye movements, eliminates the smear from retinal image motion during an eye movement, acts mainly to suppress information carried by the magnocellular pathway

Extrastriate cortex

the region of cortex bordering the primary visual cortex and containing multiple areas involved in visual processing

Panum's fusional area

the region of space, in front of and behind the horopter, within which binocular single vision is possible

The light sensitive membrane at the back of the eye that contains rods and cones is called:

the retina (yes)

Fourier synthesis

the reverse, adding sine waves to create complex waves

Uncrossed disparity

the sign of disparity created by objects behind the plane of fixation, term uncrossed is used because the images of objects located behind the horopter will appear to be displaced to the right in the right eye, and to the left in the left eye

Crossed disparity

the sign of disparity created by objects in front of the plane of fixation (the horopter), the term crossed is used because images of objects located in front of the horopter appear to be displaced to the left in the right eye, and to the right in the left eye

free fusion

the technique of converging (crossing) or diverging the eyes in order to view a stereogram without a stereoscope

Color constancy

the tendency of a surface to appear the same color under a fairly wide range of illuminants

stereo vision can be achieved without identifiable shapes

the theoretical significance of random dot stereograms is that they show that

altered tuning

the three ways that the responses of a cell could be changed by attention are enhancement, sharper tuning, and _____.

Interocular transfer

the transfer of an effect from one eye to the other

contrast sensitivity/spatial frequency graph. "visible" region

the visibility of any object whose spatial frequencies and contrasts fall within it

Contralesional field

the visual attention on the side opposite a brain lesion.

Double-opponent cells are first found in

the visual cortex

Our perceptions of a 3-dimensions is non-euclidean because _____

the world is projected onto the retina's curved, 2-dimensional surface

binocular striate cortex neurons

their 2 receptive fields are generally very similar in the 2 eyes-nearly identical orientation and spatial-frequency tuning, as well as the same preferred speed and direction of motion respond best when the retinal images are on corresponding points in the 2 images (neural basis for the horopter) OR when similar images occupy slightly different positions on the retinas of the 2 eyes

Feature integration theory

theory of visual attention; basic features can be processed in parallel preattentively; correct binding of features to objects requires attention

Opponent-process theory

theory that perception of color is based on the output of three mechanisms, each of them resulting from an opponency between two colors: red-green, blue-yellow, and black-white, Goethe, Hering, Hurvich and Jameson

Trichromatic theory of color vision

theory that the color of any light is defined in our visual system by the relationships of three cones, Young-Helmholtz theory

the vibration theory of olfaction contends that:

there is a different vibrational frequency for every perceived smell. (yes)

____ are sensory receptors that signal information about changes in skin temperature:

thermoreceptors(yes)

Simple cortical cell

these cells in the striate cortex respond well to the high-contrast lines in the outline of the house

Determining phase

three binaural cues to the direction from which a sound is coming: phase difference between left and right ear, time of arrival difference, and intensity different

which five organs make up the vestibular system?

three semicircular canals and two otolith organs

According to the opponent color theory, the perception of color is based on the output of ______ cones, each of them an opponency between _____ colors.

three; two

According to the opponent color theory, the perception of color is based on the output of ______ cones, each of them an opponency between _______ colors.

three; two

According to the _______ theory, the color of any light is defined in our visual system by the relationships between a set of three numbers. a. univariance b. saturation c. trichromacy d. opponent color e. subtractive color mixing

thricromacy

_______ is the psychological sensation by which a listener can judge that two sounds with the same loudness and pitch are dissimilar. a. Attack b. Decay c. Timbre d. Consonance e. Dissonance

timbre

______ is the complex quality of sound that lets us distinguish a note played on the piano from the same note played on a trumpet

timbre(yes)

When measuring reaction time (RT), we measure the a. time from the onset of a stimulus to a response. b. time before the stimulus appears. c. time between the end of one trial and the beginning of the next. d. total time a subject takes to complete the experiment.

time from the onset of a stimulus to a response

When measuring reaction time we measure the ______

time from the onset of the stimulus to a response. (yes)

What does tau tell you:

time of collision

What does tau tell you? a. Time to collision b. An object's size on the retina c. An object's rate of optical expansion d. Heading e. None of the above

time to collision

beethoven suffered from __ the perception of a sound when no stimulus is present

tinnitus

The primary auditory complex (A1) is organized in a _______ manner

tonotopic(yes)

the primary auditory cortex (a1) is organized in a __ manner

tonotopics

The light energy from an object is ___ into neural energy that can be interpreted by the brain

transduced

Light energy from object is _____ into neural energy to be interpreted by the brain:

transduced (yes)

light energy from an object into neural energy

transduction

According to the ____ theory, the color of any light is defined in our visual system by the relationships between a set of 3 numbers

trichromacy

According to the ______ theory, the color of any light is defined in our visual system by the relationships between a set of three numbers

trichromatic

A ______ is an individual who suffers from color blindness that is due to the absence of S-cones.

tritanope

A _______ is an individual who suffers from colorblindness that is due to the absence of S‐cones. a. deuteranope b. protanope c. tritanope d. isotope e. color‐anomalous individual

tritanope

a ____ is an individual who suffers from color blindness that is due to the absence of S cones:

tritanope

an individual who suffers from color blinness due to the absence of s cones is

tritanope

First-order motion refers to the perception of motion from differences in luminance [true/false]

true

What concept does the figure below illustrate? a. Sound ambiguities cannot be resolved even if the observer turns their head. b. After hearing a noise, people usually turn their heads reflexively. c. Interaural time differences do not allow for sound localization. d. Interaural level differences do not allow for sound localization. e. Turning one's head can help with sound localization.

turning one's head can help with sound lcalization

the person below is attempting to locate the frog. What concept does the figure illustrate

turning ones headman help with sound localization

axons of retinal ganglion synapse in the

two LGN (yes)

sometimes called the fifth taste:

umami (yes)

Images behind the horopter are displaced to the right in the right eye and to the left in the left eye.

uncrossed disparity

A color that can be experienced in isolation

unrelated color

which circular object in the figure above will have the greatest amount of diplopia?

upper right

To isolate the rode portion of the dark adaptation curve, researchers

use rod monochromats as the participants

cues that are correct

valid

Parallel lines in the world appear to meet at a single location called the

vanishing point

Parallel lines in the world appear to meet at a single location called the _____

vanishing point

The apparent point at which parallel lines receding in depth converge

vanishing point

parallel lines in the world appear to meet at a single location called

vanishing point

__ is an illusory sense of self motion produced when you are not in fact moving

vection

superordinate level category term

vehicle

to look at the tip of your nose, what kind of eye movements would you make?

vergence

type of eye movement in which the two eyes move in opposite directions; for ex, both eyes turn toward the nose or away from the nose

vergence

to look at the tip of your nose, what kind of eye movements would you make?

vergence (yes)

to test recognition by components subjects were presented with an intact or contour deleted images of objects and then asked to name them as quickly as possible. The researchers found that recognition performance was more severely impaired by __ deletion compared to midsection deletion.

vertex & geon

the __ reflex helps us see visual stimuli clearly even when the head is moving

vestibulo ocular

the figure below shows what happens when __ causes a displacement along the cochlear partition

vibration

specific anosmia and the study of stereoisomers provide evidence against the _____ theory of olfactory perception

vibration(yes)

double opponent cells are first found in:

visual cortex (yes!)

The Deleterious effect of clutter on peripheral object recognition is known as:

visual crowding

Brain injury that leads to loss of vision in part of the visual field

visual-field defect

Light can be described as a stream of photons or a(n)

wave

a major problem with template theories of object reognition is that

we cannot possibly st0re enough templates in our memory to match every object we might encounter

a major problem with template theories of object recognition is that

we cannot possibly store enough templates in memory to match every object we might encounter

Navon found the big letter (E) interfered with the naming of the small letters (G) more than the small interfered with the big. this indicates

we process global aspects of an image before local aspects

The ventral extrastriate pathway has also been labeled the ___ pathway

what

The blind spot is located

where the optic nerve leaves the eye

binocular

with 2 eyes binocular visual fields give predator animals such as humans a better chance to spot small, fast-moving objects in front of them that might provide danger

binocular

with two eyes

any point lying on the horopter gives you a disparity of _____

zero