Sensation and Perception Combo
- attention is in one region of space - moves from one point to the next
"Spotlight" model
attended region can grow or shrink
"Zoom lens" model
Representation of scenes...
-generated by information from the selective and nonselective pathways & is very powerful 1. gives rise to our perception of a world full of coherent objects in a coherent scene, even before we have a chance to attend to most of those objects 2. easily stored in memory (people are really good at remembering pictures)
Layers ___ of the LGN in the left hemisphere recieve input from the left eye
1, 4, 6
Binocular vision development
1. As children get older, they get better at things 2. Whatever it is, girls do it before boys 3. Everything develops with everything else (visual development doesn't provide support for this one-violates it) infants=blind to disparity until about 4 months once infant develops stereopsis, stereoacuity increases rapidly to near adult levels Although newborn infants make convergence eye movements to track a target as it approaches their nose, accurate and consistent convergence probably does not occur until they are 3-4 months old
How does light go into the eye? (in order)
1. Cornea 2. Aqueous Humor 3. Pupil 4. Lens 5. Vitreous Humor 6. Retina
what are the three types of search tasks?
1. color 2. orientation 3. conjunction
2 pathway approach to scene perception
1. selective 2. non-selective
using the red, green, and blue sliders on a color picking tool, what combo makes yellow?
100% red, 100% green 0% blue
Using the red, green, and blue sliders on a color picking tool (such as the one depicted in the text), which of the following combinations makes yellow? a. 0% red, 100% green, and 100% blue. b. 100% red, 0% green, and 100% blue. c. 100% red, 100% green, and 0% blue. d. 50% red, 50% green, and 50% blue. e. 100% red, 0% green, and 50% blue.
100% red, 100% green, and 0% blue.
The range of human hearing is between ________ Hz.
20 and 20,000
humans can hear frequencies between
20htz 20,ooohz
According to the opponent color theory, the perception of color is based on the output of ______ each of them opponency between ______
3 cones, 2 colors (yes)
Bilint Syndrome
3 major symptoms: 1. Spatial localization abilities are generally reduced-hard time trying to reach toward an object. 2. Don't move their eyes very much-tend to gaze fixedly ahead 3. behave as if they can see only one object at a time (simultagnosia) binding errors are much more severe
according to the opponent color theory, the perception of color is based on the output of ____ cones, wahc of them an opponency between ___ colors
3, 2
The ___ world (height, width, depth) is projected onto our ___ (height, width) retinas
3-D 2-D
Using Weber's Law, the difference threshold for a 100 gram weight standard is 2 grams, then the difference threshold when using a 200 gram standard would be ___ grams.
4
Visible light is between ___ and ___nm within the electromagnetic spectrum
400; 700
An object appears black in normal sunlight reflects what percentage of the light that hits it?
5%
Absolute threshold is the minimum amount of stimulation needed to detect a stimulus _____ of the time
50% (yes)
In a typical visual search experiment, the target would be present in _______% of the trials and absent in _______% of the trials a.30;70 b. 70;30 c. 50;50 d. 80;20 e. 90;10
50;50
Boo throws a heavy ball through a hoop that is 10 yards away, and then estimates that the hoop is 12 yards away. The next day, she throws a lighter ball at the hoop that is 10 yards away, and asked to make the estimate how far away the hoop is. Boo is most likely to estimate that the hoop is ___ yards away.
8 yards
Stevens Power Law describes the relationship between __ and __
?
__ is the difference between the two retinal images of the same scene. It is the basis of stereopsis. A. Binocular disparity B. Depth perception C. Binocular summation D. Accommodation
A Binocular disparity
Proximity
A Gestalt grouping rule stating that the tendency of two features to group together will increase as the distance between them decreases
color-anomalous
A better term for what is usually called "color-blind." Most "color-blind" individuals can still make discriminations based on wavelength, but the discriminations are different from the norm.
color-anomalous
A better term for what is usually called "color-blind." Most "color-blind" individuals can still make discriminations based on wavelength. Those discriminations are different from the norm—that is, anomalous.
Attention can change the preferences of a neuron
A cell that was initially tuned to vertical lines might come to respond better to a different orientation under the influence of attention
double-opponent cell
A cell type, found in the visual cortex, in which one region is excited by one cone type, combination of cones, or color and inhibited by the opponent cones or color (e.g., R+/G-). Another adjacent region would be inhibited by the first input and excited by the second (thus, in this example, R-/G+).
cone-opponent cell
A cell type—found in the retina, lateral geniculate nucleus, and visual cortex—that, in effect, subtracts one type of cone input from another.
color contrast
A color perception effect in which the color of one region induces the opponent color in a neighboring region.
color assimilation
A color perception effect in which two colors bleed into each other, each taking on some of the chromatic quality of the other.
unrelated color
A color that can be experienced in isolation
unrelated color
A color that can be experienced in isolation.
related color
A color, such as brown or gray, that is seen only in relation to other colors. For example, a "gray" patch in complete darkness appears white.
An area of the visual system that receives one copy of the order issued by the motor system when the eyes move is called
A comparator
An area of the visual system that receives one copy of the order issued by the motor system when the eyes move is called?
A comparator
relative size
A comparison of size between items without knowing the absolute size of either one.
_____ is a neuron whose receptive field characteristics cannot be easil predicted by mapping with spots of light
A complex cell
L-cone
A cone that is preferentially sensitive to long wavelengths; colloquially (but not entirely accurately) known as a "red cone."
M-cone
A cone that is preferentially sensitive to middle wavelengths; colloquially (but not entirely accurately) known as a "green cone."
S cone
A cone that is preferentially sensitive to short wavelengths; colloquially (but not entirely accurately) known as a "blue cone."
pictorial depth cue
A cue to distance or depth used by artists to depict three-dimensional depth in two-dimensional pictures.
Occlusion
A cue to relative depth order in which one object obstructs the view of part of another object gives information about the relative position of objects
occlusion
A cue to relative depth order in which, for example, one object obstructs the view of part of another object.
familiar size
A depth cue based on knowledge of the typical size of objects like humans or pennies.
linear perspective
A depth cue based on the fact that lines that are parallel in the three-dimensional world will appear to converge in a two-dimensional image.
texture gradient
A depth cue based on the geometric fact that items of the same size form smaller images when they are farther away. An array of items that change in size smoothly across the image will appear to form a surface tilted in depth.
aerial perspective (or haze)
A depth cue based on the implicit understanding that light is scattered by the atmosphere. More light is scattered when we look through more atmosphere. Thus, more distant objects are subject to more scatter and appear fainter, bluer, and less distinct.
relative metrical depth cue
A depth cue that could specify, for example, that object A is twice as far away as object B without providing information about the absolute distance to either A or B.
monocular depth cue
A depth cue that is available even when the world is viewed with one eye alone.
nonmetrical depth cue
A depth cue that provides information about the depth order (relative depth) but not depth magnitude (e.g., his nose is in front of his face).
absolute metrical depth cue
A depth cue that provides quantifiable information about distance in the third dimension (e.g., his nose sticks out 4 centimeters in front of his face).
metrical depth cue
A depth cue that provides quantitative information about distance in the third dimension.
binocular depth cue
A depth cue that relies on information from both eyes.
binocular depth cue
A depth cue that relies on information from both eyes. Stereopsis is the primary example in humans, but convergence and the ability of two eyes to see more of an object that one eye sees are also binocular depth cues
stereoscope
A device for simultaneously presenting one image to one eye and another image to the other eye.
repetition blindness
A failure to detect the second occurrence of an identical letter, word, or picture in a rapidly presented stream of stimuli when the second occurrence falls within 200-500 milliseconds of the first.
inattentional blindness
A failure to notice—or at least to report—a stimulus that would be easily reportable if it were attended.
agnosia
A failure to recognize objects in spite of the ability to see them, typically due to brain damage.
agnosia
A failure to recognize objects in spite of the ability to see them. Agnosia is typically due to brain damage.
corresponding retinal points
A geometric concept stating that points on the retina of each eye where the monocular retinal images of a single object are formed are at the same distance from the fovea in each eye.
Similarity
A gestalt grouping rule that the tendency of two features to group together will increase as similarity between them increases
proto-object
A loose collection of unbound features (size, color, and so forth) that will be a recognizable object, once attended.
stereoacuity
A measure of the smallest binocular disparity that can generate a sensation of depth.
reaction time (RT)
A measure of the time from the onset of a stimulus to a response.
strabismus
A misalignment of the two eyes such that a single object in space is imaged on the fovea of one eye, and on a nonfoveal area of the other (turned) eye.
Strabismus
A misalignment of the two eyes such that a single object in space is imaged on the fovea of one eye, and on the nonfoveal area of the other (turned) eye
additive color mixture
A mixture of lights. If light A and light B are both reflected from a surface to the eye, in the perception of color the effects of those two lights add together.
subtractive color mixture
A mixture of pigments. If pigments A and B mix, some of the light shining on the surface will be absorbed by A, and some by B. Only the remainder contributes to the perception of color.
reflexive eye movement
A movement of the eye that is automatic and involuntary.
critical period
A period of time during development when the organism is particularly susceptible to developmental change.
positivism
A philosophical position arguing that all we really have to go on is the evidence of the senses, so the world might be nothing more than an elaborate hallucination.
Realism
A philosophical position arguing that there is a real world to sense
realism
A philosophical position arguing that there is a real world to sense.
visual-field defect
A portion of the visual field with no vision or with abnormal vision, typically resulting from damage to the visual nervous system
visual-field defect
A portion of the visual field with no vision or with abnormal vision, typically resulting from damage to the visual nervous system.
The figure above is an example of? (square dot boxes)
A random dot sterogram
akinetopsia
A rare neuropsychological disorder in which the affected individual has no perception of motion.
fusiform face area (FFA)
A region of extrastriate visual cortex in humans that is specifically and reliably activated by human faces.
parahippocampal place area (PPA)
A region of extrastriate visual cortex in humans that is specifically and reliably activated more by images of places than by other stimuli
parahippocampal place area (PPA)
A region of extrastriate visual cortex in humans that is specifically and reliably activated more by images of places than by other stimuli.
Fusiform face area (FFA)
A region of extrastriate visual cortex in humans that is specifically and reliably activates by human faces
Which of the following stimuli is most likely to show the greatest representational momentum?
A rocket
Conjunction search
A search for a target defined by the presence of two or more attributes
Serial self-terminating search
A search from item to item, ending when a target is found or until all items have been checked used for spacial configuring searches
serial self-terminating search
A search from item to item, ending when a target is found.
Parallel search
A search in which multiple stimuli are processed at the same time.
parallel search
A search in which multiple stimuli are processed at the same time.
Which of the following stimuli would optimally activate an ON-center ganglion cell?
A spot of light in the center of the receptive field
random dot stereogram (RDS)
A stereogram made of a large number (often in the thousands) of randomly placed dots containing no monocular cues to depth.
Cue
A stimulus that might indicate where (or what) a subsequent stimulus will be. Can be valid (giving correct information), invalid (incorrect), or neutral (uninformative)
cue
A stimulus that might indicate where (or what) a subsequent stimulus will be. Cues can be valid (giving correct information), invalid (incorrect), or neutral (uninformative).
adapting stimulus
A stimulus whose removal produces a change in visual perception or sensitivity.
superior colliculus
A structure in the midbrain that is important in initiating and guiding eye movements.
lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)
A structure in the thalamus, part of the midbrain, that receives input from the retinal ganglion cells and has input and output connections to the visual cortex.
ideal observer
A theoretical observer with complete access to the best available information and the ability to combine different sources of information in the optimal manner.
vergence
A type of eye movement in which the two eyes move in opposite directions; for example, both eyes turn toward the nose (convergence) or away from the nose (divergence).
saccade
A type of eye movement, made both voluntarily and involuntarily, in which the eyes rapidly change fixation from one object or location to another.
smooth pursuit
A type of voluntary eye movement in which the eyes move smoothly to follow a moving object.
afterimage
A visual image seen after the stimulus has been removed.
Bayesian approach
A way of formalizing the idea that our perception is a combination of the current stimulus and our knowledge about the conditions of the world—what is and is not likely to occur.
A monkey with an intact MT cortex can detect the direction of moving dots when coherence is ____%, while a monkey that has had the MT cortex lesioned detects the direction of the moving dots when coherence is _____%. A. 1-2 ... 10-20 B. 10-20 ... 1-2 C. 1-2 ... 1-2 D. 10-20 ... 1-2
A. 1-2 ... 10-20
The range of human hearing spans from ______________. A. 20-20,000 dB B. 0-140 dB C. 40-200 dB D. 20-160 dB
A. 20-20,000 dB
According to the Young-Helmholtz theory of color vision, the human eye contains ___ different kinds of wavelength-selective cells. A.3 B.4 C.6 D.700
A. 3
By convention, most psychophysicists use the ______ response level as a measure for a noticeable increment in the stimulus. A. 50% B. 75% C. 25% D. There is no conventional response level used.
A. 50%
Damage to visual area V4 can produce a loss of color vision called A. achromatopsia. B. acrhomatica. C. color blindness. D. color vision deficiency.
A. Achromatopsia
Which of the following is a basic level category term? A. Bird B. Sparrow C. Animal D. Limousine E. All of the above
A. Bird
In the case of a negative afterimage, adapting to a yellow stimulus would produce a _______ afterimage. A. blue B. green C. red D. black
A. Blue
Which Gestalt grouping principle states that elements moving in the same direction should be grouped together? A.Common fate B.Good continuation C.Synchrony D.Parallelism
A. Common fate
Which of the following is true about color? A. It is entirely a psychological property. B. It is a fundamental property of light. C. It is an inherent property of objects. D. All of the above.
A. It is entirely a psychological property.
The right visual field projects to the ___ half of each eye and then is analyzed by the LGN in the ___ hemisphere. A.left; left B.left; right C.right; left D.right; right
A. Left; left
The aperture problem is solved by the pooling of responses of a number of V1 neurons. Physiological evidence suggests that this pooling occurs in the ____, a nucleus in the _____stream. A. MT cortex ... dorsal B. MTcortex...ventral C. PF cortex ... "what" D. PF cortex ... "how"
A. MT cortex ... dorsal
Marcie is participating in a signal detection experiment and she is paid $1 for every hit that she has and has to pay $2 for a false alarm. In this situation: A. Marcie will have a lot of hits and a lot of false alarms. B. Marcie'scriterionwillbeshiftedtowardtheleft. C. Marcie's criterion will land her on the lower end of the ROC curve. D. Marcie will have few false alarms and a lot of hits.
A. Marcie will have a lot of hits and a lot of false alarms. ?
_______ is an important depth cue that is based on head movement. A. Motion parallax B. Familiarsize C. Convergence D. Vanishing point E. Stereopsis
A. Motion parallax
As a depth cue, occlusion provides ___ information. A. nonmetrical depth B. relative height C. absolute metrical depth D. relative metrical depth
A. Nonmetrical depth
The notion that says that human color vision is the result of three channels, two chromatic and one achromatic, is called the ___ theory. A. opponent color B. Fechner-Weber C. Young-Helmholtz D. trichromatic
A. Opponent color
Color-selective cells can be found in what layer(s) of LGN? A. P B. M C. K D. Both P and M
A. P
The imaginary circle in the figure below is known as... A. the horopter. B. the stereo circle. C. the vanishing point. D. Panum's circle.
A. The horopter
If somebody has 20/100 vision, what does this mean? A.They see at 20 feet what a person with normal vision sees at 100 feet. B.They see at 100 feet what a person with normal vision sees at 20 feet. C.Only 20 of 100 people have vision as poor as theirs. D.Only 20 of 100 people have vision better than theirs.
A. They see at 20 feet what a person with normal vision sees at 100 feet.
Which of the following areas is not part of extrastriate cortex? A.V1 B.V2 C.V3 D.All of the above are part of extrastriate cortex.
A. V1
The Ames room illusion involves: A. a breakdown of size constancy. B. our belief that inside corners are farther away than outside corners. C. a breakdown of distance constancy. D. our belief that people who are farther away are smaller
A. a breakdown of size constancy.
An area of the visual system that receives one copy of the order issued by the motor system when the eyes move is called: A. a comparator. B. thesuperiorcolliculus. C. thecaudalmidbrain. D. the parietal lobe. E. the cerebellum.
A. a comparator.
The acuity-eccentricity relationship can best be described as having: A. a horizontal line showing equal acuity at all areas in the retina. B. agradualincreasetothefovea. C. a sharp rise in the fovea accompanied by a rapid and symmetrical decline on either side. D. a sharp rise in the fovea accompanied by a gradual and asymmetrical decline on both sides.
A. a horizontal line showing equal acuity at all areas in the retina.
When adding colors, blue and yellow create white under ______ color mixing but create green under ______ color mixing. A. additive ... subtractive B. subtractive...additive C. additive...multiplicative D. multiplicative ... subtractive
A. additive ... subtractive
Rarefaction occurs when: A. air pressure decreases. B. air molecules move away from each other. C. airmoleculescompress. D. air pressure increases
A. air pressure decreases.
Our ability to perceive movement when reading "message boards" used in advertising, is based on: A. apparent motion. B. movementaftereffects. C. "waterfall"effects. D. motion agnosia.
A. apparent motion.
Which of the following optical disorders of the eye occurs because the cornea is more curved along one direction than another? A. astigmatism B. myopia C. presbyopia D. hyperopia
A. astigmatism
During response enhancement, a neuron responding to an attended stimulus might give a _______ response. A. bigger B. smaller C. slower D. surprising E. delayed
A. bigger
If changes in perceptual intensity changed very slowly with increases in physical intensity at low values but changed very dramatically at high values, this would reflect a _______________ relationship between physical intensity and perceptual intensity. A. exponential B. linear C. logarithmic D. functional
A. exponential
The set of environmental points that produce an image at analogous retinal sites for a given fixated object is called the ___________. A. horopter B. binoculardisparity C. distalpoints D. circle of fixation
A. horopter
The idea that the mind is the true reality, and that objects exist only as aspects of the mind's awareness is known as: A. idealism. B. perception. C. dualism. D. empiricism. E. the Matrix.
A. idealism. - materialism
A complex tone is a sound wave consisting of: A. more than one sinusoidal component of different frequencies. B. severalcycles. C. phases. D. periods originating from the same sinusoidal component. E. cycles at more than 1000 Hz.
A. more than one sinusoidal component of different frequencies.
The figure below depicts what can happen when a _______ patient tries to copy a drawing. A. neglect B. Balintsyndrome C. lefttemporallobe D. left parietal lobe E. right temporal lobe
A. neglect
The weighting of eye input to a binocular neuron in area V1 is called _____________. A. ocular dominance B. orientationselectivity C. retinaldisparity D. binocularity
A. ocular dominance
The study of the quantitative relationship between physical and perceptual qualities is called: A. psychophysics. B. psychonomics. C. psychometrics. D. psychophysiology.
A. psychophysics.
Hubel and Wiesel uncovered some important properties of the ___ of neurons in the striate cortex. A.receptive fields B.axons C.photoreceptors D.neurotransmitters
A. receptive fields
What color would you see if you gazed at a green object for 30 seconds and then shifted your gaze to a white screen? A. red B. blue C. yellow D. green
A. red
Someone with protanopia would have a hard time discriminating ________________. A. red from green B. black from white C. green from blue D. yellow from blue
A. red from green
When one makes a saccadic eye movement, there is a(n) _______ sensitivity known as saccadic suppression. A. reduction of visual B. increaseofvisual C. accelerationofmotion D. reduction of motion E. increase of color
A. reduction of visual
The term "grandmother cell" refers to a neuron that: A. responds best to one specific object. B. divides several times to form a number of new neurons. C. is connected to a large number of other neurons. D. is isolated from other neurons. E. None of the above
A. responds best to one specific object.
SOA refers to: A. stimulus onset asynchrony. B. stimulusofaction. C. switching of attention. D. sets of asynchronies. E. none of the above
A. stimulus onset asynchrony.
Free fusion is defined as: A. the ability to bring a pair of adjacent pictures into a fused overlap by willfully crossing the eyes. B. using different colored pictures and special glasses to create the perception of depth. C. the use of multiple mirrors to create the perception of depth. D. None of the above.
A. the ability to bring a pair of adjacent pictures into a fused overlap by willfully crossing the eyes.
The speed of sound is dependent upon: A. the characteristics of the medium. B. theintensityofthesound. C. the sound frequency. D. None of the above.
A. the characteristics of the medium.
Color is best described as a property of... A.the mind. B.light. C.objects. D.the eye.
A. the mind
Fibers in the optic tract carry signals from: A. the right or left half of the retina of each eye. B. the periphery of each eye. C. the fovea of each eye. D. the optic disc of each eye.
A. the right or left half of the retina of each eye.
Retinal ganglion cells fire most when: A. there is differences in light stimulation in adjacent parts of the retina. B. there is no light source. C. the entire surface of the retina is illuminated with the same light. D. None of the above.
A. there is differences in light stimulation in adjacent parts of the retina.
When measuring reaction time (RT), we measure the: A. time from the onset of a stimulus to a response. B. time before the stimulus appears. C. time between the end of one trial and the beginning of the next. D. total time a subject takes to complete the experiment. E. all of the above
A. time from the onset of a stimulus to a response.
Which of the following occur when an object's atoms can convert light energy into vibrational motion? A. transmission B. absorption C. a blue color D. reflection
A. transmission
The parameter that sets apart the different types of electromagnetic radiation is called ____________. A. wavelength B. light C. photon D. sinusoidal fluctuations
A. wavelength
What does tau tell you? A. whether optic flow is outward or inward- to collision B. an object's size on the retina C. an object's rate of optical expansion D. an object's heading E. None of the above
A. whether optic flow is outward or inward - to collision
The process by which the eye changes its focus by adjusting the lens is called?
Accommodation
_______ is the process during which the lens of the eye changes its shape
Accommodation
when lens focus is called
Accommodation
changed shape of lens in eye to focus on the retina:
Accomodation (yes)
Caused by objects that reflect all wavelengths of light equally
Achromatic Colors
______ is the inability to perceive colors due to damage to the central nervous system.
Achromatopsia
______ is the inability to perceive colors due to damage to the cerebral cortex of the brain.
Achromatopsia
_______ is the inability to perceive colors due to damage to the central nervous system. a. Achromatopsia b. Deuteranopia c. Agnosia d. Anomia e. Akinisthesia
Achromatopsia
adapt out to certain perceptual qualities, in motion, when you adapt to a line orientation or color, your receptors are fatigued for that quality
Adaptation (yes)
Occurs when mixing colored lights
Additive Color Mixing
The figure below depicts ___color mixing and the patch shown appears ___
Additive; orange
When adding colors, blue and yellow create white under _____ color mixing but create green under ____ color mixing.
Additive; subractive
Loss of detail in objects due to distance
Aerial Perspective
more distant objects appear fainter, bluer, and less distinct
Aerial perspective
A(n) _______ is a visual image seen after the stimulus has been removed.
Afterimage
_______ is the failure to recognize objects despite being able to see them
Agnosia (yes)
_____ is a rare neuropsychological disorder in which the affected individual has no perception of motion.
Akinetopsia
______ is a rare neuropsychological disorder in which the affected individual has no perception of motion.
Akinetopsia
Which of the following techniques has been used to study how brain structures process objects?
All of these have been used (lesioning studies, fmRI, behavioral experiments with patients suffering from agnosia, single cell recordings)
Likelihood Principle
Alternative to Pragnanz, sensory elements will be organized into the most probably objects or event (distal stimulus) in the environment consistent with the sensory data (proximal stimulus)
One of the roles of the ossicles is to?
Amplify sound
Sharper Tuning
An affect of attention on the response of a neuron in which the neuron responding to an attended stimulus responds more precisely.
negative afterimage
An afterimage whose polarity is the opposite of the original stimulus. Light stimuli produce dark negative afterimages. Colors are complementary; for example, red produces green, and yellow produces blue.
middle temporal area (MT)
An area of the brain thought to be important in the perception of motion.
comparator
An area of the visual system that receives one copy of the command issued by the motor system when the eyes move (the other copy goes to the eye muscles). The comparator compares the image motion signal with the eye motion signal and can compensate for the image changes caused by the eye movement.
response enhancement
An effect of attention on the response of a neuron in which the neuron responding to an attended stimulus gives a bigger response.
sharper tuning
An effect of attention on the response of a neuron in which the neuron responding to an attended stimulus responds more precisely. For example, a neuron that responds to lines with orientations from -20 degrees to +20 degrees might come to respond to ±10-degree lines.
illusory conjunction
An erroneous combination of two features in a visual scene—for example, seeing a red X when the display contains red letters and Xs but no red Xs.
rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP)
An experimental procedure in which stimuli appear in a stream at one location (typically at the point of fixation) at a rapid rate (typically about right per second) If T1(white letter) is correctly reported, we are very likely to miss T2 (X)
rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP)
An experimental procedure in which stimuli appear in a stream at one location (typically the point of fixation) at a rapid rate (typically about eight per second).
motion parallax
An important depth cue that is based on head movement. The geometric information obtained from an eye in two different positions at two different times is similar to the information from two eyes in different positions in the head at the same time.
anomia
An inability to name objects in spite of the ability to see and recognize them (as shown by usage), typically due to brain damage.
anomia
An inability to name objects in spite of the ability to see and recognize them (as shown by usage). Anomia is typically due to brain damage.
achromatopsia
An inability to perceive colors that is caused by damage to the central nervous system.
simultagnosia
An inability to perceive more than one object at a time. A consequence of bilateral damage to the parietal lobes (Balint syndrome)
simultagnosia
An inability to perceive more than one object at a time. Simultagnosia is a consequence of bilateral damage to the parietal lobes (Balint syndrome).
protanope
An individual who suffers from color blindness that is due to the absence of L-cones.
deuteranope
An individual who suffers from color blindness that is due to the absence of M-cones.
tritanope
An individual who suffers from color blindness that is due to the absence of S-cones.
rod monochromat
An individual with no cones of any type. In addition to being truly color-blind, rod monochromats are badly visually impaired in bright light.
rod monochromat
An individual with no cones of any type. In addition to being truly color-blind, these individuals are badly visually impaired in bright light.
cone monochromat
An individual with only one cone type. Cone monochromats are truly color-blind.
cone monochromat
An individual with only one cone type. Individual is truly color-blind.
The problem of unvariance refers to the fact that?
An infinite set of different wavelength intensity combinations can elicit the same response from a single type of photo-receptor.
The problem of univariance refers to the fact that?
An infinite set of different wavelength-intensity combinations can elicit the same response from a single type of photoreceptor.
microsaccade
An involuntary, small, jerklike eye movement.
texture-defined (contrast-defined) object
An object that is defined by changes in contrast, or texture, but not by luminance.
luminance-defined object
An object that is delineated by changes in reflected light.
aperture
An opening that allows only a partial view of an object.
Use of the rules of linear perspective to create a two-dimensional image so it looks correct only when viewed from a particular angle
Anamorphosis
Evidence on motion perception systems
Animal data: tuning curves for cortical cells, selective adaptation, looming detectors, selective adaptation thresholds measured psychophysically, motion aftereffects
developed the Theory of Visual Attention
Anne Treisman
Feature integration theory
Anne Treisman's theory of visual attention, which holds that a limited set of basic features can be processed in parallel preattentively, but that other properties including the correct binding of features to objects, require attention
feature integration theory
Anne Treisman's theory of visual attention, which holds that a limited set of basic features can be processed in parallel preattentively, but that other properties, including the correct binding of features to objects, require attention.
single-opponent cell
Another way to refer to cone-opponent cells.
unique hue
Any of four colors that can be described with only a single color term: red, yellow, green, blue. Other colors (e.g., purple or orange) can be described as compounds (reddish blue, reddish yellow).
Attention
Any of the very large set of selective processes in the brain. To deal with the impossibility of handling all inputs at once, the nervous system had evolved mechanisms that are able to restrict processing to a subset of things, places, ideas, or moments in time.
attention
Any of the very large set of selective processes in the brain. To deal with the impossibility of handling all inputs at once, the nervous system has evolved mechanisms that are able to restrict processing to a subset of things, places, ideas, or moments in time.
The impression of smooth motion that comes from the rapid alternation of objects appearing in nearby locations in rapid succession is?
Apparent motion
Movies: _____ :: Waterfall illusion: ______
Apparent movement, movement aftereffects
relative height
As a depth cue, the observation that objects at different distances from the viewer on the ground plane will form images at different heights in the retinal image. Objects farther away will be seen as higher in the image.
neglect
As a neurological symptom, (1) in visual attention the inability to attend to or respond to stimuli in the contralesional visual field (typically, the left field after right parietal damage); (2) ignoring half of the body or half of an object.
Neglect
As a neurological symptom, in visual attention the inability to attend to or respond to stimuli in the contralesional visual field ignoring half of the body or half of an object
To deal with the impossibility of handling all inputs at once, the nervous system has evolved mechanisms that are able to restrict processing to a subset of things, places ideas, or moments in time
Attention
The ____ is the difficulty in perceiving and responding to the second of two target stimuli amid a rapid stream of stimuli if the observer has responded to the first target stimulus within 200 to 500 ms before the second stimulus is presented.
Attentional blink
We often miss the 2nd target if it appears 200-500 ms after the 1st target.
Attentional blink
-Uses attention - Attention binds features together into a single, whole object. ex) a green square tilted to the left.
Attentive processing
The maximum absorption for the short-wavelength cone pigment is at ____ nm. A. 308 B. 419 C. 581 D. 658
B. 419
Which of the following is true about an area V1 neuron with a vertically-elongated receptive field? A. A horizontal light bar will trigger the most activity in this neuron. B. A horizontal light bar will equally affect the ON and OFF subfields. C. A vertical light bar will equally affect the ON and OFF subfields. D. A vertical light bar will trigger activity only if it is moving across the retina.
B. A horizontal light bar will equally affect the ON and OFF subfields.
___ is a failure to recognize objects in spite of the ability to see them. A.Anomia B.Agnosia C.Prosopagnosia D.Dyslexia
B. Agnosia
Which of the following color pairs is furthest apart in wavelength? A.Blue and yellow B.Blue and red C.Blue and purple D.Green and red
B. Blue and red
___ is the smallest amount of contrast required to detect a pattern. A.Visual acuity B.Contrast threshold C.Luminance threshold D.Spatial frequency
B. Contrast threshold
The "focus of expansion" informs you of the direction... A. from which you came. B. in which you are moving. C. in which you are looking. D. of the largest object in your visual field.
B. In which you are moving
Evidence indicates that structures in ___ cortex are especially important in end-stage (high-level) object recognition processes. A.occipital B.inferotemporal C.striate D.parietal
B. Inferotemporal
Cone-opponent cells can be found in A. the retina. B. LGN. C. both the retina and LGN. D. the retina, LGN, and V1.
B. LGN
When driving in a car, the fact that light posts by the side of the road move faster across your eye than distant buildings do is known as the visual cue of... A. stereo disparity. B. motion parallax. C. relative height. D. linear perspective.
B. Motion parallax
To what direction of motion would the M unit in the previous figure best respond to? A. Leftward B. Rightward
B. Rightward
_______ is a measure of the smallest binocular disparity that can generate a sensation of depth. A. Minimum disparity B. Stereoacuity C. Stereo sensitivity D. Disparity threshold E. Stereo parallax
B. Stereoacuity
Which of the following might cause stereoblindness? A. akinetopsia B. strabismus C. visual agnosia D. prosopagnosia
B. Strabismus
Which portion of the figure is interpreted as "ground" according to the Gestalt figure-ground assignment principles? A. The white portion B. The black portion C. Both the white and the black portions D. Neither the white nor the black portions E. There is no "ground" portion in the figure
B. The black portion
Gestalt psychologists emphasize that... A.the visual system must assume that objects are viewed from generic viewpoints. B.the perceptual whole is greater than the sum of its parts. C.objects and faces are processed via different mechanisms. D.a percept is nothing more than the sum of its sensory elements.
B. The perceptual whole is greater than the sum of its parts
What does the "visible" region in the figure below refer to? A. Acuity B. Thevisibilityofanyobjectwhosespatialfrequenciesandcontrastsfallwithinit C. Thedegreetowhichonecanseefromadistanceof20feet D. The lowest contrast one can distinguish E. The distance at which an eye chart should be readable to a normal observer.
B. Thevisibilityofanyobjectwhosespatialfrequenciesandcontrastsfallwithinit
The diminishing response of a sense organ to a sustained stimulus is referred to as... A.convergence. B.adaptation. C.constant stimulation. D.response decrease.
B. adaptation
The figure below depicts _______ color mixing and the patch shown appears _______. A. additive ... green B. additive...orange C. subtractive...red D. additive ... yellow E. subtractive ... blue
B. additive...orange
A(n) _______ is a visual image seen after the stimulus has been removed. A. adapting stimulus B. afterimage C. neutralpoint D. metamer E. hallucination
B. afterimage
The diagram below depicts an attention phenomenon known as the: A. illusory conjunction. B. attentional blink. C. RSVP. D. binding problem. E. search performance deficit.
B. attentional blink.
The reason that a perceptual match may occur with two colors even though the physical spectra of the metamers are very different is because: A. the human visible spectrum is limited. B. both metameric mixtures would produce the same cone output signals. C. both metameric mixtures would produce different cone output signals. D. each metametic would stimulate different cones
B. both metameric mixtures would produce the same cone output signals.
How do stereograms produce the perception of depth? A. by viewing pictures through multiple sheets of glass B. by viewing pictures in which there are small deviations in the contents of each picture relative to the other C. by viewing two identical pictures that are each different colors D. by viewing pictures through mirrors
B. by viewing pictures in which there are small deviations in the contents of each picture relative to the other
The pigment epithelium: A. is a layer of cells that lines the front of the eye. B. captures light that is not absorbed by the photoreceptors. C. is found in the lens. D. All of the above.
B. captures light that is not absorbed by the photoreceptors.
The tendency of a surface to appear the same color under a fairly wide range of illuminations is known as: A. color invariance. B. color constancy. C. color anomaly. D. reflectance. E. illuminance.
B. color constancy.
When air molecules become momentarily crowded, this is called _______________. A. refraction B. compression C. density D. rarefaction
B. compression
The problem faced by the motion detection system of knowing which feature in frame 2 corresponds to a particular feature in frame 1 is known as the _______ problem. A. aperture B. correspondence C. temporallobe D. apparent motion E. disambiguation
B. correspondence
The motion aftereffect is caused by: A. decreased firing of LGN neurons that are tuned to that direction. B. decreased responsiveness in directionally selective neurons in area V1. C. retinalfatigue. D. All of the above.
B. decreased responsiveness in directionally selective neurons in area V1.
A _______ is an individual who suffers from color blindness that is due to the absence of M-cones. A. protanope B. deuteranope C. tritanope D. isotope E. color-anomalous individual
B. deuteranope
Most of the information about sound waves is conveyed to the brain by the: A. outer hair cells. B. inner hair cells. C. cochlear membrane. D. tympanic membrane. E. oval window.
B. inner hair cells.
Which of the following is the colored part of the eye? A. cornea B. iris C. pupil D. sclera
B. iris
The vitreous humor: A. is a liquid that fills the region immediately behind the cornea. B. is a gelatinous liquid that fills the main part of the eyeball. C. is the liquid that fills the lens. D. carries neural signals from the retina to the brain.
B. is a gelatinous liquid that fills the main part of the eyeball.
The _______ consists of three tiny bones called ossicles. A. tympanic membrane B. middle ear C. innerear D. cochlea E. outer ear
B. middle ear
In a situation with binocular rivalry, the resulting perception is A. a fused image between the two different images. B. one image at a time. C. a fused nonsensical image. D. None of the above.
B. one image at a time.
The axons of retinal ganglion cells synapse in the two: A. magnocellular layers. B. parvocellular layers. C. cortexes. D. olfactory bulbs. E. lateral geniculate nuclei.
B. parvocellular layers.
An "efficient" search is one in which the slope of the function relating _______ time to set size is about 0 ms/item. A. total B. reaction C. item display D. subject's rest E. accuracy
B. reaction
A unique blue is one that has no _______ or green tint. A. yellow B. red C. purple D. orange E. None of the above
B. red
The vividness of a hue's chromatic quality is called ___________. A. value B. saturation C. hue D. brightness
B. saturation
The following diagrams depict: A. feature searches. B. search tasks. C. the salience of objects. D. efficiency. E. conjunction searches.
B. search tasks.
Which of the following Gestalt laws states that items that share common features will be grouped together? A. closure B. similarity C. proximity D. common fate
B. similarity
The figure below depicts the simplest kind of sound, known as a: A. simple sound. B. sine wave. C. period. D. phase. E. tone.
B. sine wave.
Stevens' power law describes the relationship between _______ and _______. A. signal ... noise B. stimulus magnitude ... sensation magnitude C. sensation...perception D. signal ... receiver E. receiver ... operator
B. stimulus magnitude ... sensation magnitude
Humans cannot perceive wavelengths of light in the infrared spectrum, but snakes can. In other words, wavelengths in this range are ______________ to humans but _____________ to snakes. A. subthreshold ... at threshold B. subthreshold...suprathreshold C. suprathreshold ... subthreshold D. at threshold ... suprathreshold
B. subthreshold...suprathreshold
If the relationship between changes in the intensity of a physical stimulus and perception were exponential, you would expect: A. to find different functions for changes in the intensity of a visual stimulus versus changes in the intensity of an auditory stimulus. B. that after a certain physical intensity level,perceptual intensity would decrease dramatically. C. that changes in perceptual intensity would match changes in physical intensity. D. that after a certain physical intensity level, perceptual intensity would increase dramatically.
B. that after a certain physical intensity level,perceptual intensity would decrease dramatically.
The difference between first-order motion and second-order motion is: A. the direction of the motion. B. the luminance conditions of the object against the background. C. the speed of the motion. D. the intensity/magnitude of motion.
B. the luminance conditions of the object against the background.
The orientation tuning curve plots: A. the neuron's change in firing as a function of wavelength. B. the neuron's response profile as a function of the light bar's orientation. C. the neuron's firing rate as a function of direction of motion. D. None of the above.
B. the neuron's response profile as a function of the light bar's orientation.
The main function of the pinna is: A. to produce wax that protects the eardrum. B. to enhance the transmission of sound. C. to set off a vibrational pattern in the eardrum. D. None of the above
B. to enhance the transmission of sound.
The moonlit world depicted in this photograph appears to be drained of color because... A.the S-cones do not function at night. B.we only have one type of rod photoreceptor transducing light under these conditions. C.our cones are defective. D.we can only use two types of rod photoreceptors under these conditions.
B. we only have one type of rod photoreceptor transducing light under these conditions
Induced motion
Background is moving making it seem like the figure is moving as well
-people with this suffer from Simultagnosia and have poor spatial localization -it results from bilateral lesions of the parietal lobes; very rare
Balint's syndrome
Which formal, mathematical approach to modeling perception uses conditional probabilities and prior probabilities to determine whether a hypothesis is true, given a certain set of observations?
Bayes theory
mathematical model that uses conditional probabilites and prior probabilities to determine whetehr a hypothesis is true given a certain set of observations?
Bayes' theory
The _____ is based on the idea that prior knowledge could influence the estimates of the probability of a current event.
Bayesian approach
the ____ is based on the idea that prior knolwdge could influence the estimates of the probability of a current event
Bayesian approach
Stroboscopic (apparent) motion
Beta motion: picture seems like it is moving from left to right side of the screen, when it actually is just flashing in each spot, the illusory impression of smooth motion resulting from the rapid alternation of objects that appear in different locations in rapid succession
the person who made the model of object recognition
Biederman
Recognition by components model
Biederman's model of object recognition, which holds that objects are recognized by the identities and relationships of their component parts
The _____ problem refers to the challenge of tying different attributes of visual stimuli (e.g. color, orientation, motion), which are handled by different brain circuits, to the appropriate object so that we perceive a unified object (e.g., blue, horizontal, moving to the left).
Binding
The____ problem refers to the challenge of tying different attributes of visual stimuli (e.g., color, orientation, motion), which are handled by different brain circuits, to the appropriate object so that we perceive a unified object (e.g., blue, horizontal, moving to the left).
Binding
The differences between the two retinal images of the same scene
Binocular disparity
Which of the following is not a monocular cue?
Binocular disparity
______ is the difference between the two retinal images of the same scene. It is the basis of steropsis.
Binocular disparity
_____is the difference between the two retinal images of the same scene. It is the basis of stereopsis.
Binocular disparity
______ is the difference between the two retinal images of the same scene. It is a basis of stereopsis
Binocular disparity (yes)
The combination of signals from each eye in ways that improve performance compared to just one eye
Binocular summation
The motion we interpret as people (or cute critter) moving around from a few animated dots is called _____?
Biological
In the case of a negative afterimage, a yellow stimulus would produce a ____ afterimage.
Blue
Which of the following color pairs is furthest apart in wavelength?
Blue and Red
Which of the following color pairs is furthest apart in wavelength ?
Blue and red
What do voluntary saccades and smooth pursuit movements have in common?
Both create a stable image of an object on the retina
Which of the following is a related color? a. Orange b. Purple c. Blue d. Green e. Brown
Brown
Which of the following (a, b, c) depicts a symbolic cue?
C
Using the red, green, and blue sliders on a color picking tool (such as the one depicted in the text), which of the following combinations makes yellow? A. 0% red, 100% green, and 100% blue. B. 100% red, 0% green, and 100% blue. C. 100% red, 100% green, and 0% blue. D. 50% red, 50% green, and 50% blue. E. 100% red, 0% green, and 50% blue.
C. 100% red, 100% green, and 0% blue.
The maximum absorption for the long-wavelength cone pigment is at ____ nm. A. 419 B. 501 C. 558 D. 747
C. 558
A key brain area in the processing of visual motion information is... A. the superior colliculus. B. frontal cortex. C. area MT. D. temporal cortex.
C. Area MT
Which of the following is not a monocular cue? A. Occlusion B. Relativesize C. Binocular disparity D. Texture gradient E. Aerial perspective
C. Binocular disparity
Which of the following is not a monocular depth cue? A. Aerial perspective B. Relative size C. Binocular disparity D. Occlusion
C. Binocular disparity
Which of the following influences the effectiveness/strength of the phi phenomenon? A. the distance between the two stimuli B. the time delays between the sequential stimulus presentations C. Both of the above. D. None of the above.
C. Both of the above.
Which of the following is true about the retinal image of a visual scene? A. It is inverted. B. It is horizontally flipped. C. Both of the above. D. None of the above.
C. Both of the above.
The difference in illumination between a figure and its background is known as... A.visual angle. B.surround. C.contrast. D.definition.
C. Contrast
_______ refers to the presentation of two stimuli, one to each eye. A. Biopic B. Monoptic C. Dichoptic D. Stereoptic E. Chronoptic
C. Dichoptic
What are object representations made of, according to view-based theories of object recognition? A.Surfaces B.Edges C.Image templates D.Geon structural descriptions
C. Image templates
Which of the following is evidence that supports the existence of color-opponent channels? A. The negative afterimage of yellow is green. B. It is impossible to perceive a reddish-blue color. C. It is impossible to perceive a reddish-green color. D. It takes a very bright green light to cancel out all of the blue at short wavelengths.
C. It is impossible to perceive a reddish-green color
Which of the following is NOT true regarding the organization of visual signals in the LGN? A. The foveal retina has a greater representation in the LGN. B. Each layer of the LGN has a topographic layout. C. LGN neurons in each layer are binocular. D. Layers 1, 4 and 6 of the LGN receive input from the contralateral eye.
C. LGN neurons in each layer are binocular.
Visual motion is primarily processed in the __ pathway. A.P B.koniocellular. C.M D.retinotectal
C. M
Red-green color deficiency results from missing ___ cones, whereas blue-yellow color deficiency results from missing ___ cones. A. L; M or S B. S; M or L C. M or L; S D. M or S; L
C. M or L; S
Which of the following is a loosely defined stage of visual processing that comes after basic features have been extracted from the image, and before object recognition and scene understanding? A.Low-level vision B.Early vision C.Middle vision D.High-level vision
C. Middle vision
We perceive depth in drawings because of... A. retinal disparity. B. stereoscopic vision. C. monocular depth cues. D. convergence of the eye muscles.
C. Monocular depth cues
_______ is the study of the psychological correlates of the physical dimensions of acoustics. A. Psychoanalysis B. Psychophysics C. Psychoacoustics D. Psychologies E. Acoustometrics
C. Psychoacoustics
In the red and black box on the left side of the color picker shown below, _______ changes along the horizontal axis and _______ changes along the vertical axis. A.brightness; saturation B.saturation; hue C.saturation; brightness D.hue; brightness
C. Saturation;brightness
Which of the following is true regarding the retinotopic layout of area V1? A. The peripheral parts of the retina enjoy greater cortical territory than the fovea. B. All areas of the retina receive equal cortical space to process in coming visual information. C. The fovea enjoys greater cortical territory than the peripheral parts of the retina. D. None of the above.
C. The fovea enjoys greater cortical territory than the peripheral parts of the retina.
That a strong motion aftereffect is obtained when one eye is adapted and the other is tested suggests that... A. testing the other eye increases the chance of seeing a motion aftereffect. B. the motion aftereffect works better with one eye. C. the motion aftereffect occurs in a part of the visual system where information from the two eyes is combined. D. adaptation is responsible for the motion aftereffect.
C. The motion aftereffect occurs in a part of the visual system where information from two eyes is combined
How many lights (of the correct type) are needed to match any color that humans can see? A.One B.Two C.Three D.Four
C. Three
The wavelength that produces a sensation of green without any hint of blue or yellow is called a ___ hue. A. opponent B. achromatic C. unique D. complementary
C. Unique
In class, it was suggested that there may be neurons that are selective for binocular disparities in ___, the first place in the brain where information from both eyes is combined. A. the retina B. V4 C. V1 D. LGN
C. V1
Which of the following is a superordinate level category term? A. Car B. Station wagon C. Vehicle D. Limousine E. All of the above
C. Vehicle
Although the physical spectrum of a particular stimulus will produce a distinct hue: A. a specific hue is always associated with a unique physical spectrum. B. asmallnumberofdifferentspectrawillproducethesamehue. C. a specific hue is not necessarily associated with a unique physical spectrum. D. None of the above.
C. a specific hue is not necessarily associated with a unique physical spectrum.
The three ways that the responses of a cell could be changed by attention are enhancement, sharper tuning, and: A. attentive listening. B. localization. C. altered tuning. D. concentration. E. priming.
C. altered tuning.
The problem of univariance refers to the fact that... A.an infinite number of colors exist in the real world. B.many shades of colors appear the same under certain lighting conditions. C.an infinite set of different wavelength-intensity combinations can elicit the same response from a single type of photoreceptor. D.we have three types of cones in our visual system.
C. an infinite set of different wavelength-intensity combinations can elicit the same response from a single type of photoreceptor
Which area of the brain has been dubbed "the motion area"? A. the dorsal visual stream B. areaV4 C. areaMST3000 D. area V5
C. areaMST3000
A high frequency sound stimulus produces maximum vibration at the _________ end of the basilar membrane whereas a low frequency sound will yield maximum displacement toward the ___________ end. A. apex ... wide B. wide...narrow C. base...apex D. base ... narrow
C. base...apex
The depth cue that is responsible for perceiving depth in ViewMastersTM and "3-D" movies is: A. motion parallax. B. accommodation. C. binoculardisparity. D. relative height.
C. binocular disparity.
Which of the following (a, b, c) depicts a symbolic cue? A. a B. b C. c D. all of the above E. none of the above
C. c
A ________ is able to make use of binocular disparity, because it has _______ eyes. A. rabbit ... frontal B. rabbit...lateral C. cat...frontal D. monkey ... lateral
C. cat...frontal
Hoffman and Richards proposed that the visual system divides an object into parts by "cutting" it at _______ in its silhouette. A. non-accidental features B. convexities(bumps) C. concavities(valleys) D. both convexities and concavities E. the longest axis
C. concavities(valleys)
In a probe detection experiment an invalid cue is a: A. cue that appears at the wrong time. B. wrong choice by the subject. C. cue that signals the wrong location of the target. D. cue that signals the right location of the target but at the wrong time. E. cue that does not appear.
C. cue that signals the wrong location of the target.
The function of the round window is to: A. ensure that the vibrational pattern of the ossicles is maintained in the inner ear. B. to set off a compressional sound wave in the fluid filled scala vestibule. C. dissipate pressure changes within the scala tympani. D. initiate pressure changes in the fluid filled cochlea from displacement of the stapes
C. dissipate pressure changes within the scala tympani.
In the Newsome and Pare paradigm, an observer's task is to: A. determine whether or not motion is observed. B. experience a motion aftereffect. C. identify the direction of motion of the correlated dots. D. trace the moving dots. E. None of the above
C. identify the direction of motion of the correlated dots.
The _______ is the location where fine changes in sound pressure in the environment are translated into neural signals. A. outer ear B. middle ear C. inner ear D. tympanic canal E. oval window
C. inner ear
If you were looking at a tomato in fairly pure blue (short wavelength) light, the tomato would appear quite dark because: A. red objects reflect black under blue illumination. B. the blue light would be absorbed and mixed with the red of the object, leading to black. C. its preferred wavelengths of reflection are not contained in the blue light. D. none of the above: the tomato wouldn't appear dark; due to absolute color constancy, it would still look bright red.
C. its preferred wavelengths of reflection are not contained in the blue light.
The diagram below illustrates the _______ depth cue. A. motion parallax B. aerial perspective C. linear perspective D. accommodation E. convergence
C. linear perspective
Change blindness may be explained by the lack of ______ in a scene, which would attract attention in a naturalistic setting. A. depth cues B. vivid colors C. motion D. schemas
C. motion
Which of the following optical disorders of the eye occurs because parallel light is focused at a point in front of the retina? A. presbyopia B. astigmatism C. myopia D. hyperopia
C. myopia
A random dot stereogram contains: A. many monocular cues. B. ahoropter. C. no monocular cues. D. a vanishing point. E. occlusion cues.
C. no monocular cues.
In the yellow and black box on the left side of the color picker shown below, _______ changes along the horizontal axis and _______ changes along the vertical axis. A. hue ... brightness B. saturation...hue C. saturation...brightness D. brightness ... saturation E. brightness ... hue
C. saturation...brightness
While ________________ refers to how we capture the stimulus from the physical world and transform it into a neural signal, _______________ refers to our interpretation of the neural signal. A. perception ... sensation B. transduction...sensation C. sensation...perception D. perception ... transduction
C. sensation...perception
The number of items in the display in a visual search experiment is referred to as the: A. parameter of the experiment. B. experimental display. C. set size. D. count. E. complexity.
C. set size.
When looking at a picture of a field of daisies, you notice that you can make out individual flowers in the foreground, but the background just looks uniformly white. This pictorial cue to depth is called _________________. A. aerial perspective B. relativesize C. texturegradient D. occlusion
C. texture gradient
What are the two main pathways beyond the occipital lobe that process visual information? A. the 'what' and 'when' pathways B. the thalamic and parietal pathways C. the dorsal and ventral streams D. the retinal and occipital streams
C. the dorsal and ventral streams
The word "figure" in the term "figure-ground assignment" refers to: A. a group of separate lines that must be combined into a single object contour. B. the number of distinct objects in an image. C. the main object that is to be recognized in an image. D. the "correct" interpretation of an ambiguous figure. E. the background upon which an object is located.
C. the main object that is to be recognized in an image.
A Fourier analysis is: A. a representation of the frequency and amplitude of a complex period pattern into a single function. B. a way of combining individual sine waves into a complex period pattern. C. the mathematical process of decomposing a complex period pattern into a series of wine wave functions. D. None of the above.
C. the mathematical process of decomposing a complex period pattern into a series of wine wave functions.
The rarest form of dichromatism is: A. protanopia. B. deuteranopia. C. tritanopia. D. ganglionopia.
C. tritanopia.
The figure below shows what happens when _______ causes a displacement along the cochlear partition. A. neural firing B. the auditory system C. vibration D. place code E. head tilt
C. vibration
Jasper had his spatial resolution tested with a Snellen chart and his vision was found to be 20/40. This means that: A. his vision is twice as good as the average person. B. heislegallyblind. C. whatheseesat40feetawayisthesameaswhatisnormallyseenat20feet. D. what he sees at 20 feet away is the same as what the average person sees at 40 feet away.
C. whatheseesat40feetawayisthesameaswhatisnormallyseenat20feet.
Someone with tritanopia would have trouble discriminating _______________. A. yellow from green B. blue from red C. yellow from blue D. red from green E. all of the above
C. yellow from blue
Stereopsis Development
Can't conclude that inaccurate convergence prevents stereopsis from developing earlier than 4 months, because convergence doesn't have to be very accurate in order to detect large disparities failure of stereopsis to develop prior to 4 months might mean that some part of the visual system is immature
Which of the following is a superoordinant level category term?
Car Station Wagon Vehicle Limousine
Texture segmentation
Carving an image into regions of common texture properties
What is change blindness and what does it tell us about visual perception?
Change blindness is the phenomenon that occurs when a person viewing a visual scene apparently fails to detect large changes in the scene. We notice the gestalt more readily than its parts; on autopilot.
If you cover the penumbra with a black marker, the perception of the border?
Changes from an illumination edge to a reflectance edge
which of the following are circular, mound like structures surrounded by a trench that form an inverted V on the rear of the tongue?
Circumvallate papillae(yes)
Using knowledge to complete object with missing components
Closure
All auditory nerve fibers initially synapse in the?
Cochlear nucleus
Spatial distortions
Colin Bauer, Yasmine Gharbaoui bulging illusion motion
The tendency of a surface to appear the same color under a fairly wide range of illumination is known as?
Color constancy
_____is a color perception effect in which the color of one region induces the opponent color in a neighboring region.
Color contrast
technique in which you have to get the matching color to be the same as the target color by mixing red, green, and blue
Color matching technique
Although the brain separates perceptual tasks such as depth and color perception, it later uses information from some perceptual tasks to aid other perceptual tasks. Which of the following doesn't occur?
Color perception aids movement perception.
basic color terms
Color words that are monolexemic (single words "blue" not, "sky blue"), used with high frequency, and have meanings that are agreed upon by speakers of a language.
Grouping visual elements based on movement in same direction
Common Fate
Which Gestalt principle doesn't help explain why people perceive a white arrow in the figure below
Common Fate
WHich Gestalt grouping principle might lead you to organize the elements int
Common Region
Which Gestalt grouping principle states that elements moving in the same direction should be grouped together?
Common fate
Referring to the figure, which Gestalt grouping principle might lead to you to organize the elements into columns?
Common region
Response to ____ in a magnitude estimation experiment when doubling the stimulus intensity LESS than doubles the subjective magnitude of the stimulus.
Compression
What kind of cells in LGN compute chromatic differences, such as (L-M) and (M-L)?
Cone-opponent cells
Receptors that allow color vision
Cones
A ____ search is a search for a target that is defined by the combination of two or more attributes (e.g., a big and yellow target among big blue and small yellow distractors).
Conjunction
______ function descries how spatial frequency and contrast interact to make a grating more or less visible
Contrast sensitivity
During free fusion, the eyes ____ in order to view a stereogram without a stereoscope.
Converge or diverge
Turning the two eyes inward to place the two images of a feature in the world on corresponding locations in the two retinal images is known as?
Convergence
The problem faced by the motion detection system of knowing which feature in frame 2 corresponds to a particular feature in frame 1 is known as the ______ problem
Correspondence
The problem of determining which bit of the image in the left eye should be matched with which bit of image in the right eye is known as?
Correspondence problem
_______ is the amount of cortical area devoted to a specific region in the visual field
Cortical magnification(yes)
asked to tatse a lemon and tehn adjeust a light until its as bright as the lemon is sour
Cross modality matching
A stimulus that might indicate where (or what) a subsequent stimulus will be
Cue
In a probe detection experiment an invalid cue is a?
Cue that signals the wrong location of the target
In a probe detection experiment an invalid cue is a?
Cue that signals the wrong location of the target.
_____is the idea that basic perceptual experiences may be determined in part by the cultural environment.
Cultural relativism
is the idea that basic perceptual experiences may be determined in part by the cultural environment.
Cultural relativism
Which of the following depicts heropia
D
What is a "motion detector"? A. A device psychologists use to measure motion-induced afterimages. B. A new feature on the 2016 Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme. C. A "committee" in the visual system that helps us perceive global motion. D. A motion-selective cell in the visual system.
D. A motion-selective cell in the visual system
An indication of the smallest spatial detail that can be seen is given by a person's... A.contrast. B.visual angle. C.spatial frequency. D.acuity.
D. Acuity
The perception of visual motion is important... A.in enhancing perception of form. B.in depth perception. C.to the observer's safety. D.All of the above
D. All of the Above
Studies from biological motion have revealed that: A. we are able to recognize an individual based on motion cues alone. B. we can identify the type of movement based on motion cues alone. C. we can identify the gender of an individual based on motion cues alone. D. All of the above.
D. All of the above.
The opponent color theory is good at explaining: A. afterimages. B. the presence of four perceptual color primaries. C. the subjective appearance of color in various mixtures. D. All of the above.
D. All of the above.
Gestalt psychologist Max Wertheimer found that two flashing lights can be used to induce A. apparent motion. B. beta movement. C. a movement afterimage. D. Both A and B are correct
D. Both A and B are correct
What does D represent in this figure? A. Direction B. Difference C. Disparity D. Delay
D. Delay
Color, shape, and texture are examples of object A.Gestalts. B.characteristics. C.properties. D.features.
D. Features
What are object representations made of, according to the recognition-by-components model of object recognition? A.Surfaces B.Edges C.Image templates D. Geon structural descriptions
D. Geon structural descriptions
A ___ is a 1-mm block of striate cortex containing two sets of columns, each covering every possible orientation (0-180 degrees), with one set preferring input from the left eye and the other set preferring input from the right eye. A.simple cell B.stack C.complex cell D.hypercolumn
D. Hypercolumn
The difference between crossed disparity and uncrossed disparity is that crossed disparity involves objects that are ___ the plane of fixation, while uncrossed disparity involves objects that are ___ the plane of fixation. A. below; above B. above; below C. behind; in front of D. in front of; behind
D. In front of; behind
What is the "aperture problem"? A. We cannot perceive motion seen through apertures. B. We cannot perceive forms seen through apertures. C. Global edge motion within several apertures is ambiguous. D. Local edge motion within a single aperture is ambiguous.
D. Local edge motion within a single aperture is ambiguous
Which of the following is not a cause of hearing loss? A. Otitis media B. Useofototoxicdrugs C. Excessive exposure to noise D. Masking E. Otosclerosis
D. Masking
___ is the illusion that a stationary object is moving, and occurs after prolonged exposure to a moving object. A. Illusory motion B. Apparent motion C. Aperture problem D. Motion aftereffect
D. Motion aftereffect
According to size constancy: A. the perceived size of an object conforms to its actual size regardless of the distance. B. the retinal image of an object is directly related to its distance. C. the perceived size of the object is directly related to its distance. D. None of the above.
D. None of the above.
Topographical mapping is the... A.layout of the brain. B.guide to the structures of the brain. C.simultaneous mapping of two objects in the visual system. D.orderly mapping of the world in the LGN and the visual cortex.
D. Orderly mapping of the world in the LGN and the visual cortex
Which of the following is NOT a type of eye movement? A. Saccade B. Vergence C. Smooth pursuit D. Rapid pursuit
D. Rapid pursuit
The image below depicts the depth cue of... A. aerial perspective. B. occlusion. C. linear perspective. D. relative height.
D. Relative height
According to Euclidean geometry, parallel lines ___ as they extend through space. A. diverge B. converge C. cross D. remain parallel
D. Remain parallel
Which cones contribute to the blue-yellow color opponent channel? A. M & L only B. S & L only C. S & M only D. S, M, & L
D. S, M, & L
Which of the following is not one of the principles for summarizing middle vision? A.Bring together that which should be brought together. B.Split asunder that which should be split asunder. C.Use what you know D.Seek ambiguity and avoid consensus.
D. Seek ambiguity and avoid consensus
Visual angle is a measure of the... A.actual size of an object. B.perceived size of an object. C.angle between the observer and an object. D.size an object takes up on the retina.
D. Size an object takes up on the retina
The theoretical significance of random dot stereograms is that they show that... A. the parvocellular system cannot perceive stereo. B. accommodation and convergence cannot be uncoupled. C. stereo vision can be achieved only with identifiable shapes. D. stereo vision can be achieved without identifiable shapes.
D. Stereo vision can be achieved without identifiable shapes
Which Gestalt figure-ground assignment principle is most responsible for this interpretation? A. Symmetry B. Size C. Parallelism D. Surroundedness E. Proximity
D. Surroundedness
Which of the following is not a type of cone? A.M-cone B.S-cone C.L-cone D.T-cone
D. T-cone
The word "figure" in the term "figure-ground assignment" refers to... A.the background upon which an object is located. B.a group of separate lines that must be combined into a single object contour. C.the number of distinct objects in an image. D.the main object that is to be recognized in an image.
D. The main object that is to be recognized in an image
What does tau tell you? A. An object's rate of optical expansion B. An object's size on the retina C. Heading D. Time to collision
D. Time to collision
A cortical module that encompasses one pair of ocular dominance columns and a complete series of orientation columns is called ____________. A. a cytochrome oxidase blob B. acomputercube C. ahypocolumn D. a hypercolumn
D. a hypercolumn
According to subtractive color mixing, yellow paint: A. absorbs red and green while reflecting yellow. B. absorbs yellow light while reflecting red and green. C. absorbs green light while reflecting blue and red. D. absorbs blue light while reflecting red and green.
D. absorbs blue light while reflecting red and green.
If two stimuli are metamers, then they A.are dissimilar to any object you've seen before. B.are physically different and we can just barely perceive them as different. C.are physically identical, but appear different. D.are physically different, but appear the same.
D. are physically different, but appear the same
Which of the following parts of the eye contains a rich blood supply that not only nourishes cells but also helps to absorb any light scattered within the eye? A. sclera B. retina C. cornea D. choroid
D. choroid
A psychologist is interested in measuring the point at which a participant is able to detect that one tone stimulus is louder than another. This psychologist is measuring the: A. subthreshold. B. absolutethreshold. C. suprathreshold. D. difference threshold.
D. difference threshold.
Hobbes was a(n): A. nativist. B. mentalist. C. dualist. D. empiricist. E. All of the above
D. empiricist.
Which of the following optical disorders of the eye occurs because the eyeball is too short? A. myopia B. astigmatism C. presbyopia D. hyperopia
D. hyperopia
The difference between crossed disparity and uncrossed disparity is that crossed disparity involves objects that are _______ the plane of fixation, while uncrossed disparity involves objects that are _______ the plane of fixation. A. below ... above B. above...below C. behind ... in front of D. in front of ... behind E. None of the above
D. in front of ... behind
End stopping is the process by which cells in the cortex first _______ their firing rate as the bar length _______ to fill up its receptive field, and then _______ their firing rate as the bar is lengthened further. A. decrease ... increases ... decrease B. increase...decreases...decrease C. stop...increases...increase D. increase ... increases ... decrease E. decrease ... decreases ... increase
D. increase ... increases ... decrease
The purpose of the comparator is to ___ eye movements. A.compare saccades with smooth pursuit B.plan and execute saccadic C.plan and execute smooth pursuit D.keep track of which image movements on the retina are due to
D. keep track of which image movements on the retina are due to
The axons of retinal ganglion cells synapse in the two... A.cortexes. B.parvocellular layers. C.magnocellular layers. D.lateral geniculate nuclei.
D. lateral geniculate nuclei
Spatial frequency refers to the... A.distance between the observer and the grating. B.amount of contrast in a room. C.contrast threshold. D.number of cycles of a grating per unit of visual angle.
D. number of cycles of a grating per unit of visual angle
Which of the following Gestalt laws states that items that are close together tend to be grouped together? A. similarity B. closure C. common fate D. proximity
D. proximity
Which of the following occur when an object is transparent and light passes through it? A. transmission B. absorption C. a green color D. reflection
D. reflection
You're looking at a photograph of your friends going on a hike. Some of your friends were closer to the camera because they appear very large compared to your other friends that must have been at the head of the pack who look very small. This pictorial cue to depth is called _______________. A. texture gradient B. aerial perspective C. image blur D. relative size
D. relative size
Covert attentional shifts involve a(n): A. intentional shift of attention. B. shift of attention accompanied by corresponding movements of the eyes. C. unanticipated shift of attention. D. shift of attention in the absence of corresponding movements of the eyes. E. shift of the eyes without a corresponding shift of attention.
D. shift of attention in the absence of corresponding movements of the eyes.
The _______ of the brain is important for initiating and guiding eye movements. A. lateral rectus B. caudalmidbrain C. pons D. superior colliculus E. primary visual cortex
D. superior colliculus
Jimmy looks at a picture of a side of a submarine that has dents and bumps on it. When he turns the picture upside-down, what he originally perceived as bumps, now look like dents, and vice versa. This is due to the: A. Pragnanz effect. B. oblique effect. C. accidental properties of light. D. the "light-from-above" heuristic
D. the "light-from-above" heuristic
The moon illusion is the fact that: A. the moon looks larger when it is up in the sky than when it is near the horizon. B. the moon looks larger when it is full than when it is only a half moon. C. the moon looks red on the horizon and white when it is up in the sky. D. the moon looks larger when it is near the horizon than when it is up in the sky
D. the moon looks larger when it is near the horizon than when it is up in the sky
That a strong motion aftereffect is obtained when one eye is adapted and the other is tested (interocular transfer) suggests that: A. the motion aftereffect works better with one eye. B. adaptation is responsible for the motion aftereffect. C. testing the other eye increases the chance of seeing a motion aftereffect. D. the motion aftereffect occurs in a part of the visual system where information from the two eyes is combined. E. None of the above
D. the motion aftereffect occurs in a part of the visual system where information from the two eyes is combined.
What is the correct definition of a 'miss' in a signal detection experiment? A. when the subject responds "no" when the signal wasn't there B. whenthesubjectresponds"yes"whenthesignalwasn'tthere C. whenthesubjectresponds"yes"whenthesignalwasthere D. when the subject responds "no" when the signal was there
D. when the subject responds "no" when the signal was there
Tarr and his colleagues have found that the amount of time needed to recognize novel objects is at least partially determined by: A. the color of the object. B. the complexity of the outline of the object. C. whether or not the object is mirror-reversed from its studied view. D. whether or not the object can be described in terms of geons. E. the amount the object is rotated from its studied view.
D. whether or not the object can be described in terms of geons.
Stimulus error
Danger of confusing our knowledge of the physical conditions of sensory experience with this experience as such, a presumption of what the stimulus is , we perceive based on physical properties of the stimulus not our actual sensations
What does D represent?
Delay.
Wave motion
Demonstrated at sporting events, motion generated by waving arms by everyone in the stadium when the moment is right
The process of determining where objects are in space
Depth Perception
All of the following are examples of top-down processing EXCEPT
Detecting the outlines of objects using lateral antagonism
Three steps to color perception
Detection, discrimination, appearance
metamers
Different mixtures of wavelengths that look identical. More generally, any pair of stimuli that are perceived as identical in spite of physical differences.
In visual search studies, a ______ is any stimulus other than the target
Distractor
In visual search, any stimulus other than the target
Distractor
Some state laws prohibit a person from eating and talking on a cell phone while driving. THis is because there are limits in our ability to do ____ attention.
Divided
_______ predicts that if you are in a completely dark room and accidentally hit your head you might see stars despite that there was only mechanical stimulation no light, you still had an experience of light
Doctrine of specific nerve energies
Shortcomings of Recognition by Components
Does not do a good job of explaining how we perceive faces, can't explain everything about object recognition with geons
Simons & Levin Change Blindness Study
Door and directions "gist" of scene was not changed, so the change was not detected unless the spot happened to be attended at the time of the change
Where pathway
Dorsal pathway to parietal lobe
diplopia
Double vision. If visible in both eyes, stimuli falling outside of Panum's fusional area will appear double.
Converge or diverge
During free fusion, the eyes _____ in order to view a stereogram without a stereoscope
bigger
During response enhancement, a neuron responding to an attended stimulus might give a _____ response
Which of the following invented the ophthalmoscope, studied hearing, and first determined the speed of neural impulses? A. Weber B. Fechner C. Locke D. Ramón y Cajal E. Helmholtz
E. Helmholtz
________ provide(s) precise quantitative information about distance in the third dimension. A. Relative height B. Aerial perspective C. Occlusion D. Nonmetrical depth cues E. Metrical depth cues
E. Metrical depth cues
What is the term for a description of the structure of a scene without reference to the identity of specific objects in the scene? A. Spatial organization B. Physicalsetting C. Physicalorganization D. Setting E. Spatial layout
E. Spatial layout
The figure below demonstrates how: A. the cochlea produces sounds of different frequencies. B. sound waves can travel at different speeds. C. complex sounds are made of simple sounds. D. the auditory nerve transmits information to the brain. E. the cochlea is tuned to different frequencies.
E. the cochlea is tuned to different frequencies.
The fact that faces are more difficult than many other types of objects to recognize when viewed upside- down is taken by many researchers to indicate that: A. faces are recognized via structural descriptions. B. it is more difficult to segment faces from their backgrounds than other types of objects. C. face recognition cannot be doubly dissociated from object recognition. D. face recognition can be doubly dissociated from object recognition. E. the visual system uses special recognition processes for faces that are not used for other types of objects.
E. the visual system uses special recognition processes for faces that are not used for other types of objects.
_____ Is a technique that using multiple electrodes on the scalp measures changes in electrical activity across populations of many neurons in the brain.
EEG
________ refers to the distance between location of a retinal image and the fovea
Eccentricity
Deletion and accretion are?
Effective for detecting depth at an edge
Which of the following does not require optical correction to see normally?
Emmetropia
________ is the process by which cells in the cortex first increase their firing rateas bar length increases to fill p the receptoive field and then decrease their firing rate th e bar is lengthened further
End stopping
Car Limo Vehicle
Entry Subordinate Superordinate
Experience error
Error occurs when certain characteristics of sensory experience are inadvertentently attributed to the mosaic of stimuli, assumption that our perception is governed by the stimulus array
Pozno illusion
Even though bottom horizontal line is longer, we see the top and bottom as the same length-could be due to the illusions of the 2 tilted lines researchers argue that it is NOT a by-product of depth cues and that it reflects a more general aspect of the visual system's response to tilted lines
said that only some color combinations are allowed. stated which colors are "legal" and which are "illegal"
Ewald Hering
Divided Attention
Ex: Reading while continuing to be aware of music playing
Sustained attention
Ex: Watching the pot to see when the water boils
Fooling the corollary discharge system
Example: Carefully press your lower eyelid with your finger repeatedly, so as to move your eye, notice visual world is moving even though everything is stationary
External vs. Internal attention
External-Attention to stimuli in the world Internal-Our ability to attend to one line of thought as opposed to another or to select one response over another.
Six muscles are attached to each eye and are arranged in three pairs
Extraocular muscles
Color contrast is a color perception effect in which two colors bleed into each other, each taking on some of the chromatic quality of the other
False
If normal binocular visual stimulation is not experienced during adolescence then proper stereo vision might not develop
False
In a conjunction search task, the target is defined by the presence of a single feature, or attribute, such as a salient color or orientation
False
In the case of a negative afterimage, a yellow stimulus would produce a red afterimage
False
One type of single opponent cell has a center receptive field that is excited by red (R+) and a surround receptive field inhibited by yellow (Y-)
False
Stereopsis is an important depth cue that comes into play during head movements
False
The "focus of expansion" informs you of the direction of the largest object in your visual field
False
The media temporal area is least specialized for motion processing
False
The process by which the eye changes its focus by adjusting the lens is called disparity
False
The selective attention pathway rapidly extracts the "gist" of a scene
False
Video game players have a much larger attentional blink than non-video game players
False
Determine distance based on knowledge of an object's physical size ex) the image with the woman's hand bigger and smaller
Familiar size
The image above depicts the depth cue of (man with hand out)?
Familiar size
In a _____ task, the target is defined by the presence of a single feature, or attribute, such as a salient color or orientation.
Feature search
___ is the founder of psychophysics
Fechner
A ______ process is one that carries out a computation (e.g. object recognition) one neural step after another, without the need for feedback from a later stage to an earlier stage.
Feed-forward
A(n) _______ is the motion of an object that is defined by changes in luminance.
First-order motion
Entry-level category
For an object, the label that comes to mind most quickly when we identify it
projective geometry
For purposes of studying perception of the three-dimensional world, the geometry that describes the transformations that occur when the three-dimensional world is projected onto a two-dimensional surface. For example, parallel lines do not converge in the real world, but they do in the two-dimensional projection of that world.
Four kinds of edges
Four different kinds of luminance edges, orientation edges due to abrupt changes in surface orientation, depth edges due to gap between surfaces at different distances, reflectance edges due to different surface pigments or materials, illumination edges due to shadows
Pitch is primarily determined by the ______ of the sound wave.
Frequency
A complex tone can be created by starting with a pure tone, called the ____, and adding frequencies that are multiples of this first frequency.
Fundamental frequency
Responds strongly to faces and less to other kinds of objects
Fusiform Face Area (FFA)
What are object representations made of, according to the recognition-by-components model of object recognition?
Geon structural descriptions
what are object representations made of according to the recognition by components model of object recognition
Geons
Recognition by Components Theory Reading
Geons- manipulate to make various shapes, non-accidental properties help us determine shapes, parallelism is a non-accidental property, size-accidental property, visual systems put emphasis on dimensions of vision that don't change iwth viewpoint
Good continuation
Gestalt grouping rule stating that two elements will tend to group together if they seem to lie on the same contour
To see a whole object moving requires information combined across V1 neurons known as
Global motion detection
You probably organized Figure I into one jagged line and one curved line. Which Gestalt grouping principle guided this decision?
Good continuation
__________ refers to a neuron that responds best to a one specific object
Grandmother cell (a neuron is designated to respond to a certain object)
WHich of the following colors is "illegal" for our visual systems?
Greenish-Red
Which of the following colors is "illegal" for our visual systems?
Greenish-red
Which of the following colors is "illegal" for our visual systems? a. Bluish-green b. Reddish-yellow c. Yellowish-green d. Reddish-blue e. Greenish-red
Greenish-red
Component Issues in Perceptual organization
Grouping and segmentation, figure ground segregation, emergent features, perceptual coupling, multistability, globality, simplicity
defined by the hue, saturation, and brightness
HSB color space
The organ of Corti is a structure on the basilar membrane composed of ______ and dendrites of auditory nerve fibers.
Hair cells
Configural Inferiority Effects
Hard to detect difference in four boxes when more than one shape is involved
As we learned more about the nervous system, we learned that trichormatic theory and opponent process both describe how the nervous system functions to see color. What functional property of the nervous system explains how both of these are correct?
Hierarchical organization- trichromacy occurs at one level of neural organization and opponent process at a different level
IF a movie projector were out of focus and the images on the screen were blurry, the _________ would be missing
High spatial frequencies
Measuring efficiency of visual search
How much time is added for each item added to the display task becomes harder->slope relating RT to set size grows steeper Target is present 50% of the time and abest the other 50%-Both sets RTs are averaged and graphed
Perceptual property based on wavelength of light
Hue
Frequency is usually measured in units called?
Hz
parietal lobe
IN each cerebral hemisphere, a lobe that lies toward the top of the brain b/w the frontal and occipital lobes
In the Newsome and Pare motion coherence experiments, an observer's task is to?
Identify the direction of motion of the correlated dots
the critical period
If normal binocular visual stimulation is not experienced during _____ then proper stereo vision might not develop
Hollow faces
If we cannot rely on shadows, there is nothing that can tell us if the face is really hollow or normal, sophisticated processing kicks in and tips the balance toward the normal face since it is trained as such
The edge between a dark shadow and an illuminated check board is a(n)?
Illumination edge
Op-art
Illusion of shaking letters off of magazine cover, digits off face of digital clock
Seeing a blue cup when the cupboard contains blue mugs and yellow cups, but no blue cups is referred to as a(n)?
Illusory conjunction
The figure above depicts (arrow, circles and lines)?
Illusory contours
Geons
In Biedermann's recognition by components model, any of the geometric ions out of which perceptual objects are built
Correspondence problem
In binocular vision, the problem of figuring out which bit of the image in the left eye should be matched with which bit in the right eye
Correspondence problem
In binocular vision, the problem of figuring out which bit of the image in the left eye should be matched with which bit in the right eye, the problem is particularly vexing when the images consist of thousands of similar features, like dots in random dot stereograms
correspondence problem
In binocular vision, the problem of figuring out which bit of the image in the left eye should be matched with which bit in the right eye. The problem is particularly vexing when the images consist of thousands of similar features, like dots in random dot stereograms.
parietal lobe
In each cerebral hemisphere, a lobe that lies toward the top of the brain between the frontal and occipital lobes.
The difference between crossed disparity and uncrossed disparity is that crossed disparity involves objects that are _____ the plane of fixation, while uncrossed disparity involves objects that are _____ the place of fixation.
In front of; behind
correspondence problem
In motion detection, the problem faced by the motion detection system of knowing which feature in frame 2 corresponds to a particular feature in frame 1.
qualia (sing. quale)
In philosophy, private conscious experiences of sensation or perception.
Ducker's Rolling Wheel
In pitch darkness, a wheel with lights on the rim a or the hub b rolls slowly along a table, when both lights are on, the perception is not the simple sum of the perception of each light alone, a + b does not equal c, cycloid motion is lost and one light seems to rotate around the other as in d
cultural relativism
In sensation and perception, the idea that basic perceptual experiences (e.g., color perception) may be determined in part by the cultural environment.
uniqueness constraint
In stereopsis, the observation that a feature in the world is represented exactly once in each retinal image. This constraint simplifies the correspondence problem.
continuity constraint
In stereopsis, the observation that, except at the edges of objects, neighboring points in the world lie at similar distances from the viewer. This is one of several constraints that have been proposed to help solve the correspondence problem.
Which of the following (a,b,c) depicts a symbolic cue
In the illusion below, the viewer mistakaes the horizontal lines to be of different lengths
Suppression
In vision, the inhibition of an unwanted image. Suppression occurs frequently in persons with strabismus (to eliminate diplopia and confusion)
suppression
In vision, the inhibition of an unwanted image; occurs frequently in persons with strabismus.
extinction
In visual attention, the inability to perceive a stimulus to one side of the point of fixation (e.g., to the right) in the presence of another stimulus, typically in a comparable position in the other visual field (e.g., on the left side).
distractor
In visual search studies, a _____ is any stimulus other than the target
distractor
In visual search, any stimulus other than the target.
______ is when a stimulus that is not attended is not perceived, even though the person is looking directly at the stimulus (e.g., Moonwalking Bear video)
Inattentional blindness
Posner's precueing studies demonstrated that attention?
Increases the efficiency of information processing
Simon looks at the moon and some clouds at night. She perceives the moon moving through the clouds. This is an example of?
Induced motion
depth cues
Information about the third dimension (depth) of visual space; may be monocular or binocular.
scene-based guidance
Information in our understanding of scenes that helps us find specific objects in scenes (e.g., objects do not float in air, faucets are near sinks).
tau (τ)
Information in the optic flow that could signal time to collision (TTC) without the necessity of estimating either absolute distances or rates. The ratio of the retinal image size at any moment to the rate at which the image is expanding is tau, and TTC is proportional to tau.
which of the following methods of sound localization between the two ears is used most often for tones of very high frequencies?
Interaural level differences (yes)
which of the following methods of sound localization between the two ears is used most often for tone of very low frequencies?
Interaural time differences(yes)
Subject DF
Irreversible damage following carbon monoxide intoxication, MRI revealed bilateral damage to the lateral occipital area in the ventral stream
WHich of the following is true of dichromatism?
It is a sex-linked genetic disorder
The smallest detectable difference between two stimuli
JND
_______ is the smallest detectable difference between two stimuli
JND(yes)
The purpose of the comparator is to ____ eye movements.
Keep track of which image movements on the retina are due to
The purpose of the comparator is to ____ eye movements?
Keep track of which image movements on the retina are due to
Each of the following are different names for the same structure except
LGN
_______ is the antagonistic neural interaction between adjacent regions of the retina
Lateral inhibition
the _____ is a relay station in the brain stem where inputs from both ears contribute to the detections of interaural level differences.
Lateral superior olive(yes)
Humans use the _______ to determine shape from shading.
Light-from-above heuristic
In the simultaneous contrast effect, gray squares of equal intensities are surrounded by either a dark background or a lighter background. The square on the dark background looks ___ than the square on the lighter background
Lighter
Parallel lines will appear to converge as they extend into the distance in a two dimensional image
Linear perspective
The diagram above illustrates the ____ depth cue (lines going out)
Linear perspective
The diagram below illustrates the ___ depth cue
Linear perspective
Which is the "aperture problem"?
Local edge motion with a single aperture is ambiguous
What is the "aperture problem"?
Local edge motion within a single aperture is ambiguous.
_______ is the psychological aspect of sound related to perceived intensity or magnitude.
Loudness
_______ is a psychophysical method in which the participant assigns values according o perceived magnitudes of the stimuli
Magnitude estimation
estimating how intense a stimulus is
Magnitude estimation
The amplitude of a sound is the?
Magnitude of displacement of a sound pressure wave
Which of the following scientists developed the color‐matching technique depicted in the figure below? a. Helmholtz b. Young c. Maxwell d. Smith e. Newton
Maxwell
bluish= blue+green+red light
Maxwell
Which of the following brain regions is most specialized for motion processing?
Medial temporal area (area V5/MT)
area that includes neurons tuned to specific direction of motion.
Medial temporal lobe (area MT)
Different mixtures of wavelengths that look identical ex) red + green wavelength looks the same as yellow wavelength
Metamers
_____ are different mixtures of wavelengths that look identical.
Metamers
observer alters strength of stimulus until it matches some criterion:
Method of adjustment
person changes intensity until they can detect it or can't detect it
Method of adjustment
_____ provide(s) precise quantitative information about distance in the third dimension.
Metrical depth cue
provide quantitative information about an object's distance in 3-D; they let you know exactly where an object is
Metrical depth cues
provide(s) precise quantitative information about distance in the third dimension.
Metrical depth cues
Which of the following is a loosely defined stage of visual processing that comes after basic features have been extracted from the image, and before object recognition and scene understanding?
Middle vision
________ is loosely defined stage of visual processing tha comes after basic features have been extracted from the early image and before object recornition and scene understanding
Middle vision (yes)
A complex tone is a sound wave consisting of?
More than one sinusoidal component of different frequencies
the illusion of motion of a stationary object that occurs after prolonged exposure to a moving object
Motion Aftereffect (MAE)
Imagine that you are at Niagara Falls, staring at the falling water for a few minutes. When you look away from the water at the crowd, the people seem to be floating upward. What phenomenon have you just experienced?
Motion aftereffect
____ is the illusion that a stationary object is moving and occurs after prolonged exposure to a moving object.
Motion aftereffect
As a depth cue, occlusion provides ____
Motion parallax
Images closer to the observer appear to move faster across the visual field than more distant images
Motion parallax
The scene pictures above demonstrates the ____ depth cue.
Motion parallax
When driving in a car, the fact that light posts by the side of the road move faster across your eye than distant buildings do is known as the visual cue of?
Motion parallax
Name two monocular cues to depth and describe them
Motion parallax (difference in speed of movement for near and far objects), Accretion and Deletion (image moves to right and left respectively)
<-----> seems closer than >-----< when they are the same length
Muller-Lyer llusion
Random dot stereogram contains _____
NO monocular cues
The base of the basilar membrane is?
Narrower than at the apex of the basilar membrane
Brain injury that leads to no loss of vision, but to a loss of attention to part of the visual field - Often results from damage to the parietal lobe
Neglect
The figure below depicts what can happen when a ___ patient tries to copy a drawing.
Neglect
which of the following is not a symptom of Balint syndrome?
Neglect, especially on the left side of the visual field
Which of the following is not a symptom of Balint syndrome?
Neglect, especially on the left side of the visual field.
Basic neural circuit
Neurons A and B, activation of neuron A stimulates neuron D, neuron B and D are connected to neuron X, a multiplication cell, multiplication cell will only fire when cells B and D are active, by delaying neuron D firing and multiplying it by B's response, we can create a mechanism that is sensitive to motion, stimulation of X will activation motion neuron (M)
Which of the following provides physiological evidence for opponent-process theory?
Neurons that are excited by short wavelengths and inhibited by longer wavelengths
_______ is a chemical substance used in neuronal communication at synapses
Neurotransmitter (yes)
trained monkeys on a motion-based task. - What percentage of dots need to move in the same direction for you to detect it?
Newsome & Pare
Provides information only about relative depth (rank order)
Nonmetrical depth cues
Change blindness is a failure to?
Notice a change between to scenes
Change blindness is a failure to
Notice a change between two scenes
Some neglect patients neglect one side of an object rather than one side of the visual field.
Object-Based Neglect
Viewpoint invariance refers to the idea that?
Objects should be just as easy to recognize from any viewpoint
When one object obstructs the view of another
Occlusion
In the figure below the meaningless shapes in (a) become an obvious car in (b) once an inkblot is added to the image. THis demonstrates which perceptual heuristic?
Occlusion/Interposition
V1 in newborns
Ocular dominance columns in the input layers of V1 are essentially adult-like at birth Neural apparatus in V1 of newborns-capable of combining signals from the two eyes and that is sensitive to interocular disparities Possibility that extraction of relative disparity, which is needed for stereoacuity, takes place beyond V1 V1 cells could be cause of blame, still immature, they can't detect monocular spatial frequency or direction of motion, neurons display more interocular suppression than adult neurons, signals they send to next stage of processing might be too weak to support stereopsis
Direct solutions to depth
Oculomotor and Gibsonean Oculomotor- accommodation and convergence Gibsonean- texture gradients, optical flow, invariants
Openness and Expansion
Openness: from panoramic scenes to vertically structured scenes Expansion: capturing a sense of depth from perspective help pus achieve a basic understanding of the meaning of a scene very quickly by analyzing the spatial-frequency components of the image
• Theory stating that perception of color is based on the output of three mechanisms, each of them based on an opponency between two colors: - red-green - blue-yellow - black-white
Opponent Color Theory
Overt vs. Covert attention
Overt-directing a sense organ at a stimulus. Ex: Fixating your eyes on a single word on a page Covert-Ex: Pointing eyes at page, but directing attention to a person of interest elsewhere
The are in which the visual system can fuse two disparate retinal images into one percept
Panum's fusional area
Separating processes into smaller parts and using different neural structures to process these parts
Parallel Processing
Responds strongly to scenes (a.k.a., "places", like a house, room, street corner, or landscape).
Parhippocampal Place Area (PPA)
_____ lobe is the "where" pathway
Parietal
Briefly describe the Holway-Boring experiment and what it tells us about the relation ship between size and distance
Perceived size of object is based on retinal size and apparent distance
______ is the act of giving meaning to a detected sensation
Perception (yes)
Lateral pathways in the retina consists of each of the following except:
Photoreceptors and ganglion cells. The lateral pathway of the retina consists of amacrine cells and horizontal cells
Sounds are first collected from the environment by the?
Pinna
Ear coding mechanisms
Place coding, periodicity coding, volley priniciple, duplicity theory, missing fundamental, masking
Responses are: - Fastest on valid trials. - Middle on neutral trials. - Slowest on invalid trials.
Posner cueing task
The Olympic symbol is an example of the Gestalt law of?
Pragnanz
- Before attention - based on INDIVIDUAL features ex) color, orientation, shape
Preattentive processing
used to determine which simuli infants can and cannot see:
Preferential looking paradigm
The purpose of the ear canal is to?
Prevent damage to the tympanic membrane
Posner cuing paradigm
Probe detection experiment-2 possible probe locations Hit a key if the probe appears on the left and a different one if it appears on the right A valid cue indicates where the target will be An invalid cue points to the wrong side (symbolic cue) Symbolic cues direct attention more slowly (delayed reaction time-RT)
neuropsych disorder patiaent cannot identify faces but can recognize other objects
Prosopagnosia (yes)
Deficit in identifying face
Prospagnosia
A ____ is an individual who suffers from color blindness that is due to the absence of L-cones.
Protanope
Gestalt "laws" are more accurately described as heuristics because they?
Provide a "best-guess" as to perception of an object
Referring to the figure, which Gestalt grouping principle might lead you to organize the elements in rows?
Proximity
Laws of Organization in Perceptual Forms reading
Proximity tends to be the predominant factor, a gradual increase of interval will eventually introduce a point at which similarity is predominant, perceive such phenomenon such as right angles more than they actually exist in the real world
_________ is the science of defining relationships between physical and psychological evens
Pyschophysics (yes)
Defined by the amount of Red, Green, and Blue
RGB color space
Hit/CR/Miss/FA curve
ROC curve
Which of the following is an experimental procedure in which stimuli appear in a stream in one location at a quick rate:
RSVP rapid serial visual presentation
An experimental procedure in which stimuli appear one after the other in rapid succession.
Rapid Serial Visual Presentation (RSVP)
Which of the following is not a type of eye movement?
Rapid pursuit
Which of the following is an experimental procedure in which stimuli appear in a stream in one location at a quick rate?
Rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP)
A measure of the time from the onset of a stimulus to a response
Reaction Time (RT)
Nine stimuli that produce the perception of motion
Real motion, apparent motion, induced motion, autokinetic motion, motion aftereffect, fooling the corollary discharge system, wave motion, spatial distortions, other: op art
Objects are recognized by their parts and how those parts fit together is called
Recognition by components
Subordinate-level recognition
Recognizing objects with a more specific label, evidence shows that different parts of the brain are more active when people are engaged in subordinate- level recognition than when they are recognizing objects at the entry level
achromatic
Referring to any color that lacks a chromatic (hue) component. Black, white, or gray.
photopic
Referring to light intensities that are bright enough to stimulate the cone receptors and bright enough to "saturate" the rod receptors (that is, drive them to their maximum responses).
scotopic
Referring to light intensities that are bright enough to stimulate the rod receptors but too dim to stimulate the cone receptors
Cyclopean
Referring to stimuli that are defined by binocular disparity alone.
Euclidean
Referring to the geometry of the world, named in honor of the ancient Greek geometer of the third century BCE. Parallel lines remain parallel as they are extended in space, objects maintain the same size and shape as they move around in space, the internal angles of a triangle always add to 180 degrees, and so forth.
dichoptic
Referring to the presentation of two different stimuli, one to each eye.
_______ is the bending or spreading out of waves as they pass thorough a medium
Refraction
Objects higher in the visual field appear to be farther away
Relative height
The image above depicts the depth cue of (bunnies)?
Relative height
Corresponding retinal points
Retinal image located the same distance and direction from fovea in both eyes
______ sensation is the sensation of an odor that is perceived when chewing and swallowing force an odorant emitted by the mouth up behind the palate to the nose:
Retronasal olfactory(yes)
To what direction of motion would the M unit best respond to?
Rightward
Which of the following describes an individual with no cones of any type?
Rod monochromat
Which of the following describes an individual with no cones of any type? a. Cone monochromat b. Cone-anomalous c. Protanope d. Rod monochromat e. Deutranope
Rod monochromat
The ________ is an individual with no cones of any type
Rod monochromate (yes)
____ (rods/cones) function best in scotopic light
Rods
A(n) ____ eye movement rapidly changes fixation from one object or location to another.
Saccade
What type of eye movements do we make while reading?
Saccadic
Adding more white to color changes the color's ____
Saturation
If you are searching for your car keys and you restrict your attention to horizontal surfaces near the front door, you are using?
Scene-based guidance
What kind of lighting conditions are depicted in the photograph? a. Photopic b. Mesopic c. Biopic d. Monopic e. Scotopic
Scotopic
Feature Search
Search for a target defined by a single attribute, such as a salient color or orientation efficient RT will not change with set size
feature search
Search for a target defined by a single attribute, such as a salient color or orientation.
Conjunction search
Search for a target defined by the presence of 2 or more attributes (ex: a red, vertical target among red horizontal and blue vertical distractors)
conjunction search
Search for a target defined by the presence of two or more attributes (e.g., a red, vertical target among redhorizontal and blue verticaldistractors).
Visual Search
Search for a target in a display containing distracting elements
visual search
Search for a target in a display containing distracting elements.
Guided search
Search in which attention can be restricted to a subset of possible items on the basis of information about the target item's basic features (color, for example)
guided search
Search in which attention can be restricted to a subset of possible items on the basis of information about the target item's basic features (e.g., its color).
A(n) ______ is the motion of an object that is defined by changes in contrast or texture, but not by luminance.
Second-order motion
Which of the following is not one of the principles for summarizing middle vision?
Seek ambiguity and avoid consensus
____ attention involves restricting processing to a subset of the possible stimuli.
Selective
_______ attention involves restricting processing to a subset of the possible stimuli.
Selective
Processes a subset of the available information; Focuses on some information and ignores the rest
Selective Attention
Depth cue based on shadows cast by light source
Shading
Short vs/ medium and long wavelengths scatter tendencies
Short wavelengths scatter more than medium and long wavelengths
Newton's Color Circle
Shows that blue-yellow and red-green are on the other sides of the circle, gives evidence for the opponent processes
Figure II is like Figure I in many ways, but you organize it differently. Which Gestalt grouping principle shifts that interpretation here towards two irregularly-shaped lines?
Similarity
Figure II is very similar to Figure I in many ways, but you organize it differently. Gestalt grouping principle shifts the interpretation here towards two irregularly-shaped lines?
Similarity
Which Gestalt principle for combining elementary features into meaningful objects has most influence in the figure below?
Simplicity
Which of the following is the inability to perceive more than one object at once?
Simultagnosia
During smooth pursuit, the eyes move
Smoothly, to follow a moving object.
__________ refers to the number of cycles of a grating per unit of visual angle
Spatial frequency
What is the function relating the wavelength of light to the percentage of that wavelength that is reflected from the surface?
Spectral reflectance function
What is the function relating the wavelength of light to the percentage of the wavelength that is reflected from the surface?
Spectral reflectance function
According to the ____ theory, attention moves from point to point.
Spotlight of attention
According to the ___ theory, attention moves from point to point.
Spotlight of attention.
_____ disrupts binocular vision because one or both eyes are not aligned properly.
Sstrabisumus
A measure of the smallest binocular disparity that can generate a sensation of depth
Stereoacuity
Our vivid perception of being in a fully 3 dimensional world
Stereopsis
___ is the principle describing the relationship between stimulus and resulting sensation that says the magnitude of subjective sensation is proportional to the stimulus magnitude raised to a exponent
Stevens Power Law
Which of the following is the inability to perceive more than one subject at once?
Stimultagnosia
The time between the onset of one stimulus and the onset of another
Stimulus Onset Asynchrony (SOA)
what is the term for the period of time between the onset of one stimulus and the onset of another?
Stimulus onset asynchrony
____ Disrupts binocular vision because one or both eyes are not aligned properly
Strabismus
______ disrupts binocular vision because one or both eyes are not aligned properly.
Strabismus
________ disrupts binocular vision because one or bothe eyes are not aligned properly
Strabismus (yes)
Esotropia
Strabismus in which one eye deviates in ward (cross-eyed)
esotropia
Strabismus in which one eye deviates inward.
Exotropia
Strabismus in which one eye deviates outward
exotropia
Strabismus in which one eye deviates outward.
Still pictures that appear to move
Stroboscopic Motion
how paints and dyes mix; • Mix Pigment A and Pigment B. - A absorbs some wavelengths and reflects others. - B absorbs some wavelengths and reflects others. - What you see is what is left after each pigment subtracts some.
Subtractive color mixing
The order of structures in the auditory pathway is:
Superior Olivary Nucleus, Inferior Colliculus, Medial Geniculate Nucleus
the ______ of the brain is important for initiating guiding eye movements.
Superior colliculus
Patient DB
Surgical removal of right occipital cortex, including most of V1, showed perceptual skills, reported no conscious experience in his blind field
Which Gestalt grouping principle states that elements that change or appear at the same time should be grouped together?
Synchrony
Which of the following is not a type of cone:
T cone
Which of the following is not a type of cone?
T-cone
Which of the following is not a type of cone? [S-cone, L-cone, M-cone, T-cone]
T-cone
a random dot stereogram
THe figure in front of the house is an example of...
what you are looking for
Target
Ratio of the retinal size of an object and the rate at which that size is increasing.
Tau (T)
________ lobe is the "what" pathway
Temporal
Which of the following is a monocular depth cue?
Texture Gradient
Lots of similar objects in the same image
Texture gradient
Using the ____ depth cue you can tell far away something is based on how much detail is visible in the elements on the ground between you and the object.
Texture gradient
Apparent motion
The (illusory) impression of smooth motion resulting from the rapid alternation of objects appearing in different locations in rapid succession
Newsome, Britten, an Movshon found while recording neurons in monkeys that as the coherence between the dots' direction of movement increased?
The MT neuron fired more rapidly
Bayesian approach
The _____ is based on the idea that prior knowledge could influence the estimates of the probability of a current event
convergence
The ability of the two eyes to turn inward, often used in order to place the two images of a feature in the world on corresponding locations in the two retinal images (typically on the fovea of each eye).
divergence
The ability of the two eyes to turn outward, often used in order to place the two images of a feature in the world on corresponding locations in the two retinal images (typically on the fovea of each eye).
stereopsis
The ability to use binocular disparity as a cue to depth.
vanishing point
The apparent point at which parallel lines receding in depth converge.
ensemble statistics
The average of and distribution of properties like orientation or color over a set of objects or over a region in a scene.
Binding problem
The challenge of trying different attributes of visual stimuli, which are handled by different brain circuits, to the appropriate object so that we perceive a unified object.
binding problem
The challenge of tying different attributes of visual stimuli (e.g., color, orientation, motion), which are handled by different brain circuits, to the appropriate object so that we perceive a unified object (e.g., red, vertical, moving right).
optic flow
The changing angular positions of points in a perspective image that we experience as we move through the world.
hue
The chromatic (colorful) aspect of color (red, blue, green, yellow, and so on).
saturation
The chromatic strength of a hue. White has zero saturation, pink is more saturated, and red is fully saturated.
optic array
The collection of light rays that interact with objects in the world that are in front of a viewer. Term coined by J. J. Gibson.
binocular summation
The combination of signals from each eye in ways that make performance on many tasks better with both eyes than with either eye alone.
According to Corollary Discharge Theory, movement is perceived when?
The comparator receives the corollary discharge signal alone or image movement signal alone
binocular rivalry
The competition between the two eyes for control of visual perception, which is evident when completely different stimuli are presented to the two eyes.
Binocular rivalry
The competition between the two eyes for control of visual perception; evident when completely different stimuli are presented to the two eyes
According to Treisman's feature integration theory,
The correct binding of features to objects does not require attention.
Normalization Theory
The current response of a neuron is the product of that neurons built-in receptive field and the effects of attention. This product must then be "normalized" by neural suppression.
spatial layout
The description of the structure of a scene (e.g., enclosed, open, rough, smooth) without reference to the identity of specific objects in the scene.
Spatial Layout
The description of the structure of a scene without a reference to the identity of specific objects in a scene viewers can detect the spatial layout in a scene in milliseconds scenes with the same meaning tend to be neighbors
binocular disparity
The differences between the two retinal images of the same scene. Disparity is the basis for stereopsis, a vivid perception of the three-dimensionality of the world that is not available with monocular vision.
problem of univariance
The fact that an infinite set of different wavelength-intensity combinations can elicit exactly the same response from a single type of photoreceptor. One photoreceptor type cannot make color discriminations based on wavelength.
aperture problem
The fact that when a moving object is viewed through an aperture (or a receptive field), the direction of motion of a local feature or part of the object may be ambiguous.
Aperture problem
The fact that when moving objects is viewed through an aperture (or a receptive field), the direction of motion of a local feature or part of the object may be ambiguous
Change blindness
The failure to notice a change b/w 2 scenes. If the gist, or meaning, of the scene is not altered, quite large changes can pass unnoticed shows the gap b/w perception and reality
change blindness
The failure to notice a change between two scenes. If the gist, or meaning, of the scene is not altered, quite large changes can pass unnoticed.
The acuity constraint
The following cannot be used to solve the correspondence problem.
Selective attention
The form of attention involved when processing is restricted to a subset of the possible stimuli
selective attention
The form of attention involved when processing is restricted to a subset of the possible stimuli.
Parallax
The geometric relationship revealed w/ motion parallax when you change your viewpoint, rolling down the tracks, objects closer to you shift position more than objects farther away
As Dore runs through the park, the flow signals that he is moving and not the environment. Givson (behavioral approach to studying motion) calls this?
The global optical flow
target
The goal of a visual search.
The imaginary circle in the figure above is known as?
The horopter
______is the surface of zero disparity, or the location of objects whose images lie on corresponding points in the two eyes.
The horopter
motion aftereffect (MAE)
The illusion of motion of a stationary object that occurs after prolonged exposure to a moving object.
apparent motion
The illusory impression of smooth motion resulting from the rapid alternation of objects that appear in different locations in rapid succession.
illuminant
The light that illuminates a surface.
Vieth-Müller circle
The location of objects whose images fall on geometrically corresponding points in the two retinas. If life were simple, this circle would be the horopter, but life is not simple.
horopter
The location of objects whose images lie on corresponding points. The surface of zero disparity.
Horopter
The location of objects whose images lie on the corresponding points. the surface of zero disparity
The word "figure" in the "figure-ground assignment" refers to?
The main object that is to be recognized in an image
Newsome and colleagues (1989( presented moving dot displays differing in degree of coherence to monkeys. They found as the dots' coherence increased
The monkey judged the direction of motion more accurately
second-order motion
The motion of an object that is defined by changes in contrast or texture, but not by luminance.
first-order motion
The motion of an object that is defined by changes in luminance.
Set size
The number of items in a visual display
set size
The number of items in a visual display.
To achieve color vision, the human visual system uses three types of cone photoreceptors. Which of the following statements best describes how this system works?
The pattern of activity over all three cone types is used to code for all wavelengths
biological motion
The pattern of movement of living beings (humans and animals).
spectral reflectance function
The percentage of a particular wavelength that is reflected from a surface.
reflectance
The percentage of light hitting a surface that is reflected and not absorbed into the surface. Typically reflectance is given as a function of wavelength.
brightness
The perceptual consequence of the physical intensity of a light.
tilt aftereffect
The perceptual illusion of tilt, produced by adaptation to a pattern of a given orientation.
Gestalt psychologists emphasize that?
The perceptual whole is greater than the sum of the parts
spectral power distribution
The physical energy in a light as a function of wavelength.
neutral point
The point at which an opponent color mechanism is generating no signal. If red-green and blue-yellow mechanisms are at their neutral points, a stimulus will appear achromatic.
neutral point
The point at which an opponent color mechanism is generating no signal. If red-green and blue-yellow mechanisms are at their neutral points, a stimulus will appear achromatic. (The black-white process has no neutral point.)
focus of expansion
The point in the center of the horizon from which, when we're in motion (e.g., driving on the highway), all points in the perspective image seem to emanate. The focus of expansion is one aspect of optic flow.
accommodation
The process by which the eye changes its focus (in which the lens gets fatter as gaze is directed toward nearer objects).
Preattentive stage
The processing of a stimulus that occurs before selective attention is deployed to that stimulus
preattentive stage
The processing of a stimulus that occurs before selective attention is deployed to that stimulus
preattentive stage
The processing of a stimulus that occurs before selective attention is deployed to that stimulus.
saccadic suppression
The reduction of visual sensitivity that occurs when we make saccadic eye movements. Saccadic suppression eliminates the smear from retinal image motion during an eye movement.
Panum's fusional area
The region of space, in front of and behind the horopter, within which binocular single vision is possible.
When you look around a dark room, it is difficult to see details and colors. This is because
The rods are controlling vision in dark conditions
uncrossed disparity
The sign of disparity created by objects behind the plane of fixation (the horopter).
crossed disparity
The sign of disparity created by objects in front of the plane of fixation (the horopter).
Ramachandran and Anstis first presented a triangle and a square below the triangle on the left side of the screen. Then, they presented just the square in the upper right-hand corner. Observers in this condition perceived?
The square moving diagonally upward to the right, and the triangle moving to the right, but sliding behind the square
free fusion
The technique of converging (crossing) or diverging the eyes in order to view a stereogram without a stereoscope.
Attentional blink
The tendency not to perceive or respond to the 2nd of 2 different target stimuli amid a rapid stream of distracting stimuli if the observer has responded to the first target stimulus within 200-500 ms before the 2nd stimulus is presented. fishing metaphor-temporary inhibition or loss of control unless they are presented close enough that you catch them both with the one net gamers-smaller attentional blink
attentional blink
The tendency not to perceive or respond to the second of two different target stimuli amid a rapid stream of distracting stimuli if the observer has responded to the first target stimulus within 200-500 milliseconds before the second stimulus is presented.
color constancy
The tendency of a surface to appear the same color under a fairly wide range of illuminants.
opponent color theory
The theory that perception of color is based on the output of three mechanisms, each of them resulting from an opponency between two colors: red-green, blue-yellow, and black-white.
trichromatic theory of color vision (or trichromacy)
The theory that the color of any light is defined in our visual system by the relationships of three numbers—the outputs of three receptor types now known to be the three cones. Also known as the Young-Helmholtz theory.
color space
The three-dimensional space, established because color perception is based on the outputs of three cone types, that describes the set of all colors.
stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA)
The time between the onset of one stimulus and the onset of another.
Stimulus Onset Asynchrony (SOA)
The time between the onset of one stimulus to the onset of another Ex: If it is 0-cue and probe appear simultaneously-no time for the cue to be used to direct attention (the effect of a cue develops over time) and there is no difference b/w the effects of the valid or invalid cues increases-magnitude of cueing affect from a valid peripheral cue increases after that-effect of the cue levels off or declines a bit GRAPH ON PAGE 190
time to collision (TTC)
The time required for a moving object (such as a cricket ball) to hit a stationary object (such as a batsman's head). TTC = distance/rate.
Interoccular transfer
The transfer of an effect (such as adaptation) from one eye to another
interocular transfer
The transfer of an effect (such as adaptation) from one eye to the other.
ipsilesional field
The visual field on the same side as a brain lesion
ipsilesional field
The visual field on the same side as a brain lesion.
contralesional field
The visual field on the side opposite a brain lesion. For example, points to the left of fixation are contralesional to damage in the right hemisphere of the brain.
The fact that faces are more difficult than many other types of objects to recognize when viewed upside down is taken by many researchers to indicate that?
The visual system uses special recognition processes for faces that are not used for other types of objects
Salience
The vividness of a stimulus relative to its neighbors
salience
The vividness of a stimulus relative to its neighbors.
Example of non-additives in visual perception
The whole does not equal sum of parts, color, apparent motion, orientation, subjective contours
Which of the following is true for animals that have eyes on the sides of their heads compared to animals that have eyes on the front of their heads?
Their depth perception is generally not good
An afterimage when viewed in the dark appears to move when you move your eyes. THis is what the Corollary Discharge Theory would predict because?
There is no IMS, but there is a CDS
If someone has 20/20 vision, what does this mean?
They see at 20 ft what a person with normal vision sees at 100 ft
How many lights (of the correct type) are needed to match any color that humans can see?
Three
When a person scans a visual scene, he/she usually makes about ____ fixation(s) per second.
Three
How many lights (of the correct type) are needed to match any color that humans can see?
Three.
A ____ is a map plotting the thresholds of a neuron or fiber in response to sine waves with varying frequencies at the lowest intensity that will give rise to a response.
Threshold tuning curve
The sound quality that is related to the sound's clarity, "nasalness" or "ready-ness" is?
Timbre
the time required for a moving object to hit a stationary object. it equals the distance/rate
Time To Contact
When measuring reaction time (RT), we measure the?
Time from the onset of a stimulus to a response
When measuring reaction time (RT), we measure the?
Time from the onset of a stimulus to a response.
_____ is the property of increasing pitch that accompanies increases in the tone's frequency.
Tone height
The primary auditory cortex (A1) is organized in a ____ manner
Tonotopic
______ the orderly mapping of the world in the lgn and visual cortex
Topographical mapping (yes)
According to the _____ theory, the color of any light is defined in our visual system by the relationships between a set of three numbers.
Trichromacy
According to the___ theory, the color of any light is defined in our visual system by the relationships between a set of three numbers.
Trichromacy
A ______ is an individual who suffers from color blindness that is due to the absence of 5-cones.
Tritanope
Accretion and deletion are movement-produced cues to depth
True
Achromatopsia is the inability to perceive colors due to brain damage
True
Rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) is an experimental procedure in which stimuli appear in a stream in one location at a quick rate
True
Second-order motion is the motion of an object that is defined by changes in contrast or texture, but not by luminance
True
Selective attention involves restricting processing to a subset of the possible stimuli
True
TF? Binocular depth cues can be used by all animals that have two functioning eyes.
True
TF? People are able to perceive words more quickly than individual letters
True
TF? Saccades must be used to follow fast moving objects?
True
TF? The neural processes that produce opponent process color perception are similar to those that produce center-surround antagonism
True
Tau tells you time to collision
True
The further an object is the for horopter, the greater the angle of disparity
True
The perception of a point-light walker stimulus as a person walks is an example of biological motion.
True
Three lights (of the correct type) are needed to match any color that humans can see
True
The ____ is/are a thin sheet of skin at the end of the outer ear canal that vibrates in response to sound.
Tympanic membrane
the ___ is/are a thin sheet of skin at the end of the outer ear canal that vibrates in response to sound.
Tympanic membrane(yes)
What's motion and event perception good for?
Updating location, figure-ground, edge detection, recognizing objects and actions from motion
To what direction of motion would the "M unit" respond to best in the figure below
Upward
Anamorphosis (anamorphic projection)
Use of the rules of linear perspective to create a 2D image so distorted that it looks correct only when viewed from a special angle or with a mirror that counters the distortion
anamorphosis (or anamorphic projection)
Use of the rules of linear perspective to create a two-dimensional image so distorted that it looks correct only when viewed from a special angle or with a mirror that counters the distortion
Indirect solutions
Use visual depth cues and unconscious inference, binocular and monocular cues
which of the following areas is not part of the extrastriate cortex
V1
Attention to a region of space changes activity of neurons in the area __. Neurons with receptive fields covering that region respond _____ (less/more)
V1 more
which is not part of extrastriate cortex? V1, V1, V3,V4, all
V1 (primary visual cortex)
The extrastriate cortex includes V2, V3, V4 but not
V1 (yes)
Which of the following areas is not part of the extrastriate cortex?
V1, V2, V3, V4
What pathway
Ventral pathway to temporal lobe
One kind of inefficient search is a _______ search.
Vertical
A property of an object that doesn't change when an observer changes viewpoint.
Viewpoint invariance
_______ refers t the idea that objects should be just as easy to recognize from any viewpoint
Viewpoint invariance
search for a target in a display containing distracting elements
Visual Search
_______ is a measure of the size an object takes up on the retina
Visual angle (yes)
Used to view objects that are moving
Voluntary Saccades
Blurring the image, uniqueness constraint, continuity constraint
Ways to solve the correspondence problem
Simplicity and Pragnanz
We organize our percepts in the simplest way that is consistent with the information in the stimulus
The size-distance scaling equation explains the Ames Room illusion because?
We perceive the two people in the room to be different sizes because they are perceived to be the same distance away and their retinal image size is different
___ describes the relationship between a stimulus and its resulting sensation by proposing that the JND is a constant fraction of the stimulus intensity
Weber's law
What will the eye pay more attention to?
When images are presented in 2 eyes, the visual system chooses to surpress one image and perceive the other. High contrast is more salient than low bright is better than dim moving objects are more interesting than stationary
Key Issues Raised by Dallenbach's Cow
Where are the objects in the image? Which edges reflect illumination changes and which reflectance changes? What are the objects? What is the role of knowledge, top-down processing in segmentation and identification?
monocular
With one eye.
We know that the three signals come from the three types of cones because of _____ and ______ (who?)
Young and Helmholtz
Stereoacuity
____ is a measure of the smallest binocular disparity that can generate a sensation of depth
Strabismus
_____ disrupts binocular vision because one or both eyes are not aligned properly
Double opponent cell
a cell type, found in the visual cortex in which one region is excited by one cone type, combination of cones, or color and inhibited by the opponent cones or color, R+/G- center, R-/G+ surround
stereoblindness usually results from
a childhood disorder
Color assimilation
a color perception effect in which two colors bleed into each other, each taking on some of the chromatic quality of the other
Color contrast
a color perception effect in which two colors bleed into each other, each taking on some of the chromatic quality of the other
relative size
a comparison of size b/w items without knowing the absolute size of either one
Illusory contour
a contour that is perceived even though the vast majority of the shape's lines are missing
Pictorial depth cues
a cue to distance or depth used by artists to depict 3D depth in 2D pictures
Familiar size
a depth cue based on knowledge of the typical size of objects like humans or pennies
Linear perspective
a depth cue based on the fact that lines that are parallel in the 3D world will appear to converge in a 2D image provides relative, but not absolute metrical depth information
Texture gradient
a depth cue based on the geometric fact that items of the same size form smaller images when they are farther away. An array of items that change in size smoothly across the image will appear to form a surface tilted in depth
Aerial perspective
a depth cue based on the implicit understanding that light is scattered by the atmosphere
Relative metrical depth cue
a depth cue that could specify that object A is twice as far away as object B without providing information about the absolute distance to either A or B- relative size or relative height
monocular depth cue
a depth cue that is available even when the world is viewed with one eye alone
Nonmetrical depth cue
a depth cue that provides information about the depth order (relative depth) but not depth magnitude
absolute metrical depth cue
a depth cue that provides quantifiable information about distance in the third dimension
metrical depth cue
a depth cue that provides quantitative information about distance in the third dimension
Structural description
a description of an object in terms of the nature of its constituent parts and the relationships between those parts
Stereoscope
a device for simultaneously presenting one image to one eye and another image to the other eye can be used to present dichoptic stimuli for stereopsis and binocular rivalry
Repetition blindness
a failure to detect the second occurrence of an identical letter, word, or picture in a rapidly presented stream of stimuli when the second occurrence falls within 200-500 ms
Inattentional blindness
a failure to notice a stimulus that would be easy reportable if it were attended
Attention is generally thought of as consisting of a. a single locus in the brain. b. a family of selection mechanisms. c. a big filter. d. the perception of many small objects. e. the power to focus on two things at once.
a family of selection mechanisms
Attention is generally thought of as consisting of
a family of selection mechanisms.
Nonaccidental feature
a feature of an object that is not dependent on the exact viewpoint
Congenital prosopagnosia
a form of face blindness apparently present from birth, as opposed to acquired prosopagnosia
corresponding retinal points
a geometric concept stating that points on the retina of each eye where the monocular retinal images of a single object are formed are at the same distance from the fovea in each eye The 2 foveas are also corresponding points
if a stimulus is present and the observer reports it as presemt, this is called
a hit
According to treisman's feature integration theory:
a limited set of features can be processed in parallel preattentively (yes)
According to Treisman's feature integration theory,
a limited set of features can be processed in parallel preattentively.
proto-objects
a loose collection of unbound features that will be a recognizable object, once attended
Stereoacuity
a measure of the smallest binocular disparity that can gerate a sensation of depth
Strabismus
a misalignment of the two eyes such that a single object in space is imaged on the fovea of one eye and on a nonfoveal area of the other (tuned) eye reduces the number of binocular neurons in the visual cortex and hurts the development of stereopsis
Additive color mixture
a mixture of lights, if light A and light B are both reflected from a surface to the eye, in the perception of color the effects of these two lights add together
Subtractive color mixture
a mixture of pigments, if pigments A and B mix, some of the light shining on the surface will be subtracted by A and some by B, only the remainder contributes to the perception of color
Positivsm
a philosophical position arguing that all we really have to go on is the evidence of the senses, so the world might be nothing more than an elaborate hallucination
an individual who suffers from color blinness due to the absence of L cones is
a protanope
Akinetopsia
a rare neuropsychological disorder in which the affected individual has no perception of motion, damage to cortical MT area
The Decibel Scale
a ratio scale, referenced to the classical threshold of human hearing, a logarithmic scale, converts multiplicative changes to additive changes
Surroundedness
a rule for figure-ground assignment stating that if one region is entirely surrounded by another, it is likely that the surrounded region is the figure
Gestalt Grouping rules
a set of rules describing which elements in an image will appear to group together
Random dot stereogram
a stereogram made of a large number of randomly placed dots, random dot stereograms contain no monocular cues to depth, stimuli visible stereoscopically in random dot stereographs are Cyclopean stimuli -if you free fuse-you will see 2 rectangular regions-one in front of the page and the other behind it
Lateral geniculate nucleus
a structure in the thalamus, part of the midbrain, that receives input from the retinal ganglion cells and has input and output connections to the visual cortex
a ______ is any stimulus that can be tasted
a tastant
Ideal observer analysis
a theoretical observer with complete access to the best available information and the ability to combine different sources of information in the optimal manner can be useful to compare human performance to that of an ideal observer
Vergence
a type of eye movement in which the two eyes move in opposite direction, bring the eyes inward or outward
Saccade
a type of eye movement made both voluntarily and involuntarily, in which the eyes rapidly change fixation from one object or location to another
Accidental viewpoint
a viewing position that produces some regularity in the visual image that is not present in the world
Bayesian aproach
a way of formalizing the idea that our perception is a combination of the current stimulus and the knowledge of the conditions of the world- what is and is not likely to occur stated mathematically in Bayes' theorem
which of the following stimuli would cause an Off-center ganglion cell to fire the most? a) a ring of light covering the surround f the receptive field, but not the center b) complete darkness over the whole receptive field, including the center and surround c) a large spot of light covering both the center and surround of the receptive field d) a spot of light in the center of the receptive field, but not the surround
a) a ring of light covering the surround f the receptive field, but not the center
The ability of the human visual system to detect fine detail is called _____. a) acuity c) sensitivity b) contrast d) focus
a) acuity
if you mix red and green together and you get yellow, you must be using ____ color mixing a) additive c) subtractive b) photopic d) multiplicative
a) additive
Hubel and Wiesel found that neurons with similar properties were arranged in ___ that extended though the cortex a) columns c) stacks b) branches d) rows
a) columns
The tough outer covering that protects the eye and allows light to enter is called the a) cornea c) lens b) aqueous humor d) retina
a) cornea
in signal detection theory, if a stimulus is absent and the observer reports it as absent, this is called a _____ a) correct rejection b) hit c) false alarm d) miss
a) correct rejection
Aerial perspective is based on the fact that a) distant objects appear fuzzy because the light that must pass through more air b) parallel lines appear to converge as they get further away c) more distant objects tend to appear smaller and higher up than closer objects
a) distant objects appear fuzzy because the light that must pass through more air
_____ is when the 2 eyes turn away from each other to focus on a distant object a) divergence c) accommodation b) motion parallax d) convergence
a) divergence
In lateral inhibition a) excitement of one neuron has the opposite effect on nearby neurons b) visual acuity is improved by increasing the size of neural receptive fields c) each neuron excites the neurons around it whenever it is excited d) each neuron inhibits other neurons whenever it is inhibited
a) excitement of one neuron has the opposite effect on nearby neurons
Imagine a circle drawn through your eyes and the object at which you are looking. This circle is called the ______ a) horopter c) radiopter b) vanishing point d) convergence point
a) horopter
Cones function primarily in _____ light a) photopic c) monopic b) scotopic d) dim
a) photopic
Which of the following best describes the method of limits? a) the experimenter increases or decreases the stimulus intensity until the participant detects it or can no longer detect it b) the participant attempts to detect the stimulus as quickly as she/he can c) several stimuli with diff intensities are presented repeatedly and in random order d) the participant changes the stimulus intensity until it becomes detectable or until it becomes undetectable
a) the experimenter increases or decreases the stimulus intensity until the participant detects it or can no longer detect it
A major problem with template theories of object recognition is that a) we cannot possible store enough templates in memory to match every object we might encounter b) template theories predict that object recognition should usually be viewpoint-dependent, but in fact recognition has been shown to be viewpoint-invariant c) templates are too abstract to be used in object recognition
a) we cannot possible store enough templates in memory to match every object we might encounter
What is the optic chiasm? a) where ganglion cell axons from each eye cross over b) where ganglion cell axons leave each eye, crossing the cornea c) where ganglion cell axons synapse in striate cortex d) where ganglion cell axons synapse in the LGN
a) where ganglion cell axons from each eye cross over
_______ is an enzyme used to reveal the regular array of "CO blobs," which are spaced about 0.5 mm apart in the primary visual cortex. a. Cytochrome oxidase b. Chromophore c. Rhodopsin d. Aromadase e. Carbon monoxide
a. Cytochrome oxidase
Which of the following was not an empiricist? a. Descartes b. Hobbes c. Locke d. Berkeley e. All of the above were empiricists.
a. Descartes
_______ is the psychological aspect of sound related to perceived intensity or magnitude. a. Loudness b. Pitch c. Frequency d. Intensity e. Tone
a. Loudness
. _______ is an important depth cue that is based on head movement. a. Motion parallax b. Familiar size c. Convergence d. Vanishing point e. Stereopsis
a. Motion parallax
What type of eye movements do we make while reading? a. Saccadic b. Vergence c. Smooth pursuit d. Reflexive e. None of the above
a. Saccadic
What is hyperacuity? a. The ability to resolve details that are smaller than the width of a single photoreceptor b. The ability to resolve details that are larger than the width of a single photoreceptor c. The ability to resolve details when the ambient illumination is extremely dark d. The ability to resolve details when the ambient illumination is extremely bright e. Better than normal vision (i.e., better than 20/20 vision)
a. The ability to resolve details that are smaller than the width of a single photoreceptor
The figure below is an example of a. a random dot stereogram. b. motion parallax. c. strabismus. d. stereoblindness. e. a Vieth-Müller circle.
a. a random dot stereogram.
The phenomenon known as two-tone suppression occurs when a. a second tone of a slightly different frequency is added to the first tone. b. three tones are heard together. c. the hair cells are not tuned properly to the particular frequencies heard. d. several tones are heard at the same time. e. All of the above
a. a second tone of a slightly different frequency is added to the first tone.
Plato's "The Allegory in the Cave," shown below, depicts a. a world perceived through the senses. b. the idea of people depending on each other. c. neuronal activity. d. the psychology of human beings. e. vision after adaptation to the dark.
a. a world perceived through the senses.
Dualism is the idea that a. both mind and body exist. b. two sensations can co-occur simultaneously. c. one sensation often follows another. d. the body can be divided into two parts. e. All of the above
a. both mind and body exist.
The difference in illumination between a figure and its background is known as a. contrast. b. definition. c. visual angle. d. surround. e. brightness.
a. contrast.
During free fusion, the eyes _______ in order to view a stereogram without a stereoscope. a. converge or diverge b. are half closed c. use the motion parallax d. use the pictorial depth cue e. glaze over
a. converge or diverge
In a _______ task, the target is defined by the presence of a single feature, or attribute, such as a salient color or orientation. a. feature search b. cueing c. visual search d. reaction time e. conjunction search
a. feature search
Rate saturation occurs when a nerve fiber is firing as rapidly as possible and a. further stimulation is incapable of increasing the firing rate. b. no transmission of signals is capable of occurring. c. a second nerve fiber stops firing. d. a second nerve fiber slows down its firing. e. then slows down.
a. further stimulation is incapable of increasing the firing rate.
The method of _______ requires the experimenter to vary a perceptible stimulus until it is no longer perceived or an imperceptible stimulus until it is finally perceived. a. limits b. constant stimuli c. adjustment d. sensation and perception e. matching
a. limits
The idea that the mind is the true reality, and that objects exist only as aspects of the mind's awareness is known as a. mentalism. b. perception. c. dualism. d. empiricism. e. the Matrix.
a. mentalism.
Magnitude estimation, demonstrated by this figure, is a psychophysical method in which the _______ assigns values according to perceived magnitudes of stimuli. a. observer b. experimenter c. apparatus d. computer e. All of the above
a. observer
Scientists study contrast sensitivity for sine wave gratings across many different spatial frequencies because a. patterns of stripes with fuzzy boundaries are common in the real world. b. the eye is especially sensitive to sine wave gratings. c. sine wave gratings involve no shadows. d. spatial frequency is easy to study. e. contrast sensitivity is easy to study.
a. patterns of stripes with fuzzy boundaries are common in the real world.
When one makes a saccadic eye movement, there is a(n) _______ sensitivity known as saccadic suppression. a. reduction of visual b. increase of visual c. acceleration of motion d. reduction of motion e. increase of color
a. reduction of visual
The doctrine of specific nerve energies involves the stimulation of a. sensory fibers. b. sensations. c. nerve endings. d. signals. e. All of the above
a. sensory fibers.
JND is the a. smallest detectable difference between two stimuli. b. difference in detection time for two different stimuli. c. true difference in detection time. d. time it takes to notice a stimulus. e. judgment of no detection.
a. smallest detectable difference between two stimuli.
A(n) _____ eye movement maintains focus on a single object as that object moves. a. smooth pursuit b. tracking c. saccade d. scan
a. smooth pursuit
The cornea, shown below, can be thought of as a(n) [human eye figure] a. transparent window. b. opaque substance. c. refractive medium. d. mirror. e. focusing surface.
a. transparent window.
Experimenters often use _______ as masking in their studies involving sound. a. white noise b. critical bandwidth sounds c. low-frequency sounds d. high-frequency sounds e. All of the above
a. white noise
semicircular canal neurons respond to __ and __ but not __
acceleration; deceleration; constant velocity
the two photographs below are of the same sculpture. The photo on the left is an example of an __, a viewing position that produces properties in the visual image that is to present in the world?
accidental viewpoint
which of the following is a viewing position that produces some regularity in the visual image
accidental viewpoint
Han tries to focus on the tip of her pencil as she brings it closer to her. She feels the strain on her eye as she does this. What she is feeling in her eye is due to the process called?
accomodation
The process by which the eye changes its focus by adjusting the lens
accomodation
____ is the inability to perceive colors due to damage to the central nervous system:
achromastopsia
____ is the inability to perceive colors due to damage to the central nervous system
achromatopsia
_______ is the inability to perceive colors due to damage to the central nervous system
achromatopsia
A neuron will not fire if the stimulus does not activate its
action potential
after the movie you go to a party where the host owns a 3d tv. The host only owns a few pair of 3d glasses because they are expensive and the glasses you stole from the theater are not compatible with it. What type of glasses does the tv use?
active shutter glasses
The smallest spatial detail that can be resolved is known as
acuity
the smallest spatial detail that can be resolved is known as:
acuity(yes)
the diminishing response of a sense organ to a sustained stimulus is referred to as
adaptation
Diminishing response of a sense organ to a sustanined stimulus is referred to as
adaptation(yes)
The tilt aftereffect is the perceptual illusion of tilt produced by
adapting to patter of given orientation
when adding colors blue and yellow create white under____ color mixing and create green under____ color mixing
additive, subtractive
When adding colors, blue and yellow create white under ______ color mixing but create green under ______ color mixing. a. additive; subtractive b. subtractive; additive c. additive; multiplicative d. multiplicative; subtractive e. multiplicative; divisive
additive; subtractive
When adding colors, blue and yellow create white under ______ color mixing but create green under ______ color mixing.
additive; subtractive
The method of ___ requires the observer to alter the strength of a stimulus until it matches some criterion
adjustment
the method of____ requires the observer/participant to alter the strength of a stimulus until it matches some criterion
adjustment
A(n) _______ is a visual image seen after the stimulus has been removed. a. adapting stimulus b. afterimage c. neutral pointd. metamer e. hallucination
after image
an____ is a visual image seen after the stimulus has been removed
after image
A(n) _______ is a visual image seen after the stimulus has been removed
afterimage
A(n) ________ is a visual image seen after the stimulus has been removed.
afterimage
a _______ is a visual image seen after the stimulus has been removed
afterimage
a _______ is a visual image seen after the stimulus has been removed:
afterimage (yes)
Assumptions about _______ is not a physical constraint that makes constancy possible. a. the light source b. surfaces c. afterimages d. sharp borders in an image e. All of the above are physical constraints that make constancy possible.
afterimages
___ is a failure to recognize objects in spite of the ability to see them
agnosia
the outer ear is filled with __ the middle ear is filled with ___ and the inner ear is filled with respectively
air, air, fluid
____ is a rare neuropsychological disorder in which the affected individual has no perception of motion:
akinestopsia
A rare neurophysiological disorder that leads to loss of motion perception. - Caused by damage to area MT
akinetopsia
The PPA: a. contains information about scene categories b. prefers scenes over objects and faces c. all of the above d. represents line drawings of scenes just as well as photographs e.was identified using functional magnetic resonance imaging
all of the above
Which of the following is a monocular cue? [occlusion, relative size, texture gradient, all of the above]
all of the above
Which of the following does not contribute to auditory stream segregation? a. Location b. Onset c. Timbre d. Pitch e. All of the above contribute to auditory stream segregation.
all of the above contribute to auditory stream segregation
which of the following does not contribute to sound localization?
all of the above contribute to sound localization
Which of the following is an application of perception research
all of these
what combination of noises was used to create the T.rex roar in jurassic park
alligator, tiger, and baby elephant
Attention can affect neural activity by making it shift the neural tuning functions called ______
altered tuning
The three ways that the responses of a cell could be changed by attention are enhancement, sharper tuning, and a. attentive listening. b. localization. c. altered tuning d. concentration e. priming
altered tuning
A very simple example of auditory stream segregation involves two tones with similar frequencies that are a. played continuously together. b. alternated. c. started together at the same time. d. different in amplitude. e. missing fundamentals.
alternated
In the fovea, single cones pass information to single ganglion cells via ___ cells
amacrine
cells that connect the synapses of bipolar cells
amacrine cellls
The vertical pathway in the retina consists of each of the following except
amacrine cells
the illustration below by M.C Escher is a good demonstration of:
ambiguous figure ground assignment
cortical magnification is the ____ devoted to a specified region in the visual field
amount of cortical area
one of the roles of the middle ears ossicles is to
amplify sound
in the fourier frequency spectrum the height of the lines represents the
amplitude at each frequency
3d necker cube is an example of
an ambiguous figure
the figure below is a classic demonstrations of
an ambiguous figure
Middle temporal area
an area of the brain thought to be important in the perception of motion
Comparator
an area of the visual system that receives one copy of the command issued by the motor system when the eyes move, comparator compares the image motion signal with the eye motion signal to compensate for the image changes caused by the eye movement
Interocular transfer is the transfer of...
an effect from one eye to the other
Response Enhancement
an effect of attention on the response of a neuron responding to an attended stimulus giving a bigger response
Illusionary conjunction
an erroneous combination of 2 featured in a visual scene, conjoin only features that are actually in the display
Motion parallax
an important depth cue that is based on head movement, the geometric information obtained from an eye in two different positions at two different times (motion parallax) is similar to the information from two eyes in different positions in the head at the same time (stereopsis) downside-only works if the head moves
Stereoblindness
an inability to make use of binocular disparity as a depth cue, this term is typically used to describe individuals with vision in both eyes
Protanope
an individual who suffers from color blindness that is due to the absence of L- cones
Deuteranope
an individual who suffers from color blindness that is due to the absence of M-cones
Tritanope
an individual who suffers from color blindness that is due to the absence of S-cones
Rod monochromat
an individual with no cones of any type, in addition to being truly color-blind, rod monochromats are badly visually impaired in bright light
the problem of univariance refers to the fact that:
an infinite set of different wavelength intensity combinations can elicit the same response from a single type of photoreceptor
The problem of univariance refers to the fact that
an infinite set of different wavelength-intensity combinations can elicit the same response from a single type of photoreceptor
problem of univariance refers to the fact that
an infinite set of different wavelength-intensity combinations can elicit the same response from a single type of photoreceptor
Microsaccade
an involuntary, small, jerk-like movement, might be useful for very fine spatial judgments by precisely moving the eye to areas of interest
Fourier analysis
analyzing complex waves into simpler components- sine waves
sidewalks art that can only be viewed correctly from a single viewpoint is referred to as __ art
anamorphic
the azimuth is the
angle of a sound source on the horizontal plane relative to the center of the head between the ears
The azimuth is the A) distance between the sound and the ears. B) location of the sound in space. C) angle of a sound source on the horizontal plane relative to the point in the center of the head between the ears
angle of a sound source on the horizontal plane relative to the point in the center of the head between the ears
the sense of __ registers motion resulting from rotation
angular motion
______ is the total ability to smell, most often resulting form sinus illness or head trauma
anosmia(yes)
Single opponent cell
another way to refer to cone-opponent cells, in order to differentiate them from double-opponent cells, R+ center, G- surround
Lateral inhibition is the
antagonistic neural interaction between adjacent regions of the retina
Unique hue
any of four colors that can be described with only a single color term: red, yellow, green, blue
An opening (say, a window) that allows only a partial view of an object.
aperture
The _____ problem is local edge motion within a single aperture is ambiguous
aperture
the problem that arises when a moving object is viewed through an aperture, the direction of motion of the visible part of the object may be ambiguous
aperture problem
Perception of smooth motion resulting from rapid alternation of objects between locations.
apparent motion
The impression of smooth motion that comes form the rapid alternation of objects appearing in nearby locations in rapid succession is:
apparent motion
The impression of smooth motion that comes from the rapid alternation of objects appearing in nearby locations in rapid succession is
apparent motion
The impression of smooth motion that comes from the rapid alternation of objects appearing in nearby locations in rapid succession is
apparent motion.
Orientation edges
appear when a surface quickly changes orientation: folding a card yields an orientation edge with no change in reflectance and neither side of the edge closer than the other
Depth edges
appear when one object is in front of another in the viewers line of sight, putting one's hand in front of one's face yields edges that belong to the hand
Illumination edges
appear when one part of a surface is lit more strongly than another: the edges cast by shadows are illumination edges
Reflectance edges
appear when the coloring or pigmentation of an edge changes: the stripes on a zebra are reflectance stripes that can be seen with the eye but can't be felt
Relative Height
as a depth cue, the observation that objects at different distances from the viewer on the ground plane will form images at different heights in the retinal image, objects farther away will be seen as higher in the image
The experiment conducted by Bloj et al. (depicted) shows us how
assumptions about the physics of the world influence color perception.
The part of a sound during which amplitude increases is known as A) decay. B) end note. C) attack. D) octave. E) pitch.
attack
guided search
attention can be restricted to a subset of possible items on the basis of information about the target's basic features
The ____ is the difficulty in perceiving and responding to the second of two targets stimuli amid a stream of stimuli if the observer has responded to the first target stimulus within 200 to 500 ms before the second stimulus is presented.
attentional blink
The ____ is the difficulty in perceiving and responding to the second of two targets stimuli amid a stream of stimuli if the observer has responded to the first target stimulus within 200 to 500 ms before the second stimulus is presented. a. attentional blink b. spotlight challenge c. illusory conjunction d. stimulus processing difficulty e. visual search illusion
attentional blink
The _______ is the difficulty in perceiving and responding to the second of two target stimuli amid a rapid stream of stimuli if the observer has responded to the first target stimulus within 200 to 500 ms before the second stimulus is presented.
attentional blink
The diagram below depicts an attention phenomenon known as the LOOKS LIKE A NOSE ON A GRAPH a. illusory conjunction. b. attentional blink. c. RSVP. d. binding problem. e. search performance deficit.
attentional blink
________ is the perceptual organization of a complex acoustic signal into separate auditory events for which each stream is heard as a separate event.
auditory stream segregation
Adaptation is the a) increase in a neuron's firing rate after continuous exposure to one stimulus b) Decrease in a neuron's firing rate after continuous exposure to one stimulus c) decrease in a neuron's firing rate as you practice a skill or learn new info d) increase in a neuron's firing rate as you practice a skill or learn new info
b) Decrease in a neuron's firing rate after continuous exposure to one stimulus
A(n) _____ is a visual image seen after the stimulus has been removed a) hallucination c) adapting stimulus b) afterimage d) metamer
b) afterimage
a _____ cell is a neuron that responds equally well to regions that are either brighter or darker than the background a) simple c) ganglion b) complex d) stop
b) complex
The basic premise of Gestalt psychology is that a) an object's parts are irrelevant to identifying the object as a whole b) identifying an object is more than just identifying its parts c) the parts of an object are more important than the object itself d) an object is just a collection of parts
b) identifying an object is more than just identifying its parts
Evidence indicates that structures in ____ cortex are especially important in the final steps of object recognition a) occipital c) striate b) inferotemporal d) parietal
b) inferotemporal
The Necker cube is interesting because a) it has only one valid interpretation, but the visual system is unable to perceive it correctly b) it has two equally valid interpretations, and the visual system switches between the two c) it has two valid interpretations, but the visual system cannot perceive either of them
b) it has two equally valid interpretations, and the visual system switches between the two
the criminal justice system in America is biased to make it more likely that a guilty person will be found innocent than an innocent person found guilty. in terms of signal detection theory, this means that the criminal justice system is more likely to have a ____ than a _____. Assume that the goal is to detect and convict a guilty person a) correct rejection, hit c) hit, correct rejection b)miss, false alarm d) false alarm miss
b) miss, false alarm
____ travel across the gap between two connected neurons a) junctions c) synapses b) neurotransmitters d) action potentials
b) neurotransmitters
The vertical processing pathway in the retina is the main stream of processing from photons to brain. the cells involved in this pathway are (in order) a)photoreceptors, ganglion cells, and amacrine cells b) photoreceptors, bipolar cells, and ganglion cells c) photoreceptors, horizontal cells, and amacrine cells d) photoreceptors, amacrine cells, and horizontal cells
b) photoreceptors, bipolar cells, and ganglion cells
Which Gestalt grouping principle leads us to group objects that change at the same time? a) good continuation c) common fate b) synchrony d) similarity
b) synchrony
Vision researchers specify the size of a stimulus in terms of a) the total number of photoreceptors activated by the stimulus b) the size of the stimulus on the retina in degrees of visual angle c) the stimulus' area in centimeters-squared d) a formula that takes into account the physical brightness and size of the stimulus
b) the size of the stimulus on the retina in degrees of visual angle
If you look at a friend's face the part of your visual cortex that processes his/her eyes will be near the part of the cortex that processes his/her nose. this is because of______ a) orientation tuning c) cortical magnification b) topographical mapping d) ocular dominance
b) topographical mapping
Visual processing in the cerebral cortex is divided into two pathways. the pathway that identifies objects is called the ____ pathway. a) location c) object recognition b) what d) where
b) what
_______ is often referred to as the father of psychophysics. a. Berkeley b. Fechner c. Weber d. Plato e. Wundt
b. Fechner
The retinal ganglion cell depicted below is most responsive to which spatial frequency? a. Low frequency b. Medium frequency c. High frequency d. Both low and high frequencies e. There is no difference in the responses of the cells shown to different frequencies.
b. Medium frequency
_______ is the illusion that a stationary object is moving, and occurs after prolonged exposure to a moving object. a. Illusory motion b. Motion aftereffect c. Neural circuit d. Apparent motion e. Aperture problem
b. Motion aftereffect
_______ is the illusion that a stationary object is moving, and occurs after prolonged exposure to a moving object. a. Illusory motion b. Motion aftereffect c. Neural circuit d. Apparent motion e. Aperture problem
b. Motion aftereffect
Which of the following is not a symptom of Balint syndrome? a. The spatial localization abilities are greatly reduced. b. Neglect occurs, especially on the left side of the visual field. c. There is an inability to perceive more than one object at a time. d. A tendency to gaze fixedly ahead develops. e. All of the above are symptoms of Balint syndrome.
b. Neglect occurs, especially on the left side of the visual field.
_______ is the difference in absolute disparities of two elements in the visual scene. a. Absolute disparity b. Relative disparity c. Binocular rivalry d. Crossed disparity e. Stereo convergence
b. Relative disparity
_______ sense light. a. Ganglion cells b. Rods and cones c. Horizontal cells d. Amacrine cells e. Bipolar cells
b. Rods and cones
_______ is a measure of the smallest binocular disparity that can generate a sensation of depth. a. Minimum disparity b. Stereoacuity c. Stereo sensitivity d. Disparity threshold e. Stereo parallax
b. Stereoacuity
Attention is generally thought of as consisting of a. a single locus in the brain. b. a family of selection mechanisms. c. a big filter. d. the perception of many small objects. e. the power to focus on two things at once.
b. a family of selection mechanisms.
According to the feature integration theory, a. visual search depends on the construction of geons. b. a limited set of features can be processed in parallel preattentively. c. parallel processing is impossible. d. the correct binding of features to objects does not require attention. e. all feature processing is serial
b. a limited set of features can be processed in parallel preattentively.
According to the feature integration theory, a. visual search depends on the construction of geons. b. a limited set of features can be processed in parallel preattentively. c. parallel processing is impossible. d. the correct binding of features to objects does not require attention. e. all feature processing is serial.
b. a limited set of features can be processed in parallel preattentively.
The scene pictured below demonstrates the _______ depth cue. a. motion parallax b. aerial perspective c. linear perspective d. accommodation e. convergence
b. aerial perspective
Cortical magnification is the _______ devoted to a specific region in the visual field. a. topographical map b. amount of cortical area c. amount of magnification d. number of neuronal connections e. amount of retina
b. amount of cortical area
Interocular transfer is the transfer of a. light from one eye to the other. b. an effect from one eye to the other. c. focus from one eye to the other. d. electrical signals from both eyes to the brain. e. electrical signals from the brain to both eyes.
b. an effect from one eye to the other.
Interocular transfer is the transfer of a. light from one eye to the other. b. an effect from one eye to the other. c. focus from one eye to the other. d. electrical signals from both eyes to the brain. e. electrical signals from the brain to both eyes.
b. an effect from one eye to the other.
The problem of univariance refers to the fact that a. we have three types of cones in our visual system. b. an infinite set of different wavelength-intensity combinations can elicit the same response from a single type of photoreceptor. c. an infinite number of colors exist in the real world. d. many shades of colors appear the same under certain lighting conditions. e. an infinite set of cones can record the same response from a single wavelength.Term
b. an infinite set of different wavelength-intensity combinations can elicit the same response from a single type of photoreceptor.
As shown in the figure below, _______ is the changing angular positions of points in an image that you experience as you move through the world. a. an optic array b. an optic flow field c. a positional change d. a motion perspective e. tau
b. an optic flow field
As shown in the figure below, _______ is the changing angular positions of points in an image that you experience as you move through the world. a. an optic array b. an optic flow field c. a positional change d. a motion perspective e. tau
b. an optic flow field
The motion we interpret as configurations of animated dots as people moving around is called _______ motion. a. apparent b. biological c. induced d. real e. None of the above
b. biological
The motion we interpret as configurations of animated dots as people moving around is called _______ motion. a. apparent b. biological c. induced d. real e. None of the above
b. biological
The tendency of a surface to appear the same color under a fairly wide range of illuminations is known as a. color invariance. b. color constancy. c. color anomaly. d. reflectance. e. illuminance.
b. color constancy.
A _______ cell is a neuron whose receptive field characteristics cannot be easily predicted by mapping with spots of light. a. simple b. complex c. stop d. ganglion e. blob
b. complex
Weber proposed that the smallest change in a stimulus that can be detected is a(n) _______ proportion of the stimulus level. a. ever-changing b. constant c. opposite d. small e. one-fifth
b. constant
The acoustic reflex protects the ear from intense sounds by a. transmitting only low-frequency sounds to the brain. b. contraction of the stapedius and tensor tympani muscles. c. opening the oval window to transmit vibration. d. transmitting loud noises back to the ear canal. e. stiffening the round tympanic membrane.
b. contraction of the stapedius and tensor tympani muscles.
A(n) _______ is the motion of an object that is defined by changes in luminance. a. anomalous motion b. first-order motion c. second-order motion d. interocular motion e. motion aftereffect
b. first-order motion
Seeing a blue cup when the cupboard contains blue mugs and non-blue cups, but no blue cups is referred to as (a)n a. visual search illusion. b. illusory conjunction. c. erroneous feature integration. d. perceptual illusion. e. perceptual fallacy
b. illusory conjunction.
Seeing a blue cup when the cupboard contains blue mugs and non-blue cups, but no blue cups is referred to as (a)n a. visual search illusion. b. illusory conjunction. c. erroneous feature integration. d. perceptual illusion. e. perceptual fallacy
b. illusory conjunction.
The "focus of expansion" informs you of the direction a. in which you are looking. b. in which you are moving. c. from which you came. d. of the largest object in your visual field. e. None of the above
b. in which you are moving.
The "focus of expansion" informs you of the direction a. in which you are looking. b. in which you are moving. c. from which you came. d. of the largest object in your visual field. e. None of the above
b. in which you are moving.
The _______ consists of three tiny bones called ossicles. a. tympanic membrane b. middle ear c. inner ear d. cochlea e. outer ear
b. middle ear
The belt area has neurons that respond to a. simple characteristics of sound. b. more complex characteristics of sound. c. particular frequencies. d. low frequencies only. e. language.
b. more complex characteristics of sound.
The "line cancellation test" is used to assess a. visual field defects. b. neglect. c. memory problems. d. occipital lobe damage. e. temporal lobe damage.
b. neglect.
Change blindness is a failure to a. pay attention to an ever-changing part of the visual field. b. notice a change between two scenes. c. detect small changes in an environment. d. notice changes in the right side of the visual field due to a left hemisphere damage. e. notice anything constant in the scene and only attend to the changes.
b. notice a change between two scenes.
Evidence from labs such as Warren's shows that humans can estimate their direction of heading solely on the basis of a. information given by the comparator. b. optic flow simulated by moving dots. c. biological motion calculations. d. eye movements. e. head movements.
b. optic flow simulated by moving dots.
Evidence from labs such as Warren's shows that humans can estimate their direction of heading solely on the basis of a. information given by the comparator. b. optic flow simulated by moving dots. c. biological motion calculations. d. eye movements. e. head movements.
b. optic flow simulated by moving dots.
The figure below illustrates the phenomenon of a. rate saturation. b. phase locking. c. spontaneous firing. d. threshold tuning. e. None of the above
b. phase locking.
Materialism is the notion that a. all materials influence the mind. b. physical matter is the only reality. c. materials are important to functioning. d. materials help the mind. e. happiness results from acquisition of material possessions.
b. physical matter is the only reality.
A neuron will not fire if the stimulus does not activate its a. action potential. b. receptive field. c. central region. d. photoreceptor. e. axon.
b. receptive field.
According to Democritus, primary qualities can be directly perceived, while secondary qualities a. cannot be perceived at all. b. require interaction between atoms from objects and atoms in the perceiver. c. are very difficult to perceive. d. are perceived only after a preliminary perception occurs. e. are derived from primary qualities.
b. require interaction between atoms from objects and atoms in the perceiver.
A(n) _______ eye movement rapidly changes fixation from one object or location to another. a. tracking b. saccade c. smooth pursuit d. scan e. adapting
b. saccade
According to the _______ theory, attention moves from point to point. a. visual search b. spotlight attention c. zoom lens d. selective attention e. flashlight attention
b. spotlight attention
No single neuron receives input from both eyes until the a. LGN. b. striate cortex. c. parietal lobe. d. magnocellular layer. e. parvocellular layer.
b. striate cortex.
The imaginary circle in the figure below is known as a. the vanishing point. b. the Vieth-Müller circle. c. Panum's circle. d. the convergence point. e. the stereo circle.
b. the Vieth-Müller circle.
what is the aperture problem? a. we cannot perceive object motion through apertures b. the motion of one edge within a single aperture is ambiguous c. the motion of multiple edges within several apertures is ambiguous d. we cannot perceive an object's shape through apertures
b. the motion of one edge within a single aperture is ambiguous
. According to the opponent color theory, the perception of color is based on the output of _______ cones, each of them an opponency between _______ colors. a. three; three b. three; two c. two; two d. four; three e. four; two
b. three; two
SOA refers to the a. tie between the end of one trial and the beginning of the next b. tie from the onset of one stimulus to the onset of another stimulus c. time before the stimulus appears d. time from the onset of a stimulus to a response
b. tie from the onset of one stimulus to the onset of another stimulus
In the Posner cueing task, responses will be slowest on a. trials with a valid cue. b. trials with an invalid cue c. trials with no cue d. trials with a neutral cue
b. trials with an invalid cue
In 1862, Snellen constructed a method for designating a. sine gratings. b. visual acuity. c. spatial frequencies. d. contrast sensitivity. e. perceived contrast.
b. visual acuity.
Light can be described as a stream of photons or a(n) a. signal. b. wave. c. source. d. outlet of energy. e. illuminant.
b. wave.
which of the following is the correct ordering of body parts, form the largest two point threshold to the smallest?
back, forehead, lips(yes)
A theory based on the idea that the visual system can use what it already knows about the world to estimate the probability of a percept
bayesian approach
Why were you unable to sort the M&Ms by color under the yellow sodium light in class?
because no differential activation of the three cone types was possible.
During response enhancement, a neuron responding to an attended stimulus might give a _______ response. a. bigger b. smaller c. slower d. surprising e. delayed
bigger
balint syndrome
bilateral lesions to parietal lobes where patients don't move their eyes much because spatial localization abilities are reduced; these patients have simultagnosia
The _____ problem refers to the challenge of tying different attributes of visual stimuli (eg color, orientation and motion) which are handled different brain circuits, to the appropriate object so that we perceive a unified object (eg blue, horizontal, moving to the left)
binding
Color, orientation, and motion are represented by different sets of neurons. / (red) • How do we combine them together to perceive a single whole object?
binding problem
___________ depth cues rely on information from both eyes.
binocular
The lateral displacement of the same scene in the two retinal images
binocular disparity
Which of the following is not a monocular cue? [occlusion, relative size, binocular disparity, texture gradient]
binocular disparity
______ is the difference between the two retinal images of the same scene. It is the basis of stereopsis.
binocular disparity
which of the following is not a monocular cue?
binocular disparity
When the two visual images from the left and right eye fight for attention
binocular rivalry
if the two images below are free fused (or view from above)0 they lead
binocular rivalry
instead of studying you decide to go to a movie theater to see the latest release of a 3d movie. The movie starts and you see some parts of a scene closer than others. This effect is achieved using slight variations in the position of corresponding objects in the two eyes. This variation in the retinal position is called
binocullar disparity
The motion we interpret as people moving around from a few animated dots is called _______ motion.
biological
the motion we interpret as people moving around from a few animated dots is called____ motion:
biological (yes)
describes the way living things move
biological motion
_____ is an entry or basic level category term unlike sparrow animal or limousine
bird
what is an example of a basic/entry level category term
bird
______ is the taste quality that is produced by the substances like quinine or caffeine.
bitter(yes)
In the case of a negative afterimage, a yellow stimulus would produce a ______ afterimage.
blue
In the case of a negative afterimage, a yellow stimulus would produce a _______ afterimage. a. blue b. green c. red d. brown e. black
blue
In the case of negative afterimage, a yellow stimulus would produce a ___afterimage.
blue
negative after image, a yellow stimulus would produce a ____ after image
blue
In the case of negative afterimage, a yellow stimulus would produce a ___afterimage.
blue (yes)
Which of the following color pair is further apart in wavelengths?
blue and red
which of the following color pairs is the furthest apart in wavelength?
blue and red
which of the following color pairs is the furthest apart in wavelength?:
blue and red (yes)
dualism is the idea that
both mind and body exist and are separate entities
Which of these is an error in committing a scene to memory? a. Balint's syndrom b. relational violations c. boundary extension d. inattentional blindness e. all of the above
boundary extension
distance from black in color space.
brightness
Goals of Middle vision-processes
bring together that which should be brought together, split asunder that should be split asunder, use what you know, avoid accidents, seek consensus and avoid ambiguity
Which of the following is a related color?
brown(yes)
The problem of univariance refers to the fact that
c) an infinite set of different wavelength-intensity combinations can elicit the same response from a single type of photoreceptor.
If an animal is able to distinguish different colors, it must have at least ____ type(s) of cones a) 3 c) 2 b) 1 d) 4
c) 2
a geon is a(n) a) template c) 3-D shape b) gestalt grouping rule d) 2-D shape
c) 3-D shape
The problem of univariance refers to the fact that a) many shades of colors appear the same under certain lighting conditions b) an infinite number of colors exist in the real world, but photoreceptors are tuned to only three different wavelengths c) an infinite set of different wavelength-intensity combinations can elicit the same response from a single type of photoreceptor
c) an infinite set of different wavelength-intensity combinations can elicit the same response from a single type of photoreceptor
In class, we discussed an artist who uses _____ to make chalk drawings on public sidewalks that appear to be 3-D. a) convergence & divergence cues c) anamorphosis b) motion parallax d) binocular disparity
c) anamorphosis
The 2 retinal images for the same scene differ. This is called ___________ a) accommodation c) binocular disparity b) depth perception d) binocular summation
c) binocular disparity
prosopagnosia is a neuropsychological disorder in which the patient a) can identify faces, but cannot recognize other types of objects b) can perceive objects but cannot recognize them c) cannot identify faces, but can recognize other types of objects d) can recognize objects but cannot name them
c) cannot identify faces, but can recognize other types of objects
The ____ function describes how spatial frequency and contrast interact to make a grating more or less visible a) spatial layout c) contrast sensitivity b) spatial frequency d) visual angle
c) contrast sensitivity
As you look around the room, each person in the room will generate two images, one on each of your eyes. most of these images will be in different locations on each eye. The challenge of figuring out that these distinct images belong together is known as the a) convergence problem c) correspondence problem b) disparity problem d) problem of univariance
c) correspondence problem
In the HSB color space, the "H" stands for ____ and the " B" stands for ____ a) hue, blue level c) hue, brightness b) height, brightness d) height, blue level
c) hue, brightness
The right hemisphere of the brain receives info from the a) right side of the visual field from both eyes b) whole visual field of the right eye c) left side of the visual field from both eyes d) whole visual field of the left eye
c) left side of the visual field from both eyes
We perceive a mixture of red and blue light as pink, which means that a pink light source and a red-blue light mixture are ______. a) illuminants c) metamers b) constant colors d) opposite colors
c) metamers
What depth cue is based on the fact that closer objects block our view of more distant objects? a) divergence c) occlusion b) motion parallax d) convergence
c) occlusion
The ______ pathway carries high acuity, low sensitivity info from the eyes to the brain a) foveal c) parvocellular b) peripheral d) magnocellular
c) parvocellular
Which of the following colors is the longest wavelength? a) green c) red b) blue d) yellow
c) red
As light strikes a surface it can bounce off the surface in a random direction, which is called a) refraction c) scatter b) absorption d) transmission
c) scatter
in psychophysics, the ___ is the term for whatever you are trying to detect (ex. a tone or light) a) criterion b) threshold c) signal d) sensation
c) signal
An individual who has no S-cones suffers from a) deuteranopia c) tritanopia b) monochromatopsia d) protanopia
c) tritanopia
An object that is farther from you than the object you are looking at will have ________ a) no disparity c) uncrossed disparity b) crossed disparity d) ( impossible to tell)
c) uncrossed disparity
Absolute threshold is the minimum amount of stimulation necessary for a person to detect a stimulus _______ of the time. a. 30% b. 100% c. 50% d. 80% e. 99%
c. 50%
_______ occurs when there is a misperception of a grating due to undersampling. a. Topographical mapping b. Cortical magnification c. Aliasing d. Confusion e. Blindness
c. Aliasing
The _______ is based on the idea that prior knowledge could influence the estimates of the probability of a current event. a. binocular rivalry philosophy b. euclidean philosophy c. Bayesian approach d. uniqueness constraint e. correspondence problem
c. Bayesian approach
Which of the following is not a monocular cue? a. Occlusion b. Relative size c. Binocular disparity d. Texture gradient e. Aerial perspective
c. Binocular disparity
. Stereoblindness usually results from which of the following? a. Stroke b. Visual neglect c. Childhood disorder d. Agnosia e. Glaucoma
c. Childhood disorder
What does D represent in the above schematic? a. Direction b. Disparity c. Delay d. Difference e. None of the above
c. Delay
. _______ refers to the presentation of two stimuli, one to each eye. a. Biopic b. Monoptic c. Dichoptic d. Stereoptic e. Chronoptic
c. Dichoptic
Each of the following terms refers to the same structure except a. area V1. b. primary visual cortex. c. LGN. d. striate cortex. e. All of the above are the same structure.
c. LGN.
Search efficiency is best defined as a. the number of items searched in one second b. the number of targets correctly detected out of the total number presented c. RT as a function of a set size d. the amount of time taken to finish a search experiment as a function of the number of trials presented
c. RT as a function of a set size
Which of the following is not a type of eye movement? a. Vergence b. Saccade c. Rapid pursuit d. Smooth pursuit e. Reflexive
c. Rapid pursuit
_______ is the visual pigment found in rods. a. Macular pigment b. Aqueous humor c. Rhodopsin d. Chromopsin e. Vitreous humor
c. Rhodopsin
_______ is an example of energy that can be sensed by some animals but not by humans. a. Smell b. Electromagnetic energy c. Ultraviolet light d. Sound e. Heat
c. Ultraviolet light
The figure below is an example of Find [0]
c. a conjunction search task.
The figure below illustrates [face][connect the dot face] a. the role of the comparator. b. saccadic suppression. c. a pattern of eye movements. d. the phenomenon known as vergence. e. None of the above
c. a pattern of eye movements.
The diminishing response of a sense organ to a sustained stimulus is referred to as a. constant stimulation. b. response decrease. c. adaptation. d. accommodation. e. convergence.
c. adaptation.
The tilt aftereffect is the perceptual illusion of tilt, produced by a. changing the direction of gaze. b. tilting the head. c. adapting to a pattern of a given orientation. d. constantly moving the head. e. spinning in circles for 30 seconds.
c. adapting to a pattern of a given orientation.
The method of _______ requires the observer to alter the strength of a stimulus until it is just barely perceptible. a. limits b. constant stimuli c. adjustment d. sensation and perception e. matching
c. adjustment
The impression of smooth motion that comes from the rapid alternation of objects appearing in nearby locations in rapid succession is a. illusory motion. b. motion aftereffect. c. apparent motion. d. aperture motion. e. kinetic motion.
c. apparent motion.
The impression of smooth motion that comes from the rapid alternation of objects appearing in nearby locations in rapid succession is a. illusory motion. b. motion aftereffect. c. apparent motion. d. aperture motion. e. kinetic motion.
c. apparent motion.
The figure below is a chart used to test for [\|/] a. myopia. b. hyperopia. c. astigmatism. d. macular degeneration. e. retinitis pigmentosa.
c. astigmatism.
The retina can be referred to as _______ because it contains both rods and cones, which operate under different conditions. a. a focal point b. a shutter c. duplex d. a light-passing membrane e. bipartisan
c. duplex
A(n) _______ is the motion of an object that is defined by changes in luminance. a. anomalous motion b. first-order motion c. second-order motion d. interocular motion e. motion aftereffect
c. first-order motion
In the Newsome and Pare paradigm, an observer's task is to a. determine whether or not motion is observed. b. experience a motion aftereffect. c. identify the direction of motion of the correlated dots. d. trace the moving dots. e. None of the above
c. identify the direction of motion of the correlated dots.
The _______ is the location where fine changes in sound pressure in the environment are translated into neural signals. a. outer ear b. middle ear c. inner ear d. tympanic canal e. oval window
c. inner ear
The part of the eye that expands or contracts to let more or less light into the eye is the a. cornea. b. lens. c. iris. d. sclera. e. fovea.
c. iris.
The diagram below illustrates the _______ depth cue. a. motion parallax b. aerial perspective c. linear perspective d. accommodation e. convergence
c. linear perspective
The amplitude of a sound is the a. amount of sound energy falling on a unit area. b. intensity of the sound. c. magnitude of displacement of a sound pressure wave. d. psychological aspect of sound related to frequency. e. pitch.
c. magnitude of displacement of a sound pressure wave.
In the fovea, single cones pass information to single ganglion cells via _______ cells. a. horizontal b. amacrine c. midget bipolar d. diffuse bipolar e. All of the above
c. midget bipolar
A synapse is the junction between _______ that permits information transfer. a. stimuli b. sensory fibers c. neurons d. signals e. spinal cord and brain
c. neurons
A random dot stereogram contains a. many monocular cues. b. a horopter. c. no monocular cues. d. a vanishing point. e. occlusion cues.
c. no monocular cues.
The tendency of neurons in striate cortex to respond optimally to certain orientations and less to others is known as a. spatial frequency. b. spatial selection. c. orientation tuning. d. cortical magnification. e. orientation agnosia.
c. orientation tuning.
The idea that all matter has consciousness is known as a. psychophysics. b. empiricism. c. panpsychism. d. mentalism. e. nativism.
c. panpsychism.
Helmholtz thought that all behavior could be explained only by a. mental forces. b. perception. c. physical forces. d. energy. e. God.
c. physical forces.
The purpose of the ear canal is to a. transmit information from the brain back to the ear. b. transduce sound waves into electric signals. c. prevent damage to the tympanic membrane. d. keep the pressure inside the ear comfortable. e. All of the above
c. prevent damage to the tympanic membrane.
Accommodation is the process in which the _______ of the eye changes its shape. a. retina b. lens c. pupil d. iris e. cornea
c. pupil
Light and dark adaptation can occur by a. convergence. b. focusing. c. pupil constriction or dilation. d. lateral inhibition. e. accommodation.
c. pupil constriction or dilation.
The philosophical position arguing that there is a real world to sense is known as a. Euclidean philosophy. b. positivism. c. realism. d. structuralism. e. materialism.
c. realism.
. In the yellow and black box on the left side of the color picker shown below, _______ changes along the horizontal axis and _______ changes along the vertical axis. a. hue; brightness b. saturation; hue c. saturation; brightness d. brightness; saturation e. brightness; hue
c. saturation; hue
A(n) _______ is the motion of an object that is defined by changes in contrast or texture, but not by luminance. a. anomalous motion b. first-order motion c. second-order motion d. interocular motion e. motion aftereffect
c. second-order motion
A(n) _______ is the motion of an object that is defined by changes in contrast or texture, but not by luminance. a. anomalous motion b. first-order motion c. second-order motion d. interocular motion e. motion aftereffect
c. second-order motion
The left side of the figure below shows the a. spectrum of visible light. b. different kinds of light. c. spectrum of electromagnetic energy. d. number of photons emitted by a light source. e. amount of heat emitted by a light source.
c. spectrum of electromagnetic energy.
A _______ is a map plotting the thresholds of a neuron or fiber in response to sine waves with varying frequencies at the lowest intensity that will give rise to a response. a. spectrum b. isointensity function c. threshold tuning curve d. characteristic frequency e. None of the above
c. threshold tuning curve
The light energy from an object is _______ into neural energy that can be interpreted by the brain. a. transferred b. transformed c. transduced d. absorbed e. translated
c. transduced
The figure below shows what happens when _______ causes a displacement along the cochlear partition. a. neural firing b. the auditory system c. vibration d. place code e. head tilt
c. vibration
Eye doctors specify acuity in terms like 20/20, but vision scientists prefer to talk about the smallest _______ of a cycle of the grating that one can perceive. a. sine wave b. segment c. visual angle d. viewing distance e. width
c. visual angle
The moonlit world depicted in the above photograph below appears to be drained of color because a. we can only use two types of rod photoreceptors under these conditions. b. our cones are defective. c. we only have one type of rod photoreceptor transducing light under these conditions. d. the S-cones do not function at night. e. the M-cones do not function at night
c. we only have one type of rod photoreceptor transducing light under these conditions.
Using stereopsis
can be used for military technology and can detect breast cancer
Functional utility of sound
carries information helpful for locating where things are, where you are, carries information good for identification, travels well in air
Cone-opponent cell
cell type found in the retina, LGN and visual cortex in effect subtracts one type of cone input from another
What is a binocular depth cell (or disparity detector) and how does it work?
cells in visual cortex that respond best to points that are separated by particular angles of disparity
which circular object in the figure above will be seen with zero diplopia?
center and lower right
Color afterimage
certain cones get fatigued, see opponent colors after staring at one image for a long time
Change blindness is a failure to notice a _________
change between two scenes (yes)
Colors and Subjective contours
changes in color at edges can lead us to see additional figures, Kanizsa
Hue
chromatic (colorful) aspect of color
Saturation
chromatic strength of a hue, white has zero saturation, pink is more saturated, and red is fully saturated
all auditory nerve fibers initially synapse in the
cochlear nucleus
Place Coding
coding frequency and amplitude
_____ is the psychological process by which, after long term exposure to an odorant, one is no longer able to detect that odorant or has very diminished detection ability
cognitive habituation
Optic array
collection of light rays that interact with objects in the world that are in front of a viewer
____is a color perception effect in which two colors bleed into each other, each taking on some of the chromatic quality of the other
color assimilation
The tendency of a surface to appear the same color under a fairly wide range of illuminations is known as
color constancy
The tendency of a surface to appear the same color under a fairly wide range of illuminations is known as:
color constancy
the tendency of a surface to appear the same color under a fairly wide range of illuminations is known as
color constancy
The tendency of a surface to appear the same color under a fairly wide range of illuminations is known as _____
color constancy (yes)
____ is a color perception effect in which the color of one region induces the opponent color in a neighboring region.
color contrast (yes)
Hubel and Wiesel concluded that neurons with similar orientation preferences were arranged in ___ that extended vertically through the cortex
columns
That a strong motion aftereffect is obtained when one eye is adapted and the other is tested suggests: the motion aftereffect occurs in a part of the visual system where information from the two eyes is:
combined (yes)
the motion aftereffect occurs in a part of the visual system where information from the two eyes is:
combined (yes)
Which gestalt grouping principle states elements moving in same direction should be grouped:
common fate
Organize into columns
common region
An area of the visual system that receives a copy of the signal from the motor system telling the eyes to move. - Compensates for changes on the retina caused by eye movements.
comparator
An area of the visual system that receives one copy of the order issued by the motor system when the eyes move is called:
comparator (yes)
Split asunder that should be split asunder
complementing grouping principles are the edge-finding processes that divide regions from each other, figure-ground mechanisms separate objects from the background, texture segmentation processed divide one region from the next on the basis of image statistics
which of the following types of hearing loss might be caused by problems with bones of the middle ear?
conductive hearing loss
Which of the following does not contribute to sound localization? a. Interaural time difference b. Interaural level difference c. Lateral superior olives d. Cone of confusion e. All of the above
cone of confusion
__ refers to the region of positions in space where all the sounds produce the same time and level (intensity) differences
cone of confusion
______ refers to the region of positions in space where all the sounds produce the same time and level (intensity) differences. A) Cochlear region B) Sound source C) Cone of confusion D) Medial region E) Azimuth
cone of confusion
____refers to the region of positions in space where all sounds produce the same level (intensity) differences.
cone of confusion(yes)
what kind of cells in LGN compute chromatic differences, such as (L-M) and (M-L)?
cone-opponent cells
_____ (rods/cones) function best in photopic light
cones
Photoreceptors specialized for daylight, fineacuity and color are
cones (yes)
____ search for a target that is defined by the combination of two or more attributes (eg a big and yellow target among big blue and small yellow distractors):
conjunction (yes)
a ____ search for a target that is defined by the combination of two or more attributes (eg a big and yellow target among big blue and small yellow distractors):
conjunction (yes)
search for a target defined by the presence of two or more attributes (e.g. a red, vertical target among red horizontal)
conjunction search
figure with black background and colorful stuff
conjunction search task
weber proposed that the smallest change in a stimulus that can be detected is a ____ proportion of the constant stimulus level
constant
The method of ___ requires that random presentation of many stimuli, ranging from rarely to almost always perceivable, one at a time
constant stimuli
the method of ____ requires the random presentation of many stimuli, ranging from rarely to almost always perceivable, one at a time
constant stimuli
exploratory procedures are used to:
contact objects in order to perceive their properties
_______ effects have been demonstrated in the laboratory with a wide variety of target sounds and interrupting sounds. The simplest version of such an experiment is to delete portions of a pure tone and replace them with noise. a. Alternating b. Continuity c. Grouping by onset d. Grouping by timbre e. Auditory segregation
continuity
the acoustic reflex protects the ear from intense sounds by
contraction of the stapedius and tensor tympani muscles
the acoustic reflex protects the ear from intense sounds by:
contraction of the stapedius and tensor tympani muscles (yes)
The visual field on the side opposite a brain lesion
contralesional field
The diffuerence in illumination between a figure and background is known as
contrast
During free fusion, the eyes _____ in order to view a stereogram without a stereoscope.
converge and diverge (yes)
free fusion, the eyes____ in order to view a stereogram with out a stereoscope
converge or diverge (e.g. magic eye puzzles)
Both eyes rotate inward to fixate on close objects
convergence
The ability of the two eyes to turn inward in order to place the two images of a feature in the world on corresponding locations in the two retinal images is known as
convergence
Turning the two eyes inward to place the two images of a feature in the world on corresponding locations in the two retinal images is known as
convergence
Turning the two eyes inward to place the two images of an object on corresponding retinal locations
convergence
which of the following depth cues uses information about the tensions of eye muscles
convergence & accommodation
Turning the two eyes inward to place the two images of a feature int eh world on corresponding locations in the two retinal images is known as
convergence(yes)
the image below is usually perceived as an outward bump not an inward dimple because
convex interpretations are preferred over concave ones
Accommodation
convexity of the lenses
the transparent "window" on the outer part of the eye that allows light into the eyeball
cornea
stimulus absent and observer reports as absent
correct rejection
if a stimulus is absent and the observer reports it as absent this is a called a _________
correct rejection (yes)
The problem faced by the motion detection system of knowing which feature in frame 2 corresponds to a particular feature in frame 1 is known as the _______ problem.
correspondence
How does a motion detector system know which part of frame 2 corresponds to which part of frame 1?
correspondence problem
How does the visual system put together the images from each eye?
correspondence problem
The problem faced by motion detection system of knowing which feature in frame 2 corresponds to a particular feature in frame 1 is known as the ______
correspondence problem
The problem of determining which bit of the image in the left eye should be matched with which bit of an image in the right eye
correspondence problem
The problem of determining which bit of the image in the left eye should be matched with which bit of image in the right eye is known as the
correspondence problem
The problem of determining which bit of the image in the left eye should be matched with which bit of image in the right eye is known as:
correspondence problem
The problem of dtermining which bit of the image in the left eye should be matched with which bit of image in the right eye is known as the
correspondence problem
images in front of the horopter are displaced to the left in the right eye and to the right in the left eye.
crossed disparity
In a probe detection experiment an invalid cue is a. cue that appears at the wrong time. b. wrong choice by the subject. c. cue that signals the wrong location of the target. d. cue that signals the right location of the target but at the wrong time. e. cue that does not appear.
cue that signals the right location of the target but at the wrong time
In Posner's attentional cuing experiment an invalid cue is a
cue that signals the wrong location of the target
_____ is the idea that basic perceptual experiences may be determined in part by the cultural environment
cultural relativism
_______ is the idea that basic perceptual experiences may be determined in part by the cultural environment. a. Cultural determination b. Culturalism c. Cultural perceptualism d. Cultural relativism e. Chromatic adaptation
cultural relativism
_____ is an enztme used to reveal the regular array of CO blobs, which are spaced .5mm apart in the primary visual cortx
cytochrome oxidase
In what part of the brain is the lateral geniculate nucleus located? a) striate cortex c) retina b) Area V1 d) Thalamus
d) Thalamus
rods are specialized for a) processing color c) sensing rod-like objects b) daylight vision d) night vision
d) night vision
Neurons that are involved in the earliest stages of visual processing respond to edges of a particular angle. for example, one neuron may respond maximally to a vertical edge, another to a horizontal edge, and still another to a diagonal edge. what is this property called? a) spatial frequency tuning c) spatial selectivity b) orientation selectivity d) orientation tuning
d) orientation tuning
Which of the following plays the largest role in light and dark adaptation? a) in bright light, horizontal cells can inhibit photoreceptors to decrease their firing rates b) the eyelids can open wide when there's only di light, but can close into a squint to limit the total amount of light entering the eyes c) the pupil can dilate to let in more light, or constrict to let in less light d) photoreceptors contain a limited amount of photopigment, and regenerate it at a fixed rate
d) photoreceptors contain a limited amount of photopigment, and regenerate it at a fixed rate
In the periphery, most ganglion cells receive input from a) one cone c) one rod b) several cones d) several rods
d) several rods
Which of the following statements is true? a) most non-human animals have more than 3 types of cones b) all animals have 3 types of cones c) only humans have 3 types of cones, other animals have one or more d) some animals have no cones
d) some animals have no cones
What is another name for V1? a) retina c) thalamus b) lateral geniculate nucleus d) striate cortex
d) striate cortex
sensation involves_____, while perception involves _____. a) processing info, taking in that info b) taking in info, thinking about that info c) identifying info, remembering info d) taking in info, processing that info
d) taking in info, processing that info
Contrast refers to a) the brightness of the background surface behind an object b) spatial frequency c) the brightness of an object d) the difference in brightness between two surfaces
d) the difference in brightness between two surfaces
An object's color is based on a)the amount of light it absorbs b) the amount of light it scatters c) the wavelengths of light it absorbs d) the wavelengths of light it scatters
d) the wavelengths of light it scatters
The fluid that fills the eye between the lens and the retina is called a) the cornea c) ocular humor b) aqueous humor d) vitreous humor
d) vitreous humor
Which of the following is NOT a relational violation according to Biederman a. Size: The object appears too large or too small relative to other objects in the scene b. Probability: The object is unlikely to appear in the scene. c. Position: The object is likely to occur in that scene but is unlikely to be in that particular position. d. Color: The object is unlikely to appear with a particular surface color. e. Support: Object does not appear to be resting on a surface
d. Color: The object is unlikely to appear with a particular surface color.
_______ refers to the distance between the location of a retinal image and the fovea. a. Degradation b. Density c. Circularity d. Eccentricity e. Signal strength
d. Eccentricity
The empiricists' famous image of "tabula rasa" (blank slate), was formulated by a. Descartes. b. Hobbes. c. Berkeley. d. Locke. e. Plato.
d. Locke.
which of the following brain regions is most specialized for motion processing? a. optic chiasm b. frontal lobe c. primary visual cortex d. medial temporal area (MT)
d. Medial Temporal area
Which of the following is not a type of cone? a. S‐cone b. M‐cone c. L‐cone d. T‐cone e. All of the above are types of cones.
d. T -cone
Which of the following cannot be used to solve the correspondence problem? a. A low spatial frequency version of the image b. The uniqueness constraint c. The continuity constraint d. The disparity constraint e. All of the above can be used to solve the correspondence problem.
d. The disparity constraint
According to feature integration theory, a. serial processing is necessary to detect any basic features b. parallel processing is impossible c. the correct binding of features to objects does not require attention d. a limited set of features can be processed in parallel preattentively
d. a limited set of features can be processed in parallel preattentively
The purpose of the comparator is to a. plan and execute saccade eye movements b. compare saccades and smooth pursuit eye movements c. plan and execute smooth pursuit eye movements d. determine which retinal image changes are due to eye movements
d. determine which retinal image changes are due to eye movements
In visual search studies, a _______ is any stimulus other than the target. a. set item b. display item c. cued object d. distractor e. filler
d. distractor
The retina is analogous to the _______ in a camera. a. lens b. stop c. flash d. film e. shutter
d. film
The _______ is the brain area that responds preferentially to faces in fMRI studies. a. reticular formation b. striate cortex c. hippocampus d. fusiform gyrus e. parahippocampal area
d. fusiform gyrus
The chemical substance used in neuronal communication at synapses is known as a. axon. b. receptor. c. transducer. d. neurotransmitter. e. lymph.
d. neurotransmitter.
Rods are photoreceptors that are specialized for a. daylight vision. b. sensing rod-like objects. c. transmitting light. d. night vision. e. processing color.
d. night vision.
In the figure below, the "knot" at the center is known as the [x] a. optic nerve. b. LGN. c. striate cortex. d. optic chiasm. e. occipital lobe.
d. optic chiasm.
Topographical mapping is the a. layout of the brain. b. guide to the structures of the brain. c. simultaneous mapping of two objects in the visual system. d. orderly mapping of the world in the LGN and the visual cortex. e. mapping of gyri and sulci in the brain.
d. orderly mapping of the world in the LGN and the visual cortex.
Each retinal ganglion cell responds not only to spots of light but also to certain a. fields of uniform gray. b. circles of uniform gray. c. squares of uniform gray. d. patterns of stripes. e. motion directions.
d. patterns of stripes.
Sensory transducers are a. external stimuli. b. receptors that sense energy. c. used to transfer energy from one person to another. d. receptors that convert physical energy into neural activity. e. areas in the brain that interpret sensations.
d. receptors that convert physical energy into neural activity.
When something strikes a surface, especially light, sound, or heat, and it is redirected (usually back toward its point of origin), it is being a. refracted. b. transmitted. c. scattered. d. reflected. e. absorbed.
d. reflected.
According to Euclidean geometry, parallel lines _______ as they extend through space. a. converge b. diverge c. bend d. remain parallel e. cross
d. remain parallel
One kind of inefficient search is a _______ search. a. looping b. speeded c. vertical d. serial self-terminating e. feature
d. serial self-terminating
One kind of inefficient search is a _______ search. a. looping b. speeded c. vertical d. serial self-terminating e. feature
d. serial self-terminating
Covert attentional shifts involve a(n) a. intentional shift of attention. b. shift of attention accompanied by corresponding movements of the eyes. c. unanticipated shift of attention. d. shift of attention in the absence of corresponding movements of the eyes. e. shift of the eyes without a corresponding shift of attention
d. shift of attention in the absence of corresponding movements of the eyes.
Vibrations transmitted through the tympanic membrane and middle-ear bones cause the _______ to push and pull the flexible window in and out of the vestibular canal at the base of the cochlea. a. helicotrema b. basilar membrane c. round window d. stapes e. pinna
d. stapes
This figure below depicts a(n) a. convergence test. b. occluder. c. metronome. d. stereoscope. e. accommodation test
d. stereoscope.
Using the _______ depth cue you can tell far away something is based on how much detail is visible in the elements on the ground between you and the object. a. occlusion b. aerial perspective c. linear perspective d. texture gradient e. relative height
d. texture gradient
If normal binocular visual stimulation is not experienced during _______ then proper stereo vision might not develop. a. gestation b. adulthood c. adolescence d. the critical period e. the early period
d. the critical period
That a strong motion aftereffect is obtained when one eye is adapted and the other is tested suggests that a. the motion aftereffect works better with one eye. b. adaptation is responsible for the motion aftereffect. c. testing the other eye increases the chance of seeing a motion aftereffect. d. the motion aftereffect occurs in a part of the visual system where information from the two eyes is combined. e. None of the above
d. the motion aftereffect occurs in a part of the visual system where information from the two eyes is combined.
That a strong motion aftereffect is obtained when one eye is adapted and the other is tested suggests that a. the motion aftereffect works better with one eye. b. adaptation is responsible for the motion aftereffect. c. testing the other eye increases the chance of seeing a motion aftereffect. d. the motion aftereffect occurs in a part of the visual system where information from the two eyes is combined. e. None of the above
d. the motion aftereffect occurs in a part of the visual system where information from the two eyes is combined.
Light cannot be a. absorbed. b. refracted. c. dissolved. d. transmitted. e. scattered.
d. transmitted.
Optic ataxia
damage to dorsal pathway, impaired performance during visually guided movements, intact vision, intact ability to move arms
an anesthesia of the chorda tympani causes:
damaged taste(yes)
according to the universe square law, as distances from a source increases, intensity __ faster such that the __ in intensity is the distance squared
decreases, decreases
in retinitis pigmentosa, there is
degeneration of the pigment epithelium
In the figure above, what does D represent?
delay
What does D represent in the above schematic? a. Direction b. Disparity c. Delay d. Difference e. None of the above
delay
Mountains in the distance
depth cue relies on an implicit understanding that light is scattered by the atmosphere, objects farther away are subject to more scatter and appear fainter and less distinct
The visual system makes use of _____ as information to enable our perception of three-dimensional space
depth cues
touch receptors can be found in the epidermis and
dermis (yes)
the gustatory system is responsible for:
detecting nutrients and anti nutrients before we ingest them
what are the steps in color perception
detection, discrimination, appearance
an individual who suffers from color blinness due to the absence of m cones is
deuteronope
Metamers
different mixtures of wavelengths that look identical, more generally any pair of stimuli that are perceived as identical in spite of physical differences
3D glasses
different wavelengths to each eye
__ is a function that describes how the pinna, ear canal, head and torso change the intensity of sound with different frequencies that arrive at each from different locations in space
directional transfer function
_____is a function that describes how the pinna, ear canal, head, and torso change the intensity of sounds with different frequencies that arrive at each ear from different locations in space:
directional transfer function
Light cannot be
dissolved
Source segregation involves the a. distinction of various harmonic sounds. b. tuning to one particular sound. c. combination of various harmonic sounds into one. d. distinction of auditory events in the broader environment. e. missing fundamental
distinction of auditory events in the broader environment
source segregation involves the
distinction of auditory events in the broader environment
In visual search studies, a ____ is any stimulus other than the target.
distractor
In visual search studies, a _______ is any stimulus other than the target. a. set item b. display item c. cued object d. distractor e. filler
distractor
in visual search studies, a ___ is any stimulus other than the target:
distractor
Both eyes rotate outward to fixate on distant objects
divergence
Diplopia
double vision, if visible in both eyes, stimuli falling outside of Panum's fusional area will appear diplopic
______ is when a second sound, frequently noise, is added to make the detection of another sound more difficult. a. Obstruction b. Overshadowing c. Auditory suppression d. Interference e. Masking
e. Masking
________ provide(s) precise quantitative information about distance in the third dimension. a. Relative height b. Aerial perspective c. Occlusion d. Nonmetrical depth cues e. Metrical depth cues
e. Metrical depth cues
Which of the following is an experimental procedure in which stimuli appear in a stream in one location at a quick rate? a. Spatiotemporal attention probe (STAP) b. Reaction Time (RT) analysis c. Repetition blindness (RB) d. Attentional blink (AB) e. Rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP)
e. Rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP)
Which of the following is the inability to perceive more than one object at once? a. Neglect b. Tunnel vision c. Functional fixedness d. Pathological focus e. Simultagnosia
e. Simultagnosia
What is the term for a description of the structure of a scene without reference to the identity of specific objects in the scene? a. Spatial organization b. Physical setting c. Physical organization d. Setting e. Spatial layout
e. Spatial layout
Which of the following is the process by which a sound at a constant level is perceived as being louder when it is of a greater duration? a. Auditory synthesis b. Temporal synthesis c. Auditory analysis d. Auditory intensification e. Temporal integration
e. Temporal integration
To look at the tip of your nose, what kind of eye movement would you make? a. Saccade b. Smooth pursuit c. Rapid Pursuit d. Reflexive e. Vergence
e. Vergence
Hubel and Wiesel concluded that neurons with similar orientation preferences were arranged in _______ that extended vertically through the cortex. a. stacks b. branches c. rows d. tangles e. columns
e. columns
The retina a. is the tough outer covering that protects the eye. b. contains watery fluid. c. focuses the image. d. diffracts light. e. contains rods and cones.
e. contains rods and cones.
If I ask you to taste a lemon and then adjust a light until it is as bright as the lemon is sour, then I have asked you to engage in a. magnitude estimation. b. the method of constant stimuli. c. the method of limits. d. signal detection. e. cross-modality matching.
e. cross-modality matching.
As shown in the photograph below, eye doctors use an instrument called an ophthalmoscope to look at the _______ of their patients' eyes. a. cornea b. iris c. lens d. focal point e. fundus
e. fundus
In _______, known information is combined in an optimal way using Bayes' theorem to determine the best possible performance of someone using that information. a. statistical regression b. analysis of variance c. signal detection analysis d. phantom observer analysis e. ideal observer analysis
e. ideal observer analysis
The purpose of the comparator is to _______ eye movements. a. plan and execute vergence b. plan and execute smooth pursuit c. plan and execute saccadic d. compare saccades with smooth pursuit e. keep track of which image movements on the retina are due to
e. keep track of which image movements on the retina are due to
Spatial frequency refers to the a. flicker rate of a grating. b. distance between the observer and the grating. c. amount of contrast in a room. d. contrast threshold. e. number of cycles of a grating per unit of visual angle.
e. number of cycles of a grating per unit of visual angle.
Spatial frequency channels are often referred to as a. a set of simple cells. b. a set of complex cells. c. orientation tuned cells. d. filters. e. pattern analyzers.
e. pattern analyzers.
10. The collection of light rays that interact with objects in the world in front of a viewer is a. the optic flow field. b. tau. c. sigma. d. the focus of expansion. e. the optic array.
e. the optic array.
The collection of light rays that interact with objects in the world in front of a viewer is a. the optic flow field. b. tau. c. sigma. d. the focus of expansion. e. the optic array.
e. the optic array.
Inefficient search
each additional item in the display imposes a significant cost on the searcher
Interocular transfer is the transfer of an ________
effect from on eye to the other (yes)
Pasternak (1990) reared kittens in a dark room illuminated by light flickering 8 times per second. He found that these rearing conditions
eliminated cat's ability to detect direction of moving stimulus
normal vision that does not require optical correction to see normally
emmetropia
attention can strengthen neural responses called neural ________
enhancement
The average and distribution of properties, like orientation or color, over a set of objects or a region in a scene is/are called the _______ of the scene, and is/are computed by the ______ pathway
ensemble statistics; nonselective
what is being plotted in the graph below
equal loudness curves
Stereoblindness often results from this condition
esotropia
Rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP)
experimental procedure in which stimuli appear in a stream at a rapid rate. used to measure speed of visual object recognition
When a patient with neglect attends to a stimulus on his/her "good" side, he/she cannot attend to a stimulus on the other side. - The attended stimulus cancels out the other stimulus.
extinction
Which of the following is not a cortical area that has been identified as processing very specific forms of visual stimuli?
extrastriate motion pericomplex (EMP)
______ makes it possible to measure localized patterns of activity in the brain by tracing changing levels of blood oxygenation
fMRI
what is the aperture problem?
fact that when a moving object is viewed through an aperture, the direction of motion of a local feature or part of the object may be ambiguous
If a stimulus is absent but the observer reports it as present this is called a
false alarm
Airport security is very tight. If a traveler even jokes about a bomb, they are detained and questioned to ensure that no real terrorist threat succeeds. In terms of signal detection theory, airport security would rather have a __ than a ___
false alarm; miss
if a stimulus is absent but the observer reports is as present, this is called a
false alrm
hands: depicts depth cue of...
familiar size
in the image below the man appears to be shrinking. This depicts the depth cue of
familiar size
In a ___ task, the target is defined by the presence of a single feature, or attribute, such as a salient color or orientation.
feature search
In a _______ task, the target is defined by the presence of a single feature, or attribute, such as a salient color or orientation. a. feature search b. cueing c. visual search d. reaction time e. conjunction search
feature search
search for a target defined by a single attribute such as a salient color or orientation
feature search
In a ___ task, the target is defined by the presence of a single feature, or attribute, such as salient color or orientation.
feature search (yes)
which of the following are the small structures on the tongue causing its bumpy appearance and that have no taste function?
filiform papillae (yes)
The retina is analaguous to the ______ in a camera
film
neuron that allows the passage of some frequencies and blocks the passage of some frequencies and blocks the passage of others is a
filter
Native listeners learn to A) pronounce all possible sounds in all languages. B) pronounce vowels first. C) listen attentively to foreign languages. D) filter out irrelevant acoustic information E)pronounce consonants first
filter out irrelevant acoustic information
the cilia are:
first structures involved in olfactory signal transduction
The point in the center of the horizon. • When moving, all points seem to emanate from the _______
focus of expansion (FOE)
The _______ in forms you of the direction in which you are moving
focus of expansion(yes)
Which of the following are taste bud containing folds of tissue that are located on the rear of the tongue, where the tongue attaches to the mouth?
foliate papillae (yes)
disney world utilizes ___ when designing buildings like cinderella's castle to give them a larger apparent size. AS buildings get taller the elements become smaller. The odd proportions often go unnoticed when viewed from the street level
forced perspective
Cognitive/feature demons
found vertical lines, acute angles, behave like a collection of specialists, each with a specific area of expertiese and individual opinions about what the input might mean
A human or animal that is a tetrachromat would have the following attributes?
four cones
In the ______ single cones pass info o single ganglion via midget bipolar cells
fovea (yes)
The high resolution part of the eye used for detailed vision is called the:
fovea(yes)
During ________, the eyes converge or diverge in order to view a stereogram without a stereoscope
free fusion
Periodicity
frequency and amplitude, phase locking
__ is often the lowest frequency component of a complex periodic sound
fundamental frequency
_______ is the lowest-frequency component of a complex periodic sound. A) Harmonic sound B) Missing fundamental C) Fundamental frequency D) timbre E) pitch
fundamental frequency
_______ is the lowest-frequency component of a complex periodic sound. a. Harmonic sound b. Missing fundamental c. Fundamental frequency d. Timbre e. Pitch
fundamental frequency
which of the following are mushroom shaped structures distributed most densely on the edges of the tongue, especially the tip?
fungiform papillae(yes)
rate saturation occurs when a nerve fiber is firing as rapidly as possible and
further stimulation is incapable of increasing the firing rate
The _____is the brain area that responds preferentially to faces in fMRI studies
fusiform face area FFA (yes)
The _______ is the brain area that responds preferentially to faces in fMRI studies. a. reticular formation b. striate cortex c. hippocampus d. fusiform gyrus e. parahippocampal area
fusiform gyrus
______ emphasize that the perceptual whole is greater thant he sum of its parts
gestalt psychologists
the idea that the whole is more than sum of its part is closely associated with __. This school of thought opposed
gestalt psychology; structuralism
a simple example of __ in auditory event perception is deleting portions of a pure tone and replacing them with noise
good continuation
complete the analogy between language and recognition by components: words are to sentences as
goons are to objects
Larger disparity, ______
greater distance in depth of the object from the horopter
In the case of a negative afterimage, a red stimulus would produce a ______ afterimage.
green
In the hue cancellation experiment depicted below, if the starting color were reddish, you would add
green
hue cancelation experiment, if the starting color were too red, you would add
green
Which of the following colors is not seen by our visual systems?
greenish red
Which of the following colors is "illegal" for our visual systems?
greenish-red
color that is illegal for our visual systems
greenish-red
the spot with the arrow pointing at it is usual interpreted as being on top of a ridge as opposed to in a valley. This depicts the depth cue of
ground plane bias
Which of the following describes the phenomenon of grouping sounds that begin at the same time? a. Grouping by onset b. Grouping by timbre c. Grouping by continuity d. Grouping by decay e. Restoration effects
grouping by onset
A ____ search is one in which attention can be restricted to a subset of possible items on the basis of information about the targets items basic features (eg its color)
guided
Search by restricting attention to a subset of items Restrict based on items' basic features. - color, size, shape - (about 10-20 other types of features)
guided search
the organ of corti is a structure on the basilar membrane composed of ______ and dendrites of auditory nerve fibers.
hair cells (yes)
a cochlear implant provides a sense of sound to a person who is deaf due to damaged __ by directly stimulating the __
hair cells; auditory nerve
which of the following body parts has the largest representation in the somatosensory map?
hand (yes)
_____ perception is knowledge of the world that is derived from sensory receptors in skin, muscles, tendons, and joints and usually involves active exploration:
haptic(yes)
What do the graphs below illustrate? a. The azimuth b. The localization function c. The combination function d. The inverse square law e. Head-related transfer functions
head related transfer function
Lateral inhibition has been used to explain
hermann grid, mach bands, and simultaneous contrast
If a stimulus is present and the observer reports t as present,his is called a
hit (yes)
the lateral pathway in the retina consists of....
horizonal and amacrine cells
imaginary circle
horopter
____ is a surface of zero disparity, or the location of objects whose images lie on corresponding points in the two eyes:
horopter (yes)
chromatic (color) aspect of light
hue
in____, known information is combined in an optimal way using bayes' theorem to determine the best possible performance of someone using that information
ideal observer analysis
In the Newsome and Pare paradigm, an observer's task is to:
identify the direction of motion of the correlated dots.
Incorrect combination of two features in a visual scene. - Example: remember a red X when you saw red letters and Xs, but no red X.
illusory conjunction
Seeing a blue cup when the cupboard contains blue mugs and yellow cups, but no blue cups is referred to as a
illusory conjunction
Seeing a blue cup when the cupboard contains blue mugs and yellow cups, but no blue cups is referred to as a(n)
illusory conjunction
the figure below best depicts
illusory contours
Feature search
in a _____ task, the target is defined by the presence of a single feature, or attribute, such as a salient color or orientation
Hubel and wiesel concluded that neurons with similar orientation preferences were arranged:
in columns that extend vertically throughout he cortex
The difference between crossed disparity and uncrossed disparity is that crossed involves objects that are _____ the plane of fixation, while uncrossed disparity involves objects that are ___ the plane of fixation:
in front of, behind
The difference between crossed disparity and uncrossed disparity is that crossed involves objects that are _____ the plane of fixation, while uncrossed disparity involves objects that are ___ the plane of fixation:
in front of, behind (yes)
The differences between crossed disparity and uncrossed disparity is that crossed disparity involves objects that a re _____ the plane of fixation, while uncrossed disparity involves objects that are ____ the plane of fixation
in front of; behind
Correspondance problem
in motion detection, the problem faced by the motion detection system of knowing which feature in frame 2 corresponds to a particular feature in frame 1
Uniqueness constraint
in stereopsis, the observation that a feature in the world is represented exactly once in each retinal image simplifies the correspondence problem In opposite direction, the visual system knows that each monocular image feature should be paired with exactly one feature in the other image
Continuity constraint
in stereopsis, the observation that, except at the edges of objects, neighboring points in the world lie at similar distances from the viewer one of several constraints that have been proposed to help solve the correspondence problem
identify the direction of motion of the correlated dots
in the Newsome and Pare paradigm, an observer's task is to...
The critical period
in the study of development, a period of time when the organism is particularly susceptible to developmental change
Supression
in vision, the inhibition of an unwanted image
Extinciton
in visual attention, the inability to perceive a stimulus to one side of the point of fixation in the presence of another stimulus, typically in a comparable position in the other visual field
The "focus of expansion" informs you of the direction
in which you are moving
The "focus of expansion" informs you of the direction
in which you are moving.
Achromatopsia
inability to perceive colors that is caused by damage to the central nervous system
Illusory conjunction
incorrect combination of two features. (i.e. seeing a red H when the display contains red letters and Hs but no red Hs
According to the inverse-square law, as distance from a source _______, intensity_______ faster such that the _______ in intensity is the distance squared. A) increases; increases; increase B) decreases; decreases; decrease C) decreases; decreases; increase D) increases; decreases; decrease
increases, decreases, decrease
Evidence indicates that structures in ___ cortex are especially important in end-stage object recognition processes
inferotemporal
evidence indicates that structures in _____ cortex are especially important in end-stage object recognition
inferotemporal
Evidence indicates that structures in the ____________ are especially important in end stage object recognition processes
inferotemporal cortex
depth cues
information about the 3rd dimension (depth) or visual space. Depth cues may be monocular or binocular
scene-based guidance
information in our understanding of scened that help us find specific objects in scenes
Tau
information in the optic flow that could signal time to collision without the necessity of estimating either absolute distances or rates, advantage is that it relies solely on information directly available on the retinal image, ratio of retinal image size at any moment to the rate at which the image is expanding is tau
the ____ is the location where fine changes in sound pressure in the environment are translated into neural signals
inner ear (yes)\
crossed disparity involves objects that are __ the imaginary circle above, while uncrossed disparity involves objects that are__ the imaginary circle above
inside; outside
the ______ is the difference in time between a sound arriving at one ear versus the other and it helps us to localize sound
inter-aural time difference(yes)
The figure below shows _______ for tones of different frequencies presented at different positions around the head. a. interaural intensity differences b. cones of confusion c. pitch differences d. loudness differences e. interaural time differences
interaural intensity differences
Which of the following methods of sound localization between the two ears is used most often for tones of very high frequencies? a. Interaural time differences b. Interaural level differences c. Interaural frequency differences d. Interaural echo differences e. None of the above
interaural level differences
The _______ is the difference in time between a sound arriving at one ear versus the other and it helps us localize sound. a. azimuth b. interaural time difference c. interaural level difference d. cone of confusion e. sound shadow
interaural time difference
Which of the following methods of sound localization between the two ears is used most often for tones of very low frequencies? a. Interaural time differences b. Interaural level differences c. Interaural frequency differences d. Interaural echo differences e. None of the above
interaural time differences
The transfer of an effect (such as adaptation) from one eye to another. • Stare at a waterfall with one eye closed, then at a wall with both eyes. - Still get the effect.
interocular transfer
Monocular cues to depth
interposition, size, size-distance coupling, Emmert's law, size constancy and illusions of depth, linear perspective, texture gradients, arial perspective, height in the image, relative movement, shading and shadows
the perfect placement of a home theater subwoofer is not critical compared to the main speakers because __ are almost non existent __ 100hz
intramural level differences below
the _ is the difference between when a sound arrives at one ear versus the other
intramural time difference
cues that are incorrect
invalid
covert attentional shifts
involve a shift of attention in the absence of corresponding movements of the eyes
The visual field on the same side as a brain lesion
ipsilesional field
Of the three classical psychophysical methods, the method of constant stimuli
is most accurate, but takes the most amount of time
The insular cortex
is the first and primary cortical processing area for taste
as the auditory system ages what will naturally happen to the audibility threshold in the graph above?
it will rise
Which character was the tallest on the lord of the rings in real life
john rhys davies
The purpose of the comparator is to _____ eye movements
keep track of which image movements on the retina are due to
The purpose of the comparator is to _______ eye movements. a. plan and execute vergence b. plan and execute smooth pursuit c. keep track of which image movements on the retina are from
keep track of which image movements on the retina are from
The purpose of the comparator is to _______ eye movements
keep track of which image movements on the retina are from (yes)
The ____is a relay station in the brain stem where inputs form both ears contribute to the direction of interaural level differences.
lateral superior olive(yes)
Neurons that are sensitive to intensity differences between the two ears can be found in the a. medial superior olives. b. lateral superior olives. c. brain stem. d. cochlear muscles. e. ossicles.
lateral superior olives
The _______ are relay stations in the brain stem where inputs from both ears contribute to the detection of interaural time differences. a. medial superior olives b. cochleas c. pons d. lateral superior olives e. frontal lobesf
lateral superior olives
the _ are relay stations in the brain stem where inputs from both ears contribute to the detection of intramural level differences
lateral superior olives
Topographical mapping is the
layout of the brain
A ____is often responsible for our disliking of a particular food after gastric illness:
learned taste aversion
The blue circles in the interaural time difference diagram below refer to locations from which sound reaches the _______ first. a. right ear b. left ear c. brain stem d. pons e. superior olive
left ear
The right visual field projects to the __ half of each eye and then is analyzed by the LGN in the ___ hemisphere
left; left
The structure that becomes thicker or thinner to allow images to be focused onto the back to the eye is called the
lens
accommodation is the process durin with the ____ of the eye changes its shape
lens
The structure that becomes thicker and thinner to allow images to be focused onto the back of he eye is called the:
lens (yes)
compared to those who moved away native residents of the remote easter island are
less likely to suffer hearing loss since they live in a quite enviornment
Problem with Depth Perception
light doesn't tell us how far it has travelled, our retinas are effectively 2D
The method of ___ requires the experimenter to vary a perceptible stimulus until it is no longer perceived or an imperceptible stimulus until it is finally perceived
limits
The psychophysical method in which stimuli of varying intensities are presented in ascending and descending orders in discrete steps is called the method of
limits
subordinate level category term
limo (most detailed)
which motion stimulus would yield the largest response from vestibular system?
linear acceleration
The diagram illustrates the _______ depth cue.
linear perspective
converging lines illustrates
linear perspective
despite being the exact same length in the image one man appears taller because of which depth cue?
linear perspective
What is the "aperture problem"? a. We cannot perceive motion seen through apertures. b. We cannot perceive forms seen through apertures. c.local edge motion within a single aperature is ambiguous
local edge motion within a single aperature is ambiguous
in class I demonstrated that adaptation could reduce sensitivity to specific spatial frequencies but not dalmatians. This is because spatial frequencies detection is __ in the brain and our mental representations of dalmatians are __
localized; distributed
when trying to focus on a single instrument while listening to the radio. Which auditory grouping principle would not help if the radio only has one speaker?
location
Visual search
looking for a target in a display containing distracting elements
Middle vision
loosely defined stage of visual processing that comes after basic features have been extracted from the image and before object recognition and scene understanding
the amplitude of a sound is the
magnitude of displacement of a sound pressure wave.
The axons of retinal ganglion cells synapse into
magnocellular layers
in which of the following orders does sound travel through the middle ear
malleus, incus , stapes
Vibrations from the eardrum pass through the ossicles in the following order:
malleus, incus, stapes
vibrations from the eardrum pass through the ossicles in the following order:
malleus, incus, stapes(yes)
Which of the following brain regions is most specialized for motion processing?
medial temporal area
which of the following brain regions is most specialized for motion processing?:
medial temporal area
which of the following brain regions is most specialized for motion processing?:
medial temporal area(yes)
the ______ are relay stations in the brain stem where inputs from both ears contribute to the detection of the inter aural time differences:
meidal superior olives(yes)
mechanoreceptors that have a fast adaptation rate and small receptive field size are called
meissener corpuscles
Dynamic mental representation
memory representations for moving (dynamic) images, present a sequence of images of an object in motion, test the memory for the last item in the sequence, people's memory will extrapolate and reconstruct a memory going beyond the last image presented
mechanoreceptors that have a slow adaption rate and small receptive field size are called:
merkel cell neurite complexes.
_______ are different mixtures of wavelengths that look identical. a. Subtractive light mixtures b. Additive light mixtures c. Hues d. Metamers e. Illuminants
metamers
the spotlight metaphor
metaphor for attention-sweeps across space in a similar manner to a spotlight
The ___________ requires the random presentation of many stimuli ranging from rarely to almost always perceivable one at a time
method of constant stimuli (yes)
____ are slender projections on the tips of some taste bud cells that extend into the taste pore:
microvilli (yes)
the _____ consists of three tiny bones called ossicles.
middle ear (yes)
Nonmetrical stereopsis
might just tell you that a feature lies in front of or behind the plane of fixation
when driving in a car the fact that light posts by the side of the road move faster across your eye than distant buildings do is known as the visual cue of
minion parallax
If a stimulus is present and the observer reports it as absent this is called a
miss
Innocent until proven guilty- would rather have a:
miss than a false alarm (yes)
The criminal justice system in the U.S. is designed to be biased such that it would rather let a guilty person go free than convict an innocent person. In terms of signal detection theory, the courts would rather have a __ than ____
miss; false alarm
Even if the lowest frequency of a harmonic sound is removed, as in the figure below, listeners still hear the pitch of this a. timbre. b. missing fundamental. c. vibration. d. attack. e. chord.
missing fundamental
_________ depth cues need information from only one eye
monocular
There are two types of cues to an object's location in space called _________ & _________ depth cues
monocular & binocular
Interposition
monocular cue that relies on occlusion
a complex tone is a sound of wave consisting of
more than one sinusoidal component of different frequencies
a complex tone is a sound wave consisting of
more than one sinusoidal component of different frequencies
a change in an object's position over time
motion
Imagine that you are at Niagara Falls, staring at the falling water for a few minutes. When you look away from the water at the crowd, the people seem to be floating upward. What phenomenon have you just experienced?
motion aftereffect
Imagine that you are at Niagara Falls, staring at the falling water for a few minutes. When you look away from the water at the crowd, the poeple seem to be floating upward. What phenomenon have you just experienced?
motion aftereffect
___is the illusion that a stationary object is moving, and occurs after prolonged exposure to a moving object:
motion aftereffect
___is the illusion that a stationary object is moving, and occurs after prolonged exposure to a moving object:
motion aftereffect (yes)
The fact that light posts by the side of the road move faster across your eye than distant buildings while driving is known as the visual cue of _____
motion parallax
When driving in a car, the fact that light posts by the side of the road move faster across your eye than distant buildings do is known as the visual cue of
motion parallax
1.When driving in a car, the fact that light posts by the side of the road move faster across your eye than distant buildings do is known as the visual cue of:
motion parallax (yes)
When driving in a car, the fact that light posts by the side of the road move faster across your eye than distant buildings do is known as the visual cue of
motion parallax.
When driving in a car, the fact that light posts by the side of the road move faster across your eye than distant buildings do is known as the visual cue of
motion parallex
When driving in a car, the fact that light posts by the side of the road move faster across your eye than distant buildings do is known as the visual cue of:
motion parralex
__ typically results from a disagreement between the motion and orientation signals provided by the semicircular canals, otolith organs and vision
motion sickness
During hyperpolarization there is an increase in membrane potential and the innermembrane surface becomes more _______ than the outer membrane surface
negative
during hyperpolarization, there is an increase in membrane potential and the inner membrane surface becomes more_____ than the outer membrane surface
negative
The "line cancellation test" is used to assess a. visual field defects. b. neglect. c. memory problems. d. occipital lobe damage. e. temporal lobe damage.
neglect
The line cancelation test is used to assess ______
neglect
Which of the following is not a symptom of Balint syndrome? a. The spatial localization abilities are greatly reduced. b. Neglect occurs, especially on the left side of the visual field. c. There is an inability to perceive more than one object at a time. d. A tendency to gaze fixedly ahead develops. e. All of the above are symptoms of Balint syndrome.
neglect occurs, especially on the left of the visual field
what is visual neglect? describe test to illustrate this deficit
neglect patients behave as if part of the world were not there. a test to demonstrate this would be providing a sheet of lines and asking a neglect patient to cross out all of the lines, the patient would not cross them all out.
the role of the taste buds is to create the ____ conveyed to the brain by taste nerves.
neural signals(yes)
cues that are uninformative
neutral
In the _______ an observer's task is to identify the motion of the correlated dots
newsome and pare paradigm
Random dot stereograms contain _____ binocular cues
no
a tree falls in the forest and there is no one around to hear it. Does the sound have a loudness and a timbre
no
random dot stereogram
no monocular clues
A random dot stereogram contains
no monocular cues
a random dot stereogram (like the one below) contains
no monocular cues
A random dot stereogram contains
no monocular cues.
the A delta and C fibers are types of:
nociceptors
the T junction pointed to by the arrow in the figure below is an example of a
non accidental property
the T-junction is an example of a
non-accidental feature
A _______ is an individual born without receptors for the bitter PROP
non-taster (yes)
As a depth cue, occlusion provides _______ information.
nonmetrical depth
As a depth cue, occlusion provides___ information
nonmetrical depth
nociceptors transmit information about:
noxious or painful stimuli
Cortical magnification is the ___ devoted to a specific region in the visual field
number of neuronal connections
The left side of the figure above shows the
number of photons emitted by a light source
viewpoint invariance refers to the idea that
objects should be just as easy to recognize from any viewpoint
When Object A obstructs the view of Object B, then A must be closer than B
occlusion
which of the following is a general smell sensation of a particular quantity that might include many aromatic chemicals?
odor(yes)
which of the following refers to a specific aromatic chemical?
odorant(yes)
the shape pattern theory of olfaction is based on the idea that:
odorants shape fit into the olfactory receptors shapes.(yes)
viewer mistakes horizontal lines to be... (/-\)
of different lengths
the ______ is the blueberry sized extension of the brain, just above the nose, where olfactory information is first processed.
olfactory bulb(yes)
the ___ is a narrow space at the back of the nose in which air flows and where the main olfactory epithelium is located
olfactory cleft(yes)
which of the following structures is sometimes called the retina of the nose?
olfactory epitheliun(yes)
one explanation for why our sense of smell and language are so disconnected is that
olfactory information is not integrated in the thalamus prior to processing in the cortex.
A spot of light in the center of a receptive field would optimally activate an:
on center ganglion cell (yes)
According to the figure below, when two rhythms are played together
one rhythm tends to dominate and the non-dominant rhythm is perceptually adjusted to correspond to the dominant rhythm.
Motion aftereffect implies an _______________ in motion. Like color vision (red-green, purple-yellow, blue-orange)
opponent process
crossing point
optic chiasm
The changing angular position of points that we experience as we move through the world.
optic flow
Evidence from labs such as Warren't shows that humans can estimate their direction of heading solely on the basis of
optic flow simulated by moving dots
the ______is the part of the brain responsible for processing olfaction and for assigning affective value to the stimuli:
orbitofrontal cortex
the __ is a structure on the basilar membrane composed of hair cells and dendrites of auditory nerve fibers
organ of corti
The tendency of neurons in striate cortex to correspond optimally to vertain orientations
orientation tuning
The tendency of neurons in the striate cortex to respond optimally to certain orientations and less to others is known as ______
orientation tuning (yes)
The tendency of neurons in striate cortex to respond optimally to certain orientations and less to there is known as
orientation uning
the __ are tiny calcium carbonate stones in the ear that provide inertial mass for the otolith organs enabling them to sense gravity and linear acceleration
otoconia
__ are the mechanical structures in the vestibular system that sense both linear acceleration and gravity. __ are the toroidal tubes in the vestibular system that sense angular motion.
otolith organs, semicircular canals
attention/perception and inference
our conscious experience of the world is the mother of all inferences we man not perceive what we do not expect to see because it doesn't fit in with the current inference
of the two types of hair cells the __ are more numerous. It is the __ hair cells that are primarily responsible for sending signals to the auditory nerve
outer, inner
vibrations transmitted through the tympanic membrane and middle ear bones cause the stapes to to push and pull the __ in and out of the base of the cochlea
oval window
mechanoreceptors that have a fast adaption rate and large receptive field size are called:
pacinian corpuscles
_____ are structures that give the tongue its bumpy appearance:
papillae (yes)
processing multiple stimuli at the same time (all-at-once)
parallel search
in each cerebral hemisphere, a lobe that lies toward the top of the brain between the frontal and occipital lobes
parietal lobe
Inferotemporal cortex
part of the cerebral cortex in the lower part of the temporal lobe, important in object recognition, IT cortex maintains close connections with parts of the brain involved in memory formation
at the same movie what type of technology most likely facilitates the 3d movie effect you see?
passive polarized glasses
spatial frequency channels are often referred to as
pattern analyzers
Interpreting shape of 3D objects from 2D pictures
people take orientation of the flat surface into account-allows them to understand that the picture is, in fact, a picture and not a real thing.
Motion aftereffect
perceiving motion in the opposite direction of what is actually happening after specific motion neurons are stimulated, happens due to neuron fatigue
_______ is a process by which missing or degraded acoustic signals are perceptually replaced. a. Good continuation b. Appropriate grouping rule c. Perceptual filling d. Perceptual restoration e. Auditory stream segregation
perceptual restoration
the perceived sensation form a physically amputated limb of the body is known as:
phantom limb
McCollough Effect
phenomenon of human visual perception in which colorless gratings appear colored contingent on the orientation of the gratings
______ are chemicals emitted by one member of a species that triggers a psychological or behavioral response in another member of the same species:
pheromones
According to feature integration theory, the color, orientation, and other features of objects are initially processed in the _______ stage of processing
preattentive
the purpose of the ear canal is to:
prevent damage to the tympanic membrane (yes)
the brain region responsible for processing smell is known as:
primary olfactory cortex
In a ______ and invalid cue is a cue that signals the wrong location of the target
probe detection experiment
Lesion to parietal lobe
problems directing attention to objects or places on their left
Feed-forward
process that carries out a computation one neural step after another, without need for feedback from a later stage to an earlier stage
The tilt after effect is perceptual illusion of tilt:
produced by adapting to a pattern of given orientation
A ______ is an individual who suffers from a color blindness that is due to the absence of L-cones.
protanope
A _______ is an individual who suffers from color blindness that is due to the absence of L-cones. a. deuteranope b. protanope c. tritanope d. isotope e. color-anomalous individual
protanope
a ____ is an individual who suffers from color blindness that is due to the absence of L cones
protanope
a ____ is an individual who suffers from color blindness that is due to the absence of L cones.
protanope
Texture fields
provide an impression of three-dimensionality are really combinations of relative size and relative height cues
Gestalt grouping principle might lead you to organize the elements into rows (photo)
proximity
which gestalt grouping principle would lead you to organize the elements into rows? Which would lead you to organize them into columns?
proximity; common region
_____is a study of the psychological correlates of the physical dimensions of acoustics
psychoacoustics(yes)
___ is the science of defining quantitative relationships between physical and psychological evens.
psychophysics
The dark circular opening at the center of the eye, where light enters the eye is called the
pupil
Which of the following is not a type of eye movement? a. Vergence b. Saccade c. Rapid pursuit d. Smooth pursuit e. Reflexive
rapid pursuit
which of the following is not a type of eye movement?
rapid pursuit
An "efficient" search is one in which the slope of the function relating _______ time to set size is about 0 ms/item. a. total b. reaction c. item display d. subject's rest e. accuracy
reaction
Saccadic eye movements are made while _____
reading(yes)
Problems of real motion
real motion cannot be generated via Powerpoint on a computer screen, real motion can be seen without retinal motion, as happens when we track a moving object with our eyes
which is not a step toward color perception
recalibration
the region on the retina in which visual stimuli influence a neuron's firing rate
receptive field
Hubel and Wiesel uncovered some important properties of the ___ of neurons in the striate cortex
receptive fields
____ is the biochemical phenomenon, occurring after continual exposure to an odorant, whereby receptors stop responding to an odorant and detection ceases.
receptor adaptation (yes)
A unique blue is one that has no ______ or green tint.
red
A unique blue is one that has no _______ or green tint. a. yellow b. red c. purple d. orange e. None of the above
red
a unique blue is one that has no ____ or green tint
red
A unique blue is one that has no ______ tint
red or green(yes)
If you stared at the right‐hand image of the figure below for 20 seconds, and then looked at the left‐hand image, what colors would the top three circles appear to be, from left to right (i.e., 11:00, 12:00, and 1:00 positions)? a. Blue, green, yellow b. Red, blue, orange c. Red, green, yellow d. Yellow, green, red e. Purple, green, orange
red, green, yellow
the concept in the previous question is also used by disney. Their theme park sidewalks are tinted __ in an effort to convince our brains that nearby plants are __
red; greener
When one makes a saccadic eye movement, there is a _____ sensitivity known as saccadic suppression.
reduction of visual(yes)
Achromatic
referring to any color that lacks a chromatic hue component, black, white or gray
Cyclopean
referring to stimuli that are defined by binocular disparity alone
Euclidean
referring to the geometry of the world // lines remain // as they are extended into space, objects maintain the same size and shape as they move around in space, the internal angles of a triangle always add to 180 degrees, and so forth. geometry becomes non-euclidean when the 3D world is projected onto the curved, 2D surface of the retina
Dichopric
referring to the presentation of two different stimuli, one to each eye. Different than binocular presentation, which could involve both eyes looking at a single stimulus
Dichoptic
referring to the presentation of two stimuli one to each eye.
When something strikes a surface, especial light, sound, or heat and is redirected usually back to point of origin it is being:
reflected
when something strikes a surface, especially light, sound, or heat, and is redirected, it is being
reflected
The vestiblo ocular reflex VOR and optokineetic nystagmus OKN are both examples of _____ eye movements
reflexive
The vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) and optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) are both examples of ______ eye movements.
reflexive
movement of the eye that is automatic and involuntary
reflexive eye movement
A color that is seen only in relation to other colors
related color
the figure below demonstrations that the relative amounts of direct and reverberant energy coming from the listeners neighbor and the singer will inform him of the
relative distances of the two sound sources
rabbits in field big in front small in back
relative height
Compare size between items. • Items appear smaller when they are farther away from us
relative size
According to Euclidean geometry, parallel lines _____ as they extend through space.
remain parallel
according to euclidean geometry, parallel lines __ as they extend through space
remain parallel
Each consonant we produce can be classified according to all but which of the following articulatory dimensions? A) Place of articulation B) Manner of articulation C) Resonation of sound D) Voicing E) All of the above are used in classifying consonants
resonation of sound
"grandmother cell" refers to a neuron that
responds best to one specific object
The structure of the eye that provides about 80% of the eye's focusing power is the
retina
All rods contain the photopigment _____
rhodopsin
______ is a visual pigment found in rods
rhodopsin (yes)
patients with _____damage have problems directing attention to the objects and places on their left
right parietal lobe
patients with _____damage have problems directing attention to the objects and places on their left:
right parietal lobe (yes)
mechanoreceptors that have a slow adaptation rate and large receptive field size are called:
ruffini endings
Parallelism
rule for figure-ground assignment stating that parallel contours are likely to belong to the same figure
Symmetry
rule for figure-ground assignment stating that symmetrical regions are more likely to be seen as figure
A rapid shift from one object or location to another. • Used to scan an image, or react to the sudden appearance of a new object. ex) face of a little girl
saccade
An _______ eye movement rapidly changes fixation from one object or location to another
saccade(yes)
What type of eye movements do we make while reading? a. Saccadic b. Vergence c. Smooth pursuit d. Reflexive e. None of the above
saccadic
Visual sensitivity is reduced during saccades called _____ ________. We are essentially blind while our eye is moving from one point to another.
saccadic suppression
Area V1, primary visual cortex, striate cortex are all names for the:
same thing (yes)
chromatic strength of a hue.
saturation
in the red and black box..... ___changes along the horizonal axis and ___ changes along the vertical axis
saturation, brightness
Structuralists
school of thought believing that complex objects or perceptions could be understood by analysis of the components
what kind of lighting conditions are depected with dim light
scotopic (rods only)
A(n) _______ is the motion of an object that is defined by changes in contrast or texture, but not by luminance.
second-order motion
Kanizsa figure
see an arrow outline even though the vast majority of the shape's lines are missing
which of the following is not one of the principles for summarizing middle vision
seek ambiguity and avoid consensus
ability to detect a stimulus and to turn that into a private experience
sensation (yes)
the doctrine of specific nerve energies involves the stimulation of
sensory fibers
Searching items one-at-a-time
serial search
One kind of inefficient search is a _______
serial self terminating search (yes)
The number of items in the display in a visual search experiment is referred to as the a. parameter of the experiment. b. experimental display. c. set size. d. count. e. complexity.
set size
The number of items in the display in a visual search experiment is referred to as the ?
set size
The number of items in the display in a visual search experiment is referred to as the:
set size
the number of items through which you must search ex) finding your car in the parking lot
set size
attention can affect the neural activity by making it have more focused neural tuning functions called
sharper tuning
Covert attentional shifts involve a(n) a. intentional shift of attention. b. shift of attention accompanied by corresponding movements of the eyes. c. unanticipated shift of attention. d. shift of attention in the absence of corresponding movements of the eyes. e. shift of the eyes without a corresponding shift of attention.
shift of attention in the absence of corresponding movements of the eyes
Wavelength spectrum
short, medium, and long wavelengths, blue, green, yellow and red, red vs. green and yellow vs. blue, 420-violet, 465-blue, 495-green, 570-yellow, 700+-red
Signal detection theory consists of:
signal and noise
auditory grouping based on __ lets us distinguish a note played on the piano from the same note played on a trumpet
similarity of timbre
Disorder where one cannot perceive more than one object at a time
simultagnosia
Which of the following is the inability to perceive more than one object at once? a. Neglectb. Tunnel vision c. Functional fixedness d. Pathological focus e. Simultagnosia
simultagnosia
which of the following is the inability to perceive more than one object at once?
simultagnosia
a visual angle is a measure of the
size an object takes up on the retina
to smoothly follow a moving target. • Can only be done when there is a moving target to follow.
smooth pursuit
During smooth pursuit, the eye moves
smoothly to follow a moving object
During smooth pursuit the eyes move ______
smoothly, to follow a moving object(yes)
During smooth pursuit, the eyes move a. smoothly, to follow a moving object. b. rapidly, while jumping from one object to the next. c. independently. d. with the head.
smoothly. to follow a moving object
____ is the taste quality produced by the hydrogen ion in foods
sour(yes)
in 1862, Snellen constructed a method for determining
spatial frequencies
in a referee's uniform, the number of white and black stripes per inch could be considered its
spatial frequent
What is the term for a description of the structure of a scene without reference to the identity of specific objects in the scene? a. Spatial organization b. Physical setting c. Physical organization d. Setting e. Spatial layout
spatial layout
what is the term for a description of the structure of a scene without reference tot he identity of specific objects in the scene?
spatial layout
The fact that faces are more difficult than many other types of objects to recognize when viewed upseide down is taken to indicate the visual system uses:
special recognition processes for faces that are not used for other types of objects
______theory is the deficiency of a given nutrient procedures craving for that nutrient:
specific hungers
The right side of the figure shows the
spectrum of visible light
each of the following is considered to be a basic taste except:
spicy (yes)
According to the _______ theory, attention moves from point to point. a. visual search b. spotlight attention c. zoom lens d. selective attention e. flashlight attention
spotlight attention
According to the _____ theory attention moves from point to point
spotlight o attention (yes)
____ disrupts binocular vision because one or both eyes are not aligned
stabismus
vibrations transmitted through the tympanic membrane and middle-ear bones cause the ___ to push and pull the flexible window in and out of the vestibular canal at the base of the cochlea.
stapes (yes)
Describe color constancy and how we might achieve this kind of constancy?
state of appearing to be same color regardless of characteristics of surrounding luminance. this can be demonstrated by looking at an object in dim light and flood lights, the objects color will not change.
not moving
static
The theoretical significance of random dot stereograms is that they show that
stereo vision can be achieved only with identifiable shapes
The theoretical significance of random dot stereograms is that they show that
stereo vision can be achieved without identifiable shapes
_____is a measure of the smallest binocular disparity that can generate a sensation of depth:
stereoacuity
_____is a measure of the smallest binocular disparity that can generate a sensation of depth:
stereoacuity (yes)
_____ is a measure of the smallest binocular disparity that can generate a sensation of depth
stereoacutiy
the variation in retinal position (answer to previous question) is the basis for what?
stereogis?
______ allows us to see the world in 3 dimensions
stereopsis
the figure below depicts a
stereoscope
theoretical significance of rds is that they show
stereovision can be acheived without identifiable shapes
Steven's power law describes the relationship between
stimulus magnitude and sensation magnitude
SOA refers to a. stimulus onset asynchrony. b. stimulus of action. c. switching of attention. d. sets of asynchronies. e. None of the above
stimulus onset asynchrony
SOA refers to _______
stimulus onset asynchrony
SOA refers to?
stimulus onset asynchrony
______ disrupts binocular vision because one or both eyes are not aligned properly.
strabismus
_______ disrupts binocular vision because one or both eyes are not aligned properly.
strabismus
Estropia
strabismus in which one eye deviates inward suppression of the input from the eye that is turned in is common
Exotropia
strabismus in which one eye deviates outward
No single neuron receives receives input from both eyes until:
striate cortex (yes)
at a theoretical level what are object representations made of according to the marr's generalized cones of biederman's recognition by components models of object recognition
structural description
A major problem with _____________ is that structural description theories predict that object recognition should usually be viewpoint invariant but in fact recognition has been shown to viewpoint dependent
structural description theories of object recognition
major problem with structural description theories of object recognition is that
structural description theories predict that object recognition SHOULD be viewpoint invariant, but has been shown to be viewpoint dependent
a major problem with structural description theories of object recognition is that
structural descriptions theories predict that object recognition should usually be viewpoint invariant but in fact recognition has shown to viewpoint dependent
Wundt: ______ :: Wertheimer: ______
structuralism; Gestalt psychology
mixing paint to create new colors is an example of_____color mixing, while shining lights to create new colors is an example of ____ color mixing.
subtractive and additive
anaglyph (red/blue) stereogram glasses rely on which of the following to create binocular disparity?
subtractive color mixing
Mixing paints to create new colors is an example of ____ color mixing, which shining lights to create new colors is an example of ____ color mixing.
subtractive; additive
Mixing paints to create new colors is an example of _______ color mixing, while shining lights to create new colors is an example of _______ color mixing. a. additive; subtractive b. subtractive; additive c. additive; multiplicative d. subtractive; multiplicative e. multiplicative; divisive
subtractive; additive
Mixing paints to create new colors is an example of _______ color mixing, while shining lights to create new colors is an example of _______ color mixing.
subtractive; additive
The figure below depicts _______ color mixing and the patch shown appears _______. a. additive; green b. additive; orange c. subtractive; red d. additive; yellow e. subtractive; blue
subtractive; blue
structure in the midbrain; initiates and guides eye movements
superior colliculus
black box white blob. what figure ground assignment principle is most responsible?
surroundedness
which gestalt figure ground assignment principle is most responsible for this interpretation?
surroundedness
which of the following taste sensations is evoked by simple carbohydrates that conform to the chemical formula (CH20)n where n is between 3 and 7?
sweet(yes)
which gestalt grouping principle states that elements that change at the same time should be grouped together
synchrony
Symbolic cues
take longer to work (we need to do more to interpret it) But some behave like fast, peripheral cues (exs: arrow cues and eyes looking one direction or another)
Free fusion
technique of converging (crossing) or diverging (uncrossing) the eyes in order to view a stereogram without a stereoscope
A major problem with ________________ is that we cannot possible store enough templates in memory to match every object we might encounter
template theories of object recognistion
evidence indicates that structures in the __ lobe are especially important in the end stage object recognition process
temporal
Describe attentional blink
tendency not to perccieve or respond to 2nd of two different target stimuli amid a rapid stream of distracting stimuli. specifically 200-500 ms. people who play videogames have reduced attentional blink
That a strong motion aftereffect is obtained when one eye is adapted and the other is test suggests that
testing the other eye increases the chance of seeing a motion aftereffect.
Visual cue that arises from the combination of relative size and relative height
texture gradient
using the __ depth cue you can tell far away something is based on how much detail is visible in the elements on the ground between you and the object
texture gradient
using the _____ depth cue you can tell far away something is based on how much detail is visible in the elements on the ground between you and the object
texture gradient
using the ____depth cue, you can tell far way something is based on how much detail is visible in the elements on the ground between you and the subject:
texture gradient
In Kanwisher et al.'s study, subjects were presented with super imposed images of faces on houses like those below. They found that
the PPA became more active when attending to houses and the FFA became more active when attending to faces
Fusiform gyrus
the ____ is the brain area that responds preferentially to faces in fMRI studies
Divergence
the ability of the two eyes to run outward, often used in order to place the two images of a feature in the world on corresponding locations in the two retinal images, divergence reduces the disparity of that feature to zero (or nearly zero)
Convergence
the ability of the two eyes to turn inward, often used in order to place the two images of a feature in the world on corresponding locations in the two retinal images, convergence reduces the disparity of that feature to zero (or nearly zero) the more we have to converge, the more the lens has to bulge in order to focus on the object
Blindsight
the ability to respond appropriately to visual stimuli in the absence of conscious vision in patients with extensive damage to the primary visual cortex
Stereopsis
the ability to use binocular disparity as a cue to depth Adds a richness to perception of the 3D world
amount of time needed to recognize novel objects is at least partially determined by
the amount the object has been rotated from its studied view
Tarr and his colleagues have found that the amount of time needed to recognize novel objects is at least partially determined by:
the amount the object is rotated from its studied view
Convergence
the angle at which the two eyes point
Vanishing point
the apparent point at which parallel lines receding in depth converge
Ensemble statistics
the average of and distribution of properties like orientation or color over a set of objects or over a region in a scene represent knowledge about the properties of a group (ensemble) of objects or, perhaps we should say, an ensemble of proto-objects
which portion of the figure is interpreted as ground according to the gestalt figure ground assignment principles?
the black portion
Optic flow
the changing angular positions of points in a perspective image that we experience as we move through the world
the figure above demonstrates how
the cochlea is tuned to different frequencies in different areas
Binocular summation
the combination of signals from each eye in ways that make performance on many tasks better than with one eye alone
Binocular rivalry
the competition between the two eyes for control of visual perception which is evident when completely different stimuli are presented to the two eyes part of a larger effort by the visual system to come up with the most likely version of the world given the current retinal images
if normal binocular visual stimulation is not experienced during____then proper stereo vision might not develop
the critical period
Binocular Disparity
the differences between the two retinal images for the same scene, disparity is the basis for stereopsis, a vivid perception of the three dimensionality of the world that is not available with monocular vision
dark room hit head and see stars. only mechanical stimulation, you still experience light. explained by
the doctrine of specific nerve energies
Aperture problem
the fact that when a moving object is viewed through an aperture, the direction of motion of a local feature or part of the object may be ambiguous, relevant issue because every V1 cell sees the world through a small aperture
Global superiority effect
the finding in various experiments that the properties of the whole object take precedence over the properties of the parts of the object
Cortical processing and attention
the first stages of cortical processing are influenced by attention effects seen at early stages in the cortex are quite possible the result of feedback from these later stages of processing
projective geometry
the geometry that describes the transformations that occur when the 3D world is projected onto a 2D surface
_______ is the surface of zero disparity, or the location of objects whose images lie on corresponding points in the two eyes.
the horopter
the imaginary circle in the figure above is known as
the horopter
describe cultural relativism and an example from the perception of color
the idea that basic perceptual experiences may be determined in part by the cultural environment. in color, each group is free to create its own linguistic map of color space.
Autokinetic motion
the illusion of motion in a stationary stimulus appearing in a Ganzfeld, illuminate a tiny white light in an otherwise dark room and soon it will seem to move
Motion aftereffect
the illusion of motion of a stationary object that occurs after prolonged exposure to a moving object
simultagnosia
the inability to perceive more than one object at once
Vieth-Muller circle
the location of objects whose images fall on geometrically corresponding points in the two retinas any objects lying on the imaginary circle that runs through the 2 eyeballs and the object-have zero binocular disparity
Horopter
the location of objects whose images lie on corresponding points, surface of zero disparity These objects are seen as single objects when viewed with both eyes **there is a surface of zero disparity whose position in the world depends on the current state of convergence of the eyes
The word figure in term figure ground assignment refers to:
the main object to be recognized in an image
___ is a psychophysical method in which the participant assigns values according to perceived magnitudes of the stimuli
the method of adjustment
That a strong motion aftereffect is obtained when one eye is adapted and the other is tested suggests that
the motion aftereffect occurs in a part of the visual system where information from the two eyes is combined
Second-order motion
the motion of an object that is defined by changes in contrast or texture but not by luminance
Second-order motion
the motion of an object that is defined by changes in contrast or texture, but not by luminance
First-order motion
the motion of an object that is defined by changes in luminance
the collection of light rays that interact with objects in the world in front of a viewer is
the optic array
the collection of light rays that interact with objects in the world in front of a viewer is:
the optic array(yes)
Reflectance
the percentage of light hitting a surface that is reflected and not absorbed into the surface, typically reflectance is given as a function of wavelength
Brightness
the perceptual consequence of the physical intensity of a light
tilt aftereffect
the perceptual illusion of tilt, produced by adaptation to a pattern of a given orientation, shows interocular transfer (transfer of the effect from one eye to another)
Gestalt psychologists emphasize that
the perceptual whole is greater than the sum of its parts
Neutral point
the point at which an opponent color mechanism is generating no signal, if red-green and yellow-blue mechanisms are at their neutral points, a stimulus will appear achromatic
Focus of expansion
the point in the center of the horizon from which we are in motion
When using the method of limits the absolute threshold is determined by calculating
the point to which the observer detects the intensity change
Correspondence problem (motion)
the problem faced by the motion detection system of knowing which feature in frame 2 corresponds to a particular feature in frame 1
Accommodation
the process by which the eye changes its focus (lens gets fatter as gaze is directed toward nearer objects)
Figure-ground assignment
the process of determining that some regions of an image belong to a foreground object and other regions are part of the background
Naive temporal theory
the proposal that the visual system recognizes objects by matching the neural representation of the image with a stored representation of the same shape in the brain
Saccadic suppression
the reduction of visual sensitivity that occurs when we make saccadic eye movements, eliminates the smear from retinal image motion during an eye movement, acts mainly to suppress information carried by the magnocellular pathway
Extrastriate cortex
the region of cortex bordering the primary visual cortex and containing multiple areas involved in visual processing
Panum's fusional area
the region of space, in front of and behind the horopter, within which binocular single vision is possible
The light sensitive membrane at the back of the eye that contains rods and cones is called:
the retina (yes)
Fourier synthesis
the reverse, adding sine waves to create complex waves
Uncrossed disparity
the sign of disparity created by objects behind the plane of fixation, term uncrossed is used because the images of objects located behind the horopter will appear to be displaced to the right in the right eye, and to the left in the left eye
Crossed disparity
the sign of disparity created by objects in front of the plane of fixation (the horopter), the term crossed is used because images of objects located in front of the horopter appear to be displaced to the left in the right eye, and to the right in the left eye
free fusion
the technique of converging (crossing) or diverging the eyes in order to view a stereogram without a stereoscope
Color constancy
the tendency of a surface to appear the same color under a fairly wide range of illuminants
stereo vision can be achieved without identifiable shapes
the theoretical significance of random dot stereograms is that they show that
altered tuning
the three ways that the responses of a cell could be changed by attention are enhancement, sharper tuning, and _____.
Interocular transfer
the transfer of an effect from one eye to the other
contrast sensitivity/spatial frequency graph. "visible" region
the visibility of any object whose spatial frequencies and contrasts fall within it
Contralesional field
the visual attention on the side opposite a brain lesion.
Double-opponent cells are first found in
the visual cortex
Our perceptions of a 3-dimensions is non-euclidean because _____
the world is projected onto the retina's curved, 2-dimensional surface
binocular striate cortex neurons
their 2 receptive fields are generally very similar in the 2 eyes-nearly identical orientation and spatial-frequency tuning, as well as the same preferred speed and direction of motion respond best when the retinal images are on corresponding points in the 2 images (neural basis for the horopter) OR when similar images occupy slightly different positions on the retinas of the 2 eyes
Feature integration theory
theory of visual attention; basic features can be processed in parallel preattentively; correct binding of features to objects requires attention
Opponent-process theory
theory that perception of color is based on the output of three mechanisms, each of them resulting from an opponency between two colors: red-green, blue-yellow, and black-white, Goethe, Hering, Hurvich and Jameson
Trichromatic theory of color vision
theory that the color of any light is defined in our visual system by the relationships of three cones, Young-Helmholtz theory
the vibration theory of olfaction contends that:
there is a different vibrational frequency for every perceived smell. (yes)
____ are sensory receptors that signal information about changes in skin temperature:
thermoreceptors(yes)
Simple cortical cell
these cells in the striate cortex respond well to the high-contrast lines in the outline of the house
Determining phase
three binaural cues to the direction from which a sound is coming: phase difference between left and right ear, time of arrival difference, and intensity different
which five organs make up the vestibular system?
three semicircular canals and two otolith organs
According to the opponent color theory, the perception of color is based on the output of ______ cones, each of them an opponency between _____ colors.
three; two
According to the opponent color theory, the perception of color is based on the output of ______ cones, each of them an opponency between _______ colors.
three; two
According to the _______ theory, the color of any light is defined in our visual system by the relationships between a set of three numbers. a. univariance b. saturation c. trichromacy d. opponent color e. subtractive color mixing
thricromacy
_______ is the psychological sensation by which a listener can judge that two sounds with the same loudness and pitch are dissimilar. a. Attack b. Decay c. Timbre d. Consonance e. Dissonance
timbre
______ is the complex quality of sound that lets us distinguish a note played on the piano from the same note played on a trumpet
timbre(yes)
When measuring reaction time (RT), we measure the a. time from the onset of a stimulus to a response. b. time before the stimulus appears. c. time between the end of one trial and the beginning of the next. d. total time a subject takes to complete the experiment.
time from the onset of a stimulus to a response
When measuring reaction time we measure the ______
time from the onset of the stimulus to a response. (yes)
What does tau tell you:
time of collision
What does tau tell you? a. Time to collision b. An object's size on the retina c. An object's rate of optical expansion d. Heading e. None of the above
time to collision
beethoven suffered from __ the perception of a sound when no stimulus is present
tinnitus
The primary auditory complex (A1) is organized in a _______ manner
tonotopic(yes)
the primary auditory cortex (a1) is organized in a __ manner
tonotopics
The light energy from an object is ___ into neural energy that can be interpreted by the brain
transduced
Light energy from object is _____ into neural energy to be interpreted by the brain:
transduced (yes)
light energy from an object into neural energy
transduction
According to the ____ theory, the color of any light is defined in our visual system by the relationships between a set of 3 numbers
trichromacy
According to the ______ theory, the color of any light is defined in our visual system by the relationships between a set of three numbers
trichromatic
A ______ is an individual who suffers from color blindness that is due to the absence of S-cones.
tritanope
A _______ is an individual who suffers from colorblindness that is due to the absence of S‐cones. a. deuteranope b. protanope c. tritanope d. isotope e. color‐anomalous individual
tritanope
a ____ is an individual who suffers from color blindness that is due to the absence of S cones:
tritanope
an individual who suffers from color blinness due to the absence of s cones is
tritanope
First-order motion refers to the perception of motion from differences in luminance [true/false]
true
What concept does the figure below illustrate? a. Sound ambiguities cannot be resolved even if the observer turns their head. b. After hearing a noise, people usually turn their heads reflexively. c. Interaural time differences do not allow for sound localization. d. Interaural level differences do not allow for sound localization. e. Turning one's head can help with sound localization.
turning one's head can help with sound lcalization
the person below is attempting to locate the frog. What concept does the figure illustrate
turning ones headman help with sound localization
axons of retinal ganglion synapse in the
two LGN (yes)
sometimes called the fifth taste:
umami (yes)
Images behind the horopter are displaced to the right in the right eye and to the left in the left eye.
uncrossed disparity
A color that can be experienced in isolation
unrelated color
which circular object in the figure above will have the greatest amount of diplopia?
upper right
To isolate the rode portion of the dark adaptation curve, researchers
use rod monochromats as the participants
cues that are correct
valid
Parallel lines in the world appear to meet at a single location called the
vanishing point
Parallel lines in the world appear to meet at a single location called the _____
vanishing point
The apparent point at which parallel lines receding in depth converge
vanishing point
parallel lines in the world appear to meet at a single location called
vanishing point
__ is an illusory sense of self motion produced when you are not in fact moving
vection
superordinate level category term
vehicle
to look at the tip of your nose, what kind of eye movements would you make?
vergence
type of eye movement in which the two eyes move in opposite directions; for ex, both eyes turn toward the nose or away from the nose
vergence
to look at the tip of your nose, what kind of eye movements would you make?
vergence (yes)
to test recognition by components subjects were presented with an intact or contour deleted images of objects and then asked to name them as quickly as possible. The researchers found that recognition performance was more severely impaired by __ deletion compared to midsection deletion.
vertex & geon
the __ reflex helps us see visual stimuli clearly even when the head is moving
vestibulo ocular
the figure below shows what happens when __ causes a displacement along the cochlear partition
vibration
specific anosmia and the study of stereoisomers provide evidence against the _____ theory of olfactory perception
vibration(yes)
double opponent cells are first found in:
visual cortex (yes!)
The Deleterious effect of clutter on peripheral object recognition is known as:
visual crowding
Brain injury that leads to loss of vision in part of the visual field
visual-field defect
Light can be described as a stream of photons or a(n)
wave
a major problem with template theories of object reognition is that
we cannot possibly st0re enough templates in our memory to match every object we might encounter
a major problem with template theories of object recognition is that
we cannot possibly store enough templates in memory to match every object we might encounter
Navon found the big letter (E) interfered with the naming of the small letters (G) more than the small interfered with the big. this indicates
we process global aspects of an image before local aspects
The ventral extrastriate pathway has also been labeled the ___ pathway
what
The blind spot is located
where the optic nerve leaves the eye
binocular
with 2 eyes binocular visual fields give predator animals such as humans a better chance to spot small, fast-moving objects in front of them that might provide danger
binocular
with two eyes
any point lying on the horopter gives you a disparity of _____
zero