seven perspectives

traditions can be grouped into five stage

1) establishing a base 1905-1918 2) forming a scientific policy 1918-1935 3) integrating theory, research, and application 1935-1954 4) cultivating specialties 1954-1970 5) reemergence of macro theory 1970 on

what makes you a significant person?

1) people who are more organized 2) people who are in a position of leadership 3) they are powerful in the economic world 4) they are powerful in the social world. 5) they are powerful in the political world

the seven perspectives

1) social pathology 2) social disorganization 3) value conflict 4) deviant behavior 5) labeling 6) critical perspective 7) social constructionism

sociologists have dominated the study of social problems for two reasons:

1) sociology developed about a century ago, just when industrialization and urbanization seemed to shake the foundation of traditional society. the problems resulting from industrialization and urbanization. 2) sociology as a discipline lends itself especially well to the study of social problems. sociology deals with social relations, those situations in which two or more people adapt their conduct to each other's. most social problems arise in the course of, or as a result of social relations.

in responding to this dual mandate, sociologists adopt four predominant roles

1) theorist 2) researcher 3) applier 4) critic

the first american sociology society formed in

1905

the first PHD in sociology was granted in

1985

looking at the definition more closely "incompatible with values"

a situation is defined by people as a social problem in terms of certain values they hold. ex: pollution is a problem because the values they put on health and environment. people are diverse and complex different people hold different values different people consider different things to be social problems some people may hold conflicting values

consequences

all seven perspectives see social problems as harmful but they differ on how the harmful effects are described.

social problems

are things people want corrected and people are trying to correct

applicability

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who named the word sociology?

auguste comte in 1838 coined the term

each perspectives has its own

casual chain by which the previous elements are linked

constructionists focuses on

claims making processes.

critical perspectives focuses on

class relations

the variety and inconsistency of these responses point to the

complexities that surround the idea of social problems

auguste and his colleges interest came from

crisis of industrialism issues of social order integration social development social change

the seven perscpetives explain

definition causes conditions consequences and solutions of social problems.

changes in the study of social problems have been closely related to

developments in sociology and the different perspectives on social problems come from different perspectives come from different perspectives in society in general.

both deviant and labeling deal with

deviant roles and social reactions

looking at the definition more closely "a significant number of people:

different people are different in their significant standing how many and how significant they are ex the president is more significant than children.

what is the most controversial aspects of the study of social problems

different people have different values making social problems a complex matter.

theorists and researchers focus on developing sociology as a

discipline

one of the four roles is usually ______ in the work of many particular sociologist

dominant and along with that dominant roles goes a preference for one perspective on social problems over another

appliers

draw on implications of sociological theory in order to propose a solution

the major point of tension for sociologists studying social problems lies in the:

dual mandate

causes

each perspective has its own causal imagery own set of idea about what factors produce social problems.

conditions

each perspective has something to say about the conditions under which social problems emerge and develop. not the causes but background feature that the causes develop.

soutions

each perspective includes its own ideas on how to solve social problems.

definiton

each seven perspective includes its own more specialized definition of social problems depending on their specialty.

the development of american sociology

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each of the seven perspectives has its own:

imphasis

if there is no call for action than most sociologists will not consider it a social problem even though

it may be troublesome to a large group of people ex: the doctors waiting room (aggravating) but no demand to be changed so this is not considered a social problem

1) establishing a base

minister sons established the study of sociology in the colleges based on farm to factory problems and urbanization their philosophy was based on moral progress: societies improve in quality. there were convinced that moral uplift would occur they wanted to help with these problems but their conservative views caused social reform instead of moral revolution. ERA OF PREACHING

it is not just a matter of ________

numbers

1) social pathology

optimistic sprit gripped its founder in the early years of sociology scheme of natural law and progress. these sociologists became social reformers. moral indignation: formulated in terms of a medical model, regarding on set of social problems as the work of persons who were sick. defective, delinquent, or dependent fell to greed corruption and power personal agendas. now dont just see people as sick but a whole society or institution as sick. teach them morals will help them

looking at the definitions more closely "action is needed"

people say something must be done write letters to editor circulate petitions hold rallies laws may be passed regulations may be enacted organizations may be made

the social perspective focuses on

persons

5) the reemergence of macro theory

reached its peak gouldner's Coming Crisis of Western Sociology was the published in 1970 the most recent stage in sociology's development. he said sociology has reached a dead end usefulness to society in crisis. a critical point of view was necessary to grapen with problems of society. GOULDNERs book were Marxist approach. look at things as a big picture.

a tradition

refers to beliefs values and customs as new ideas are developed and as conditions change these beliefs values and customs also change.

deviant behavior focuses on

roles

social disorganization focuses on

rules

perspectives

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2) social disorganization

saw it as a scientific study in academic discipline. devising concepts developing theories producing research rather than making moral pronouncements focused on social rules rather than people breakdown in traditions a conflict between rules, or an absence or inadequacy of rules.

researchers

seek empirical data derive testable hypotheses from a given sociological theory in order to support or disprove it by means of empirical research.

5) labeling

sees social problems as whatever people say they are subjectively constructed. specialized focused on social definitions and reactions to social problems. not science

what they mean by "social problem" definition

social problems change with time. an alleged situation that is incompatible with the values of a significant number of people who agree that action is needed to alter the situation.

6) critical perspective

social problems created by the ruling class a broadening macro more holistic view. social problems related to political structures following Eurasian Marxist traditions focused on class relations maintain and protect their interest made for class struggle.

some analysts say that modern society produce more

social problems than do simpler societies

labeling focuses on

social reactions

3) integrating theory, research, and application

sociologists became more professionalized. saw theory, research, and application all related saw social reform (solving the problem) as part of their work again. scientific approach would make it a science and solve the problems not just one or the other.

4) cultivating specialties

sociology came to age number of courses multiplied sociologists multiplied sophistication of sociology work increased sociology became more sophisticated sociology became specialized bodies theories findings in the specialization while studying it they didnt solve the problems

by 1990:

sociology classes were being taught in college

applier and critics

sociology works on the behalf of society.

how analysts differ?

some say modern societies produce more social problems than do simpler societies other says modern society produces more problems than solutions and third some argue that the real difficulty lies in the overproduction of so called solutions

4) deviant behavior

still is a science. tested theory rather than solving society problems deviant behavior: defined as a violation of normative expectation seen as a science and not to solve the problems focused on causes of deviance, deviant behavior systems, and on social control. how to control it.

critics

tend to protest against the status quo and to seek broader changes in the structure of society (most extreme-revolution)

the perspectives reflects

tension of sociology began. problems of the people vs. sociology as a discipline.

what are they explaining

the role sociologist has played in the study of society

sociology:

the scientific study of society

looking at the definition more closely "alleged situation"

the situation is said to exist people talk about it it might not even be true can be a social problem if even not true ex: desegregation of homes so whites sell and the housing sells for more after desegregation= not even true issue.

the in which sociologist dealt with problems changed

these changes reflect a succession of traditions in the development of sociology.

what are the seven perspectives used for

to analyze social problems

dual mandate is:

to solve social problems as well as to develop sociology as a discipline

what is the activity of sociology

to study out lives

value conflict focuses on

values and interests

perspecitve

way of looking at things 7 ways to look at things

7) social constructionism

what do people have to do to make an alleged situation a social problem people have to work at it. people have to come forward and make claims social problems are social processes unless all the conditions come together the problem does not come into being

what two questions did they ask?

what holds a society together and makes it work? where is the society going and how is it going there?

the important point for the study of social problems is:

when sociologists study social problems they normally look at what other people in the society consider to be social problems. in studying social problems sociologists usually deal only with socially troublesome situation that are recognized as problems by the public

3) value conflict

working for the benefit of society still a science but need to solve problems. people cant agree on social policies because they have different values and interests. theory research and application espouse values and take sides on social issues

2) forming a scientific policy

world war I damptened optimism of the first group of sociologist. they began to use the scientific method instead of small town belief. develop a whole theory around it. science should be value free. social problems solving was seen as unscientific. not trying to solve the problem anymore just recognize them as a scientific discipline. ERA OF SCIENTIFIC CONTROBUTION