BCS AMSCO 21 APUSH

Sixteenth Amendment

The constitutional amendment adopted in 1913 that explicitly permitted Congress to levy an income tax.

Direct Primacy

The direct primaries was a new system that allowed voters to directly vote for candidates running for state to federal offices. Before, the Republicans and Democrats had nominated certain candidates to represent their party and elected the, to offices. The new system was proposed by Robert La Follette and by 19015 there was some form of the direct primary in every state.

City Manager Plan

Used First in Dayton, Ohio. An expert manager was hired to direct the work of various city departments.

Commission Plan

Used First in Galveston Texas. Voters elect the heads of the city departments

Trust Busting

government´s attempt to prevent or eliminate monopolies or corporate trusts.

Robert La Follet

he was a progressive governor of Wisconsin. He introduced the new system of "direct primacy" that placed the nominating process directly in the hands of the voters. Instead of being run by political parties (or mainly by the party bosses).

White House Conference

it promoted coordinated conservation planning by federal and state government

Lochner v. New York (1905)

it was ruled in this case that a law enforcing a 10-hour work day for bakers was unconstitutional

Florence Kelley

reformer who worked to prohibit child labor and to improve conditions for female workers such as fewer working hours

17th Amendment

required all US senators to be elected by popular vote (1913). Before, senators had been chosen by state legislators rather than the direct vote of the people. 1899--Nevada first state to give voters the opportunity to elect senators directly 1912--30 states had adopted this system 1913--adoption of the 17th amendment

"Wisconsin Idea"

series of Progressive measures that included: a direct primary law, tax reform, and state regulatory commissions to monitor railroads, utilities, and business

Anthracite Coal Miners' Strike

strike by coal miners for 1. higher wages 2. shorter workdays 3. recognition of their union This strike threatened to shut down the fuel supply to major cities. President Roosevelt intervened and sided with the workers, giving them 10% wage increase and reduced work days.

Theodore Dreiser

"muckraker", he was a novelist/journalist. He wrote "Sister Carrie" in 1900. He also wrote The Financier and The Titan which portrayed the ruthlessness of an industrialist. He writes about good people, who when put in a bad environment, can turn bad. Meaning that people are usually a product of their environment.

Mann-Elkins Act

(1910)- gave Interstate Commerce Commission power to suspend new railroad rates and oversee many companies (telephone, telegraph, and cable)

Firing of Pinchot

(Gifford Pinchot was a respected chief of the Forest Service) Pinchot criticized Ballinger for opening public land in Alaska for private development. President Taft sided with his secretary of the interior (Richard Ballinger) and fires Pinchot for insubordination.

The Jungle; Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)

-a muckracking book by Upton Sinclair, described in horrifying detail the conditions in the Chicago stockyards and meatpacking industry. -Forbade the manufacture, sale, and transportation of adulterated or mislabeled foods and drugs.

State Prohibition Laws

1) by 1915 the drys (prohibitionists) had persuaded the legislatures of 2/3 of the states to prohibit the sale of alcoholic beverages 2) rural reformers thought they could clean up morals and politics in one sweep by abolishing liquor

Bad v.s Good Trust

A distinction made by Roosevelt to break up trusts

Charles Evans Hughes

A reform governor of New York, who fought against fraudulent insurance companies. Was Republican candidate for President in 1916, lost to Woodrow Wilson.

Federal Trade Commission

A regulatory agency (one of Wilson's progressive reforms) that was made to investigate and take action against "unfair trade practice" in all industries except banking and transportation

Australian Ballot

Australia had adopted the "secret ballot" idea first. Massachusetts was the first to use this way of voting in the US. Many times voters would feel intimidated by certain party candidates who watched them place their vote. The Australian or secrets ballot enabled them to mark their choices secretly in a private booth. By 1910 all the states had adopted the secret ballot.

Upton Sinclair

Author of "The Jungle"

state Prohibition laws

By 1915, two-thirds of the states had passed these laws which prohibited the sale of alcohol. Ruel reformers convinced legislatures of this.

5 (1900-1920)

Eugene V. Debs was the socialist candidate for how many presidential elections?

National American Women Suffrage Association

Formed by Susan B Anthony, but was run by NAWSA President, Carrie Chapman Catt after Anthony retired Was an organization formed in 1890 to advocate for women's suffrage in the US Played a pivotal role in the passing of the 19th Amendment

National Urban League

Formed in 1911 to help people migrating from the South to northern cities. The league's motto was "Not Alms But Opportunity." This reflected its emphasis on self-reliance and economic advancement

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

Founded by the Niagra Movement to abolish all forms of segregation and to increase educational opportunities for African American children; had over 100,000 members by 1920

Frederick W. Taylor

Frederick W. Taylor started the scientific management by using a stopwatch to time the output of factory workers

Sixteenth Amendment (1913)

Gave Congress the power to collect taxes on people's income

Elkins Act (1903)

Granted the ICC had greater authority to stop railroads from granting rebates to favored customs

Professional Associations

Groups that the urban middle class would partake in; provided platforms to address corrupt business and government practices and urban social and economic problems

Booker T. Washington

He argued that blacks' needs for education and economic progress were of foremost importance, and that they should concentrate on learning industrial skills for better wages

Henry Demarest Lloyd

He wrote the book "Wealth Against Commonwealth" in 1894. It was part of the progressive movement and the book's purpose was to show the wrong in the monopoly of the Standard Oil Company. He was a chicago reporter who was one of the earlier muchrakers.

Payne-Aldrich Tariff (1909)

In 1909, President William Howard Taft signed this bill which raised the tariffs on most imports.

Panye-Aldrich Tariff (1909)

In 1909, President William Howard Taft signed this bill which raised the tariffs on most imports. As a result, it increased taxes on the working people

Federal Farm Loan Act (1916)

In 1916, 12 regional federal farm loan banks were established to provide farm loans at low interest rates

Increased Lynching

In the Progressive Era, thousands of black people were lynched by racist mobs, and the progressives (who were actually very prejudiced) did nothing. People considered other reforms to be more important than anti-lynching laws.

John Dewey

One of the leading American advocates of the new idea of pragmatism along with William James Believed you should have a practical approach to morals, ideals, and knowledge

William James

One of the leading American advocates of this new philosophy, pragmatism, along with John Dewey Believed you should have a practical approach to morals, ideals, and knowledge

League of Women's Voters

Organized by Carrie Chapman Catt, dedicated to keep female voters informed about candidates and issues.

Scientific Management

Organized by Frederick W. Taylor, scientific management is a way of organizing people in the most efficient manner. This idea was highly accepted by the progressives.

Underwood Tariff (1913)

Passage of this act substantially lowered tariffs for the first time in over 50 years. To compensate for the reduced tariff revenues, the Underwood bill included a graduated income tax with rates from 1 to 6 percent

Nineteenth Amendment

Passed in 1920, gave women the right to vote. Citizens could no longer be denied the right to vote in any election based on gender. Voting patterns showed little change as most women voted the same as their husbands and fathers.

White, Old Stock Protestants

People inspired by a missionary spirit; taught caring for the poor and being honest (code of social responsibility)

National Consumers League

Promoted the passage of state laws to protect women from long working hours

Hiram Johnson

Reform governor of California, who fought against economic and political power of the Southern Pacific Railroad.

Pinchot-Ballinger Controversy

Richard Ballinger opened public lands in Alaska for private development, when Giffort Pinchot criticized him, Taft fired him, Progressives protested.

Standard Oil Company

Rosevelt and his trust-busting- Rosevelt actions of breaking up the Railroad Monopoly was approved by the Supreme Court. This also involved taking actions against the Standard Oil Company

Mann-Elkins Act (1910)

Signed by Taft, it bolstered the regulatory powers of the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) and supported labor reforms.

Lochner v. New York

The supreme court ruled against a state law limiting workers to a ten-hour workday

Racial Segregation Laws

These laws allowed for segregation of federal workers and buildings, as well as things like buses and diners. These laws lead to lynching by racist mobs becoming more common

Hepburn Act (1906)

This Act tightened existing railroad regulation. Empowered the Interstate Commerce Commission to set maximum railroad rates and to examine railroad's financial records.

Federal Reserve Act (1914)

Wilson proposed a national banking system with 12 district banks supervised by federal reserve notes or dollar bills that were issued by the federally regulated banking system. This also legalized a central banking system.

W.E.B. DuBois

a black leader who fought for equal rights for African Americans with a group known as the Niagra Movement

Triangle Shirtwaist Fire

a factory fire that killed 146 workers trapped in the building; led to new safety standard laws

Newlands Reclamation Act

a law providing money from the sale of public land for irrigation projects in western states

Socialist Party of America

a third party developed in the first decade of the 1900's, and was dedicated to the welfare of the working class.

Mann-Elkins Act

extended the regulatory powers of the Interstate Commerce Commission to telephone and telegraph companies

state regulation of education and safety

leaders of the social justice movement such as Jane Addams and Florence Kelley lobbied vigorously with considerable success for __________ such as through better schools, juvenile courts, liberalized divorce laws, and safety regulations for tenements and factories.

New Freedom

limit both big business and big government bring about reform by ending corruption, and revive competition by supporting small business (Wilson)

New Nationalism

more government regulation of business and unions, women's suffrage, and more social welfare programs (Roosevelt)

Bull Moose Party

nickname for the new Progressive Party, which was formed to support Roosevelt in the election of 1912. The party's platform built on Roosevelt's Square Deal Domestic Program and called for several progressive reforms.

Eugene V. Debs

one of the founders of the socialist party. a former railway union leader. Ran in 4 presidential elections.

Jacob Riis

photojournalist, muckraker -- 1890-wrote "How the Other Half Lives", which exposes the horrible living conditions of tenement life in slum NY. One bathroom for an entire apartment, garbage-filled streets, etc.

Socialist Party

platform called for radical reforms such as: public ownership of the railroads, utilities, and even major industries such as oil and steel

Muller v. Oregon

the high court ruled that health of women needed special protection from long hours

compulsory school attendance

was proposed by the National Child Labor Committee to keep kids out of mines and factories. made it mandatory for children to go to school

conservation of public lands

-(1891) Roosevelt made repeated use of the Forest Reserve Act and set aside 150 million acres of federal land as a national reserve. -(1902) Roosevelt won passage of the Newlands Reclamation Act) -(1908)Roosevelt publicized the need for conservation by hosting a White House Conference of Governors

Ida Tarbell

1903--wrote muckraking series in McClure's Magazine called the "History of Standard Oil Company"; Rockefeller introduced railroads to give him rebates and several other questionable things. Her writing aroused skepticism about monopolies and trusts.

National Child Labor Committee

1904 progressive reformers formed a committee to end child labor and set maximum working hours. pictures were taken of the brutal conditions in mines and mills

Pragmatism

A new philosophy that had a "practical" approach to morals, ideas, and knowledge involving experimentation in order to produce a well-functioning democratic society; adapted from Darwin's theory of Evolution

Carrie Chapman Catt

An advocate for women's suffrage from Iowa who became the president of the National American Women's Suffrage Association. She argued for a vote to broaden democracy to allow women to actively care for their families in an industrial society.

Urban Middle Class

Class in society that generally made up most of the Progressive movement; unlike Populists who were mostly rural Americans; had been steadily growing since the 19th century

League of Women Voters

Created by Carrie Chapman Catt after the passing of the 19th amendment. It was a civic organization dedicated to keeping voters informed about candidates and issues.

Lincoln Steffans

He wrote "The Shame of the Cities" (1904) which described in detail the corruption that characterized big-city politics. Wrote muckraking series in McClure's Magazine known as Tweed Days in St. Louis

National Women's Party

Led by Alice Paul who broke from the NAWSA. This group took to a more militant approach by taking to the streets with mass pickets, parades, and hunger strikes. They focused on winning the support of congress and the president for an womens' voting rights ammendment to the constitution.

Meat Inspection Act (1906)

Made it so that meat would be inspected by the government. It began a quality rating system as well as increased the sanitation requirements for meat producers.

Tom L. Johnson

Mayor of Cleveland, devoted himself to ta reform and three cent trolley fares for Cleveland, wanted public ownership and operations of city's public utilities and services

Samuel M. Jones

Mayor of Toledo, OH who adopted the "golden rule" as his policy and created a system with free kindergarten, night schools, and play grounds.

Alice Paul

New Jersey suffrage advocate who broke from the NAWSA to form the National Women's Party in 1916. She focused on winning the support of congress and the president for an ammendment of women's voting rights to the constitution.

Payne-Aldrich Tariff

Raised the tariff on most imports... Taft had promised to lower the tariff, but in 1909 he angered many progressive by signing the bill to raise it

19th Amendment

Ratified by a 2/3 majority in 1920, gives women the right to vote in all elections: at local, state, and national levels.

Clayton Antitrust Act (1914)

Strengthened things in the Sherman Antitrust Act for breaking up monopolies- contained a new law that exempted unions from being prosecuted as trusts

Federal Reserve Board

Supervised the 12 district reserve banks that were set up in the Federal Reserve Act (1914)

Square Deal

Teddy Roosevelt´s domestic program. 1. conservation of natural resources 2. control of corporation 3. consumer protection

Margaret Sanger

The biggest advocate for birth control education, especially among the poor. This would develop into planned parenthood.

Marget Sanger

This person advocated for birth control education, especially among the poor. Overtime this turned into the Planned Parenthood organization.