SF STATE PSY 200 EXAM 3 STUDY GUIDE

Jake just turned 25, and Joseph just turned 30. Jake teases Joseph about being an "old man" and tells him that since he's 30, "it's all downhill" for him. Evidently, 25-year-old Jake feels that he is presently exempt from the mental and physical decline associated with aging and that, for Joseph, it has already started. Which of the following statements could Joseph correctly employ in his defense?

"Between the ages of 20 and 40, we all begin to experience a steady decline, so you're probably already headed downhill right along with me."

Which of the following is an example of a schema?

A dog has four legs, a tail, and a snout and can bark.

Which of the following is true about representations?

A mental map is a combination of analogical and symbolic representations.

Which of the following is true according to studies on the theory of mind?

Infants and preschoolers demonstrate some awareness of others' intentions and limitations.

Which of the following is or are true about working memory?

Items can be maintained in working memory as long as the person continues to pay attention to them.

Among the following people, who is likely to experience the greatest life satisfaction and the best health?

Loretta, who is happily married

Family court judges generally do not consider children's preferences in custody disputes until they are at least age 12. What would Piaget say about this guideline?

Piaget would agree, since most children develop logical and abstract reasoning around age 12

Your text describes research on how many more women have joined orchestras since the blind audition process, where candidates audition behind a curtain and their names are withheld from judges, was introduced. What was the role of schemas in limiting the number of women on orchestras before the blind audition process was introduced?

Schemas are used to assign social roles in various social situations. The blind audition process prevented women from being overlooked because of cultural assumptions that their social role is that of caregiving.

Patient L.P. has anterograde amnesia following a boating accident. Through a series of tests, doctors have confirmed that her implicit memory is unimpaired, although both types of explicit memory are damaged. Which of the following could L.P. be able to do after her injury?

She could still learn new skills, such as riding a bike.

According to the notion of general intelligence, if Ayeesha is very good at math, how would you expect her to do in other subjects, such as writing?

She would perform relatively as well in writing as she does in math

Scientists have revised their model of memory, replacing short-term memory with working memory. What is the difference between working memory and short-term memory?

Short-term memory was defined as a temporary storage unit for verbal information. Rehearsed information was remembered and the rest forgotten. Working memory is defined as including active information processing for all kinds of information

Shawna needs to decide whether or not to breast-feed her baby. In light of the known relation between breast-feeding and cognitive development, what would you advise her to do?

Since breast-feeding is associated with enhanced cognitive development, Shawna should strongly consider breast-feeding her baby.

Why are repressed memories controversial?

Some therapeutic methods, such as hypnosis, involve a high level of suggestibility. Suggestibility can create false memories.

While Terri cannot remember what she ate for lunch, she recalls a wide number of facts and is someone you always want on your team for trivia games. Which of these statements is true?

Terri has good semantic memory but poor episodic memory.

Many parents of teenagers lament that their children do not think before they act. What is the biological reason for this apparent failure to think?

The amygdala develops much faster than the frontal lobe.

Aurora's mother brings her 2-year-old daughter to see a new doctor. Aurora's looks at her mother and smiles, but at the same time she yells and pushes her mother away. Aurora has most likely formed a(n) __________ attachment to her mother.

ambivalent

To figure out how many students attended an Introductory Psychology class on a given day, your professor could count the exact number of students in the room. Alternatively she could break the class into four equal groups and estimate the number of students in one group and multiply that number by four. Your professor would be using __________ to calculate attendance in the first case and __________ in the second case.

an algorithm; a heuristic

When Kathy thinks of a lemon and imagines biting one, her mouth begins to water. In this example, the picture of the lemon in her mind is an example of a(n) __________ representation.

analogical

According to Sternberg's theory of multiple intelligences, Vicky, who is an accomplished theoretical physicist, would likely score high in __________ intelligence, whereas Doug, a successful politician, would probably score high in __________ intelligence.

analytical; practical

Patient J.B. suffered an injury and now has memory problems. He remembers his childhood, past events, and knowledge he has previously learned, but he does not form new explicit memories. Luckily, he can still learn new implicit tasks. What disorder does J.B. have?

anterograde amnesia

Maquinna takes the SAT, a test designed to assess his potential to do well in college. Sayen takes an Advanced Placement English literature test, which is designed to assess how much she has learned in that subject. Maquinna is taking an __________ test, while Sayen is taking an __________ test.

aptitude; achievement

According to Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences, Boris, who is an accomplished dancer, would likely be higher in __________ intelligence, whereas Amber, a successful computer scientist, would probably be higher in __________ intelligence.

athletic; mathematical/logical

After a frustrating day encountering blank stares from her students, Katie reminds them that listening requires not just hearing but also which of the following?

attention

Marina has struggled with exams all semester. She has started to worry that she has memory problems, but her roommate points out that Marina checks her email, sends texts, and listens to music while studying. In other words, Marina's real problem is not memory but which of the following?

attention

Arav takes pride in being able to memorize long strings of letters very quickly. His trick is to see each group of letters as the initials of people he knows. That way, instead of remembering 20 letters, he only has to remember a group of seven friends. What is the name for Arav's technique?

chunking

When he was little, Aidan ate Beef Stroganoff right before riding a roller coaster. The ride made him motion sick, and he threw up. Since then, Aidan has never wanted to eat Beef Stroganoff , even though the corn nuts did not cause him to be sick. Which type of implicit memory is at play?

classical conditioning

This semester, Kofi is studying in a new way. After dinner, he brings his books to the empty lecture hall and studies there instead of in the dorm. He is hoping to get a boost from the

context-dependent memory effect.

Pari is a highly intelligent person and also a successful attorney. She is thankful that both of her parents not only had very high IQs but also gave her an experience-filled and educationally rich childhood. Generally speaking, Pari's high intelligence can be attributed to the

contributions of nature and nurture.

Joaquin worked really hard to write his first history paper. He went to the library and took thorough notes about everything he read. But he mistakenly thought that some of his notes represented his own original ideas rather than those of other scholars, so, without realizing it, Joaquin plagiarized the work of others by making a source attribution error called

cryptomnesia.

Mrs. Mussante always takes the time to make lessons meaningful for her students. She does not ask them to memorize lists of information without giving her students background and context for each item. She is hoping that _______ encoding based on semantics will allow her students to remember the information better in the future.

deep

Chuck tells his son Jeff that a triangle is "a three-sided figure with three angles in its interior." Chuck has explained this concept in terms of the

defining attribute model.

Morris is 85 years old. Which of the following tasks would you expect him to have the most difficulty with?

driving while listening to the radio

Roger taught his new dog, Jade, a new trick. If Jade is to perform this trick tomorrow, which of the following sequences will have to occur?

encode, store, retrieve

Carol seems to remember every detail about every conversation she has. She also remembers what everyone has given her for her birthday for the past several years. Which type of long-term memory is Carol known for?

episodic

Bananas and kiwi are __________ for the category of __________.

exemplars; fruit

Terry is trying to make a multilayered wedding cake. While trying to figure out a way to make the cake so that it does not collapse, he remembers a bridge he saw that had an interesting support system. That bridge gives him an idea of how to put the cake together so that it does not collapse. Terry solves this problem by

finding an appropriate analogy.

Chen has just discovered that she is pregnant. She should expect to be able to feel her baby's movements in around

five months

Gweneth performs well at the word game Scrabble because she is good at problem solving and rearranging letters to form many words, which demonstrates her __________ intelligence. However, she is also good at Scrabble because she has a large vocabulary, which demonstrates her __________ intelligence.

fluid; crystallized

Terry was making a multilayered wedding cake. While trying to figure out a way to make the cake so it did not collapse, he remembered a bridge he once saw that had an interesting support system. That bridge gave him an idea of how to put the cake together. Terry solved this problem by

forming an appropriate analogy.

Which barrier to problem solving are you overcoming when you use a paper clip as a temporary replacement for the screw that fell out of your glasses?

functional fixedness

According to Erikson, what is the primary task of adolescence?

identity

Bochy, the dog salivates when his owner's alarm clock goes off because his owner always feeds him shortly thereafter. Bochy is using

implicit memory, because Bochy's salivation is an unconscious reaction to the alarm clock.

Tabitha witnesses an assault and is asked to identify the suspect in a lineup of five people. Tabitha is not sure she can recognize any of them, but her heart begins to race and she starts sweating when she sees the last person in the lineup. Tabitha must have a(n) __________ memory of the suspect, but she has no __________ memory of the suspect.

implicit; explicit

Mary started menstruating six months earlier than all the other girls in her class. A possible explanation could be that Mary is

in a high-stress environment.

Unpleasant memories are difficult to expunge because

memories are stored in multiple areas of the brain.

Which barrier to problem solving are you failing to overcome when you continue to push on a door to get to the next room when what you really need to do (according to the sign on the door) is pull on it?

mental set

Which theory of intelligence includes musical intelligence?

multiple intelligences

Children learn language in which order?

phonemes, basic words, telegraphic speech, overgeneralizations

According to the text, the interaction of what three developmental domains shapes human development?

physical, cognitive, socioemotional

Studies on multitasking have found a negative correlation between the number of tasks performed and performance and memory of those tasks. Which of the following explains this?

poor attention

Meredith has a Spanish exam this week. She used to study Latin, and she is afraid that her old memories of Latin will interfere with her ability to remember Spanish vocabulary. Which of the following is Meredith concerned about?

proactive interference

Sven loves to go swimming. While swimming, he sometimes thinks about the temperature of the water in Fahrenheit and how to convert it to Celsius. Sven's memory of how to swim is __________, and his memory of how to convert Fahrenheit to Celsius is __________.

procedural; semantic

Julie does not know what a "clunker" is, so her friend Bob says, "You know that old car Fred has? That is a great example of a clunker." Bob is describing the "clunker" concept in terms of the

prototype model.

The process of carefully considering the information that would test the validity of a claim is a form of thought called

reasoning

Jonah tells his friend about his run-in with a wild moose while camping. When he tells his mom about it the next day, he remembers the story a little differently. The memory probably changed slightly when it was

reconsolidated

Recently, researchers have shown that during this process, old memories are susceptible to being changed or even erased.

reconsolidation

Piotr loves to tell a good story, and his friends have noticed that, over time, some of his stories have changed slightly. Every time he accesses a memory, it can be affected by new circumstances. This can be explained by the theory of

reconsolidation.

Coleman is currently 30 years old. He took the WAIS and was told that his score was 110. If the test is __________, when Coleman retakes the same intelligence test again at age 50, his score will likely still be 110.

reliable

Joe has a horrible pain on his right side, a symptom that is prototypical of appendicitis. Even though he does not have any of the other symptoms of appendicitis, Joe is convinced he has it and goes to the emergency room. He is mortified to learn that he just has a bad case of gas. Because Joe's error was based on the prototype of the symptom he had, he relied on which heuristic?

representativeness

Objects, words, images, or other stimuli that remind us of something we forgot are called

retrieval cues

Pete taught Introductory Psychology last term and is teaching it again this term. When he runs into one of his students from last term, he does not remember her name. He can only remember names of his students from this term. Pete's inability to remember his students' names from the last term is most likely due to

retroactive interference

Phyllis hardly remembers any Italian now that she is studying French. Which of the following is this a case of?

retroactive interference

Your niece loves fairy tale books. Even though she cannot read yet, she has many of them memorized. When you get her a new fairy tale book, she is able to memorize it quickly, probably because she has developed a __________ for fairy tales.

schema

Giana is studying abroad in Italy and realizes that, compared with the local students she has befriended, she sometimes remembers events differently. Perhaps her preexisting _______ are affecting the way she encodes experiences.

schemas

This quotation is an example of which of the answer choices? "First, you need to drive to your date's house, bring her flowers, and talk to her parents. Then, ask her where she would like to go to eat. Afterward, take her to the movies. Then, be sure to drive her back to her house and walk her to the door, and be back home by midnight."

script

After Chester turned 13, he noticed that his voice deepened and the hair on his arms and legs grew thicker and darker. Both of these physical changes are considered to be typical changes in boys' __________ that occur during puberty.

secondary sex characteristics

One-year-old Wyatt is in the __________ stage of cognitive development. Thus, when his father shows Wyatt a ball and then hides it behind her back, we would expect him to __________.

sensorimotor; appear to lose interest in the ball and not look for it

After the room went dark, John had a mental image of what everything looked like. But as soon as he tried to recall one specific detail, everything else faded. John was experiencing this type of memory store.

sensory

Jed works for an animation studio where movies are drawn frame by frame. Thanks to this ability of the human memory system, the audience will experience the movie as a continuous stream of animation-not just a series of isolated drawings.

sensory storage

Without a pen handy, Olga mentally rehearsed the number her boss told her to call. While __________ memory provided storage for the phone number, __________ memory allowed her to rehearse it for longer maintenance.

short-term; working

Attempts to use cognitive training strategies to reduce memory deficits in the elderly

show some ability to delay the memory problems associated with aging.

According to this type of theory, seeing a hammer might also partially activate memories for related items, such as nails, screwdrivers, and wrenches.

spreading activation models

Victor and Stanislaus are two elderly gentlemen standing in line at the Division of Motor Vehicles. They are both waiting to take a written test on driving laws to renew their licenses. Stanislaus overhears a DMV employee commenting that elderly men usually perform worse on the exam than other groups of people, but Victor does not hear the comment. Victor scores higher than Stanislaus on the exam, even though their performances are usually quite similar. Stanislaus's lower score may have been due to the effect of

stereotype threat.

The sound of the word "cow" is a(n) __________ for a cow, while the sound of the word "moo" is a(n) __________ for the sound a cow makes.

symbolic representation; analogical representation

The word crow is a(n) __________ for a type of bird, while the word caw is a(n) __________ for the sound a crow makes.

symbolic representation; analogical representation

When Beatrice was a baby, her first word was mama. When she was 10 years old and her thinking was more complex, she was able to solve a puzzle by picturing the solution in her mind. In this example, the word mama is a(n) __________ representation, and the pictured solution is a(n) __________ representation.

symbolic; analogical

Children have more neural connections as infants than at 10 years old. Why?

synaptic pruning

Jenny's best friend Doris got a bad case of food poisoning after eating at a Mexican restaurant. For weeks afterward, every time Jenny spent time with her, Doris would go on and on about how awful it was. Now Jenny refuses to touch Mexican food, because she thinks she may get sick too. It appears Jenny has fallen prey to the bias in decision making called

the availability heuristic.

Ava and Bella strike up a conversation while sitting next to each other on an airplane. Bella thinks Ava is very intelligent and knowledgeable. When Ava tells Bella that she works at an University, Bella assumes that Ava is a Professor, but Ava is actually the secretary. Bella used which of the following to form her incorrect conclusion?

the representativeness heuristic

The word reconstructed has

three morphemes and twelve phonemes.

Speech is produced in which of the following areas of the brain?

Broca's area

Corbin wants to know which strategy is best for encoding information in his long-term memory. If he is trying to remember a long list of dates for a history test, which strategy would you advise?

Corbin should attribute some meaning to each date, so that he can take advantage of semantic processing.

Your text describes a study by Loftus et al. in which one group of participants watched a video of a red car approaching a stop sign and the other group watched a video of a red car approaching a yield sign. After viewing the tapes, both groups were asked if another car passed the red car while it was stopped at the stop sign. Some participants who saw the yield sign claimed they saw the car at the stop sign. What are the implications of this study?

How questions are phrased can influence people's answers. Police officers, attorneys, and researchers must ask questions carefully to avoid suggestibility bias.

In an innovative study, two groups of participants memorized lists of words, but one group was on land and the other in water. This study demonstrated the context-dependent memory effect. What was the conclusion of this study?

Both groups recalled words better when they were tested in the same environment where they had learned them.

Harper and Ezra both drink beer and smoke cigarettes. Since they want to eventually start a family, Harper tells Ezra that they both need to stop drinking and smoking now to avoid potential drug-related birth defects. Ezra argues that since Harper is the one who will carry the child, he can keep drinking and smoking as long as he does not expose her to either substance. Which of the following arguments would best support Harpers's point of view?

Alcohol consumption and smoking can affect men's sperm and are associated with known birth defects.

Which of the following is true about dyslexia and dyslexics?

All of these are true.

How does assimilation differ from accommodation?

Assimilation is the process of storing new experiences into existing ways of thinking. Accommodation is the process of creating a new way of thinking based on new experiences

Several months of studying is recommended prior to taking the GRE (Graduate Record Exam). Based on what you know about memory and recall, which of the following is the best strategy?

Assuming that one has learned the material and just needs to recall it, take as many practice GREs as possible

Beth takes a test that she believes men typically score higher than women on. Marta takes the same test, but she does not hold such a belief. All else being equal, which of the following outcomes is most likely?

Beth will score lower than Marta because of stereotype threat.

The case of Bruce Reimer-the boy who underwent gender reassignment surgery after a botched circumcision-illustrates which of the following?

Biology strongly influences both gender identity and gender roles.

How is blocking different from retrograde amnesia?

Blocking is the inability to recall information from long-term memory. Retrograde amnesia is damage to one's long-term memory.

Dr. Martinez Blanco found in her research that people who score high in mathematical ability are usually gifted musicians. For which theory of intelligence is this a problematic finding?

Gardner

Instead of worrying about how to find his future dream job, Dan breaks a big problem down into smaller, more manageable parts by doing which of the following?

He forms subgoals: visiting the career center, researching occupational salaries, and talking to people in professions he is considering.

Family court judges generally do not consider children's preferences in custody disputes until they are at least age 12. In contrast to Piaget, what would Vygotsky say about this guideline?

Higher-level thinking develops as a child's experiences expand and his or her language abilities grow. Once the child develops inner speech (such as telling oneself to do something while playing), that child has developed higher-level cognition and should be allowed to have a voice in custody cases

Logan completes a test that assesses his current skills and knowledge. Ana completes a test that assesses her ability to learn in the future. In these examples, Logan has probably completed an __________ test, and Ana has probably completed an __________ test.

achievement; aptitude

Whole-language instruction advocates assert that humans should learn to read the way they talk and breaking down words into phonemes is unnatural. Given this and everything else you know about whole-language instruction, which of the following is a possible critique of the whole-language approach?

When children learn to talk, they learn phonemes before they learn words. If learning to read should be modeled on how children learn to speak, then breaking words down into phonemes is, indeed, natural.

Which of the following is true about differences in intelligence between identical twins?

Whether raised together or apart, identical twins score much more similarly on IQ tests than any other pairs of siblings.

Olaf's computer crashed suddenly the other day. Olaf kept trying the same solution that worked the last few times his computer crashed, even though it did not fix his computer. Olaf's failure to solve this problem is most likely due to

a mental set.

Florian could never remember his locker combination until he realized that the three numbers perfectly matched his favorite singer's birth date. Now he has no problem remembering, thanks to which of the following?

a mnemonic

Patients with Alzheimer's disease have low levels of which neurotransmitter?

acetylcholine