SFL 240 Final Exam

According to the alternative cost method, how much would stay-at-home mothers make and how much do they do?

$134,121 annually Stay-at-home mothers work 49.8 hours per week (22 hours on household tasks) Stay-at-home mothers sleep an average of 6 hours per night

How much does it cost to meet a basic family budget for a family of four, on average and in big cities? What percentage of American families make incomes lower than this (any ethnic disparity)?

$49,000 and $60,000; 30% of American families, 50% of African American and Hispanic families

Social Communication problems in autism?

- Joint attention, sharing of interests, failure of normal back and forth -Nonverbal, abnormalities in eye contact and body language, difficulties understanding gestures -Difficulty in social relationships, sharing imaginative play, making friends, or absence of social interest in peers

What percent of fathers opt to stay home with children while their wives work outside the home? What are the usual situations these fathers find themselves in, and how much research has been done on child/parent outcomes?

-7% of fathers are stay at home dads -Usually because wife has better and higher paying job, due to divorce and becoming the primary caregiver or they are gay men whose partners work outside the home -Very little research on child or parent outcomes

What are difficulties in the parent-child relationship when children have INTELLECTUAL disabilities?

-Diagnosis is often delayed, so parents have time to bond first -Grief cycle may replay itself every time a child misses a developmental milestone -Have reasonable expectations -Parental warmth, nurturance, and acceptance are important

What do people mean when they say "On the Spectrum"

AUTISM IS NOT LINEAR; they can have normal capacity in some areas but not so much in others

How do we become transitional characters?

Develop a vision of yourself as a transitional character (be optimistic and persistent) Build supportive relationships with strong adults Be deliberate about making changes (philosophy) Celebrate family rituals Create a healthy emotional distance Read books about family life Get an education Seek professional help

What are difficulties in the parent-child relationship for those with learning Disabilities?

Difficult to diagnose, so parents may see them as lazy or stubborn Need an abundance of affection, praise, and approval from parents--find strengths!

Which of the following is NOT true of New Part Time Work? A) High-status, career-oriented, reduced-hours options that maintain prorated professional salaries and benefits B) The company's rationale for adopting such an option is to convince women to continue making professional career contributions as they expand their family responsibilities C) Compared to women who worked full time, NPT women allocated this additional time primarily to caring for and nurturing their dependent children D) They also reported less job-related travel, unnecessary work, and work-to-family conflict, as well as greater work-to-family success, childcare satisfaction, and family success E) NPT mothers reported a more aid in division of labor in household responsibilities and more career opportunity and work success F) All of the above

E) NPT mothers reported a more TRADITIONAL division of labor in household responsibilities and LESS career opportunity and work success

What are difficulties in the parent-child relationship for Communicative Disorders?

Early intervention is critical! Speech therapy can be helpful Parents listen attentively and emphatically

What is often the MOST difficult type of disability for parents to deal with?

Emotional disorders (negative feedback)

T/F The grieving cycle is something that every parent of a special needs child goes through once

False; they may go through it multiple times (especially when children don't reach certain milestones), and some don't go through all the stages or go through them in order

What is role overload and spillover?

Role overload = trying to be all things to all people is exhausting Spillover = when a family member brings the emotional events and tensions from one environment to the other *Can be positive or negative emotional events

Name four things important to help special children (SEE)

Siblings, early diagnosis, early intervention, see and understand them!

T/F Children of working mothers, if mothers enjoy work and are committed to parenting, do well; in fact, there is no impact on mother-child attachment, if mother is supportive (most important predictor)

True

T/F Majority of people think that IDEALLY moms should work part time or not at all

True

T/F Research says balance personal needs, work needs, and family needs in a triangle, beware of becoming obtuse

True

What are difficulties for the parent-child relationship with Physical Disabilities?

-Lifting and transporting becomes difficult as child ages -Parent may become socially isolated which may result in parental anger and guilt -Parent may be overprotective, but should focus on child's strengths

What are the stages of parental grief?

-Shock and Panic Disbelief and disorientation - parent responds in typical manner (withdrawal, eating, talking, etc.) -Searching Searching for hoped for child through denial; search for diagnosis, blame -Experience of Nothingness Realization child can not be "fixed" and reality is faced Anger, guilt, depression, rage Parent asks why this is happening to them -Recovery Resolves negative emotions positively Integrates hoped for child with real child Begins to see assets along with disability Child is integrated into family and loved for who he/she is -Maintenance Relatively stable equilibrium Established coping mechanisms Grieving cycle may start again When child does not pass milestones or achieve life dreams, grieving may resume

What types of social support are important for families with exceptional children reducing stress? -Spousal support -Informal support from family/friends -Formal support

-Spousal support is critical Mothers of children with disabilities report twice as much time caretaking as mothers of children without Fathers don't always share the burden, but when they do, it helps immensely -Informal support from family/friends Physical and emotional well-being Time demands More frequent interactions with children Perceptions of child as troublesome -Formal support was not as helpful in reducing stress, though fathers reported it was useful

What is the 60-hour Work-Week Hypothesis? Which of the three groups saw most benefits? Full-time/full-time At least one partner part-time (60 hours) Full-time/Not Employed

-The ideal for intact households with children is for both parents to participate in paid employment but with the combined work hours of the mother and the father not to exceed 60 hours per week -Sixty-hour couples (vs. Full-time/full-time and full-time/unemployed) report significantly greater job flexibility, improved work family fit, enhanced family satisfaction, and less work-to-family conflict

wHAT are the 10 suggestions about parental work?

10 Strategies for Balance Value family first! Strive for partnership Derive meaning from work Maintain work boundaries Be focused and productive at work Prioritize family fun Be confident in your choices Live simply Learn to say "no" Value time

What constitutes an exceptional child?

A child with special problems related to disabilities, sensory impairments, communicative disorders, emotional disturbances, learning disabilities, and mental retardation

Which of the following is NOT true about how parents go through stages of grief? -Even in maintenance phase, when child does not pass milestones or achieve life dreams, grieving may resume -Not all parents will go through all of these - some are experienced at the same time. -How parents pass through these stages depends on culture, SES, religiosity, the nature of the disability, marital stability, and availability of a support system.

ALL are true

What is the adoption paradox?

Adoption Paradox Over 6 million couples face infertility and seek to adopt, but they want white infants Nearly 150,000 children are waiting to be adopted, but are older, usually of color, and are in the foster system Only 1% of babies born to unmarried women are put up for adoption 2% of the US population have adopted children (2 million adults) Most are over 30 and have already given birth to at least one child Never married men are more likely to adopt than never married women Related adoptions are more common among African Americans Slightly more children in the US are adopted by related than unrelated adults International adoptions are on the rise, as are special needs adoptions Few differences between adopted and biological parents

What is Autism?

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurological brain disorder characterized by difficulties in social interaction, verbal and nonverbal communication, and repetitive behaviors It emerges between 2-3 years of age, but has roots in very early brain development It has widely varying degrees of severity, and is classified using the DSM-5 diagnostic manual

What is the impact on siblings of exceptional children?

Can feel resentful and embarrassed Can learn empathy and tolerance Appreciate their own abilities May feel pressure to succeed

Which of the following is NOT true about Dual-Earner Families? -Parents are less effective if they are overly committed to or dissatisfied with their jobs -Boys in dual-earner families who are not properly monitored do not fare well -Mothers who prefer employment but remain home have higher levels of depression -Full-time employment for both parents is ideal and safeguards against financial instability and poverty

D; Part-time employment for at least one parent is ideal and safeguards against work overload

T/F Families with exceptional children function markedly different from other families

False; they do NOT However, there are some differences: -23% of mothers quit jobs and 41% don't take jobs -62% receive no help with chores or childcare -19% report having no resources or services -Do report higher levels of stress -Do tend to emphasize set rules and procedures and religious beliefs more than the average family

What are the levels of autism?

Level 1: Requiring support Able to tell child has challenges without support Level 2: Requiring Substantial Support Able to tell child has challenges even with support Level 3: Requiring Very Substantial Support Clearly able to tell child has challenges and needs substantial support

Parents are reluctant to discuss sexuality because:

Limited sexual health knowledge Believing adolescents aren't ready Discomfort discussing sex Demographic factors

How do mothers and fathers differ in the effects of having an exceptional child?

Mothers more stress, depression, poor health, affected relationship with spouse Fathers report more attachment issues and financial burden

Emotional-Behavioral Disorders

Often most challenging for parents due to negative child feedback Parents often feel angry and frustrated by children with emotional or behavioral disorders, and resort to less than optimal parenting Variety of ways to deal with these types of disorders, but acceptance and love are needed for children and parents

What are the three aspects of the balance/harmony triangle?

Personal needs, family needs, work responsbilities

What are the dimensions of sexual nature?

Physical (satisfaction, pleasure, health), emotional (love, attachment, unity), and spiritual (meanning, purpose, progression)

Repetitive behaviors

Restricted, repetitive behavior, interests and activities Stimming--stimulating (i.e. rocking, flapping arms) Intense ritualized patterns (i.e. must always walk left around the table to sit down) Highly restricted interests, obsessed with topics Hyper or hypo aware of sensory input Sensitive to sensory input OR Fascinated with smells, touches

T/F The most important predictor of attachment is responsiveness, not maternal employment

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