SHS 380 Exam 1

What phrase did Zellig Harris coin? What is he rooted in? What method is this?

"discourse analysis" Descriptive linguistics Descriptive method

What is the aspects of context of spoken discourse.

--Topic --Physical time & place utterances are spoken --Relationship between speaker & listener --Speaker/listener common background knowledge --Broader cultural framework of speaker, listener, & message --Broader belief system, ideologies of discourse community KEY: Which aspects are relevant to the conversation & to the type of analysis?

McCabe & Bliss developed what?

A commonly used procedure for eliciting personal narrative conversational map elicitation procedure

What is halliday's ideology?

A set of beliefs one holds about the world and the way it is "supposed to be." Text always to some degree promote a particular ideology. "When writing a cookbook, you are writing it in a way that you think a cookbook should be structured"

Because any individual is immersed in more than one 'speech community' (discourse community), yet another skill is needed to be a "successful" communicator. What does this consist of and what is it called?

Ability to effectively switch between communication styles, depending on the situation ---Adaptive culture competence

What are Halliday's four processes?

Action Verbal Mental Relational

Why do we analyze narratives?

Analyzing narratives allow one to determine SPECIFIC areas of strength and weakness that can be used to develop a more specific (targeted) treatment plan

Maxim of Manner

Avoid obscurity of expression avoid ambiguity be brief be orderly assumption: people will try to make their message clear and unambiguous

Maxim of Relation

Be relevant Assumption: what people say will be relevant to the topic of conversation

What is leapfrogging?

Bouncing around from event to event while skipping critical info

What is Stanza analysis?

Broadest approach 1) breaks down narratives into phrases & sentences 2) groups them into "stanzas"

What is another way to violate the cooperative principle?

By overly opting out of a maxim: a colleague asks: how is the job search going response: sorry thats confidential Technically, no maxim is violated. Not lying.

Our ______ of words and ____ we use words matter.

Choice Use

What did James Paul Gee believe?

Combo of language, actions, interactions, beliefs, values... How one uses his/her tools to enact a social identity

What is conjunction & what are the four categories of it?

Conjunction: Function is to connect words in a meaningful way. Additive: Also, additionally, Contrastive: But, However Causative: Therefore, thus, so, because Sequential: Next, then,

What is coherence?

Connection between the text & background knowledge Generic framework - associations we make between certain kinds of text and its conventions Style, layout, the information it provides, its organization, its grammatical & lexical features, etc. Cultural models - broader framework we use to understand the text; based on what we view as "the norm"

What is stanza analysis major purpose?

Cross cultural comparisons Removes the cultural-linguistic specific structure & allows for someone from another culture to interpret the content

What is the purpose of Story Grammar analysis?

Describe the story setting, initiating event, initial problem, characters internal response, characters plan, characters attempt to achieve goal of plan/solve problem, outcome/consequences

What are variations of a single language?

Dialects

What did Gee say about ideology and discourse communities?

Discourse communities tend to promote certain ideologies ideologies create a sense of inclusiveness and purpose for the like-minded, but may (unknowingly) exclude or marginalize others

Why dont we always say what we mean?

Due to efficiency

Why is CAMP considered conversational? What does it make use of?

Due to the dynamic established between the communicative partners it makes use of prompts and subprompts

Notable features of SiE

ELABORATE DESCRIPTIONS of single actions ----Extra info about the CHARACTERS and emphasis on FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS -------Purpose may be to inform about people more than events NOT chronological event sequences -----Instead, are more likely to use flashbacks & foreshadowing SHORTER pause time at beginning Because not pre-planned, more dysfluencies are expected

What is story grammar?

Events + reactions (causal sequences) Internal responses + overt responses ( of characters)

True or false: Dialects are separate from our identities

False

Language above the sentence level or above the clause

Formal approach

Text analysis Discourse Analysis Discourse with a Capital D

Formal approach Functional approach Social Approach

Does Zellig Harris abide by formal, functional, or social approach?

Formal: text analysis

What theoretical approach does Grice take?

Functional

The analysis of discourse is the analysis of language in use...it cannot be restricted to the description of linguistic forms independent of the purposes or functions that they serve in human affairs

Functional approach

What approach does Halliday take? What functions of language did he lay out?

Functional approach Textual ideational interpersonal

What did Gee say about genre's and discourse communities?

Genres create and are created by discourse communities Use of conventions within a particular genre is often used as an indicator of whether the person" knows how to communicate like us"

Explain the different views of Halliday's functional vs Gee's social approach more in-depth.

Halliday: answers the question "why are certain types of "texts" associated with certain conventions (genres)?" -action-focused, communicative event Gee: when looked at it this way, genres are not just "text types" that are structured in certain ways; they are important tools through which people groups and institutions define, organize and structure social life

Summarize Harris, Widdowson, and Gee

Harris: You must leave social context out of discourse analysis because social context may come with biases. Widdowson: In order to understand fully of what the text is saying, you must associate the text with the social context. Gee: Discourse is more than just language. It is how we combine it with other non language modes to represent the identity we are trying to portray.

What are the four main approaches when analyzing narratives?

High-Point Microanalysis Story Grammar Analysis Stanza Analysis Narrative Assessment Profile (NAP)

What is discourse?

How we use our communicative tools to exchange ideas with others. Involves studying how people communicate

What does stanza analysis allow for?

Identification of themes Comparison across stanzas (e.g., use of parallel structure)

How did Dell Hyme's address communicative context?

In a more subjective framework That is, what does a person need to know to be "competent" communicator in a particular situation? Approach to context is more comprehensive than prior theories Acknowledges the inherent subjectivity, and thus is more flexible

When do the words that we choose and the use of them matter?

In situations of intertextuality.

Language is always in _____ __________. It is ________.

In the world Situated

What is the NAP? (Narrative assessment profile)

Incorporates concepts from high-point analysis & expands ---Based off Halliday's work (also expands) Focuses on "discourse coherence" (basically, this includes Halliday's versions of coherence & cohesion - see next slide)

Why should we study discourse analysis?

Increase awareness of our own everyday communication Better understand different styles of communicating Document communicative competence in individuals with communication disorders

A: I hear you went to the opera last night; how was the lead singer? B: The singer produced a series of sounds corresponding closely to the score of an aria from 'Rigoletto'. (Levinson 1983) Maxim violated? Implicature?

Is it flouting quality?: No, the person was being truthful. Is it flouting relevance?: No. Its on topic . Is it flouting quantity?: it does technically answer how was the lead singer. Is it flouting manner?: It is overly detailed.

Why is it important how we define successful communication?

It guides how we assess (measure) guides how we define "disordered" communication guides treatment approaches it guides societal views of "normal"

What is genre analysis (Halliday)

It involves asking... What purpose(s) does the genre serve? ---often different for author/speaker & reader/listener What is its social function? (Just another way of asking what the purpose is. A way to assess the relationship between the author and reader)

Why do we want to analyze a narrative?

It is considered the context that "showcases" a wide range of communication skills ---cognitive (ex: action & event sequences, ability to plan & organize) ---complex language (ex: decontextualized language) ---social: taking others perspectives) ---other: (Knowing listeners background knowledge & giving appropriate amount of detail) it is an important functional skill. gives opportunity to show strengths and weaknesses

What happens if a speaker violated Grice's maxims?

Its done on purpose. The listener must infer the speakers intentions Different ways of violating these maxims produce different types of implicature (implicature: meaning that is implied and not directly said)

High point analysis is based on who and what theoretical approach?

Labov's work. (functional)

Formal Approach

Language above the sentence level or above the clause. Those working from this perspective often try to understand the kinds of rules and conventions that govern the ways we join clause and sentences together to make texts

Functional approach

Language in use The analysis of discourse is the analysis of language in use...it cannot be restricted to the description of linguistic forms independent of the purposes or functions that they serve in human affairs this perspective leads to questions about how people use language to do things such as make requests, issue warnings, and apologize in different kinds of situations and how we interpret what other people are trying to do when they speak or write

What kind of lexical cohesion is this?: Epilepsy is a brain or neurological disorder where excess electrical energy causes seizures. Seizures result when the brain's nerve cells, or neurons, produce an excessive or abnormal amount of electrical activity. Depending on this activity...

Lexical Chain: It transitions. Seizure and activity embody that the text is about seizures brain activity Word for word

What did Dell Hymes say was not enough for successful communication? What is also important?

Linguistic Knowledge Knowledge and mastery of the rules, norms, conventions, also important Knowing what to say to whom when where and how This is the essence of communicative competence

What do personal narratives help us do?

Make sense of our experiences --the act of telling it to someone else helps us process it --helps make the abstract past more concrete (brings it into the present)

What is the Cooperative Principle?

Make your conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged...which means.... these maxims are the assumptions under which people operate during conversation generally speaking, people are cooperative or follow this principle

How did your date go friday? Do you want to see my new shoes I bought? what are the maxims flouted?

Maxim of relation implicature: date didnt go well and she doesn't want to talk about it

Reporter: "Mario, can you comment on the rumors about your recent engagement to Swedish singer Ella?" Mario: "Right now, I'm focused on my goal of qualifying for the next Winter Olympics." Maxim violated? Implicature?

Maxim: relation Implicature: he does not want to answer that question about his personal life

What is a narrative?

Minimlally containing two independent clauses about the same past event. Relays TEMPORALLY (time-related) sequenced information about related events Tells a story

Why are narratives important?

Narratives are the primary means by which we organize and share information about events in our everyday lives

Do people always say what they mean and mean what they say?

No

Does Grice agree with the communication code model?

No, he believes there is more to it when we are talking. Sometimes we skip steps in this when we are talking.

What is intertextuality?

Other related pieces of text that are referenced to help make sense of the current text Examples: Direct Quotations Hashtags Implications ("presuppositions")

maria likes going to the movies participant & process

Part: maria (agent); movies process: likes

You may now kiss the bride: participant & process

Part: you (agent); the bride process: kissing

What are participants and what are processes?

Participants: words representing people, things, or concepts Processes: Words about what a participant is doing to or with another

Difference between quantity and manner?

Quantity: the # of "units" of information needed to communicate message Manner: violated if the # of units provided is sufficient, yet their content is insufficient or too long-winded to be clear

What are the four grammatical cohesive ties?

Reference substitution conjunction ellipses

Explain Halliday's interpersonal theory.

Relationships between participants of a text, not necessarily people

What is cohesion?

Relationships within the text linguistic features that tie it together grammatical: certain types of words used to connect the text & create extra meaning lexical: semantically related words/phrases that help tie together the sentences with meaning

What is John Firth's 3 main components of context?

Relevant features of participants, persons, & personalities Relevant objects in the situation Effect of the verbal action

Lexical cohesive ties includes what?

Repetition

Personal experiences provide a way of what?

Representing ourselves to others

Who are Allyssa McCabe and Lynn Bliss?

Researchers who have paved the way on understanding the narrative discourses across cultures Readings: focus on key terms & concepts, NOT details individual research studies described

Why do we flout a maxim?

Sometimes we flout a maxim intending to be obvious that we violated it.

SPEAKING MODEL: Act sequence Key Instrumentalities

Speech acts and their order "tone" or attitude (how formal/casual) method through which meaning is created (spoken, sung, clickers)

NAP: Topic maintenance Event sequencing Informativeness Referencing Conjunctive cohesion Fluency

Staying on topic; being relevant Telling events in chronological (or logical) order 1. Sufficient info (facts, background info) 2. Elaborative details (appropriate amount) 3. Other engaging features (description, action, & evaluation) Adequate info for & use of 'reference' cohesive ties Appropriate use of 'conjunction' cohesive ties Uninterrupted flow, smooth

What is Step 1 and Step 2 of CAMP & how do you do it?

Step 1: Use a story prompt Purpose: Get the person to start talking about a particular topic How? ---Begin by saying something brief about yourself ("ice-breaker") ---Then ask individual to tell about a specific event (Avoid common themes that may evoke a story 'script' or 'schema' e.g., birthday party) Step 2: Use subprompts Purpose: Keep the person talking How? ---See p. 10 for suggestions (Box 1.3) Ex: "Tell me more" ---Should remain neutral ------Be vague ------Avoid expanding on person's story or modeling components of a good story ------Avoid specific questions ------Avoid commenting

What are the strengths and weaknesses of High Point Analysis?

Strengths: Focuses on the evaluation and heart of the story. You can get higher levels of language almost in the pragmatic. Domain. This is more comprehensive of content. Weaknesses: This doesn't give you any way to score it or give you reference data to compare it to. Its not very specific. Its really hard to translate that. You can get a good informal observation, but that's really it.

What are the strengths & weaknesses of Story Grammar Analysis?

Strengths: there is a place for this consistent structure in fictional weaknesses: does not fit personal narratives. Its less relevant to other cultures.

When teaching the value of code switching, what is the critical component?

Students are taught that their socio-cultural dialect is equally valued --central to social and cultural identity --central to social-emotional relationships

What is the most recent term for code switching that embraces the notion that communication is more than language?

Style shifting

What are evaluations of High-Point Analysis?

Subjective significance of the event Going beyond the literal "cut-and-dry" events Elements that engage the listener Provide "story sparkle"

What are notable features of MAE?

TOPIC CENTERED stories Often centered around one extended topic/event Emphasizes CHRONOLOGICAL sequences of actions LONGER pause time at beginning Reflecting expectation of planning prior to starting narrative

What did Henry Widdowson believe? What approach is he?

Textual analysis isn't enough. Must consider social situation during analysis. This is "true" discourse analysis Action focused approach

What does Hymes model of context (ethnography of speaking) cover?

The contextual information one needs to understand to communicate effectively within a given speech community. SPEAKING Setting Participants Ends Act Sequences Key Instrumentalities Norms Genre

What is mainstream dialect?

The dialect used by the group with economic, political, educational, and social POWER the form of communication that draws attention --this depends on context

What is texture?

The words/phrases/utterances must be CONNECTED + It must have MEANING

SPEAKING MODEL: Setting Participants Ends

Time place and or psychological setting (cultural scene) relevant people or characters and their roles/identities goal, purpose, outcome of speech event (may vary by participant)

What is the purpose of eliciting a personal narrative?

To determine what the individual can do (in context of narration)

Were firth's and Hallidays definition of context vague or narrow?

Too vague

What are notable Japanese American Cultures?

Topic maintenance ---Including multiple events within a narrative is valued over a single event Informativeness ---conciseness is valued, thus elaboration not expected Referencing ---Omit unnecessary pronouns for sake of concision

What are notable AFRICAN AMERICAN ENGLISH (AAE)?

Topic maintenance --Including several experiences/events within a single narrative Informativeness --Elaboration is expected ----This results in longer narratives that emphasize embellishment & description over action Evaluations are emphasized ---Particularly those that provide the thoughts/feelings of the speaker Event sequencing ---Organized thematically rather than chronologically

According to NAP, when stated that it focuses on Discourse Coherence, what does that include? What scores would you give?

Topic maintenance Event sequencing Informativeness Referencing Conjunctive cohesion Fluency appropriate, inappropriate, variable, needs further study

Which NAP dimensions are different for MAE and SiE?

Topic maintenance Event sequencing Fluency Referencing

True or false: Dialects can include variation in all aspects of language.

True

Discourse analysis consists of what?

Using analytical tools to document how people communicate in real-life situations

How is SiE similar to AAE?

Varies by subculture Mexican american english vs filipino

What is code switching?

When a speaker alternated between tow or more languages or dialects (consciously or subconsciously) it is a SKILL me must learn

What theoretical approach, strengths, and weaknesses does NAP have?

Which Theoretical Approach? Strengths?:Allows for you to really get a story structure. Analyze a story structure. But its flexible enough to handle cross cultural comparisons. Weaknesses?:Leaves some subjectivity in there

What is Stanza Analysis' theoretical approach, strengths, and weaknesses?

Which theoretical approach?: social approach Strengths?:flexible for different cultures Weaknesses?:really broad and subjective

What does Reference mean? What are the three types of references?

Words that refer to other words. They are usually pronouns (most of the time) anaphoric, cataphoric, exophoric

Are dialects equal in sophistication? Are they equal in prestige?

Yes No

What is part of Gee's explanation of dialects?

You have to "walk the walk" and integrate the "walk" with the "talk" in the "right" way

A student asks, Where does Professor Moore live? You reply, Somewhere in Urbana. What maxim is violated?

You know the student wants to egg the professor's house, but you don't know exactly where he lives. To avoid violating the maxim of quality (lying), you violate the maxim of quantity - providing less information than was requested

Who would argue: although the social situation (context) gives discourse its meaning one must start by describing the PATTERNS of DISCOURSE within a particular context?

Zellig Harris

Before deciding if its a disorder, make sure it is/isnt

a characteristic of the individual's cultural-linguistic background, do not consider it indicative of a disorder

What is ABE?

academic business english. it is valued and used in mainstream american classrooms & professional settings students are expected to "speak" and use this dialect

when immersed in more than one speech community, what is the skill saville-troike says the person needs to have to be a successful communicator? explain it.

adaptive cultural competence which is the ability toe effectively switch between communication styles depending on the situation (context)

Language is never used ____ ___ _______, but with _________ ________ of communication.

all by itself accompanying modes Ex: teacher looks young but you are able to differentiate her from the crowd because she dresses professionally

Language is ________.

ambiguous

What type of reference is this? Three blind mice, three blind mice. See how they run! See how they run!

anaphoric

What does substitution mean?

another word or phrase that references something else that is already in the text

What did Steven Pinker say on Pragmatics?

background knowledge past experiences relationship with communicative partner physical context greater body of discourse

Maxim of Quality

be truthful dont say what you believe to be false don say what you lack adequate evidence for assumption: what people say is true

Oral narrative is considered a...

bridge to literacy

Saville-Troike emphasized what?

broad concept of communicative competence as encompassing "everything involving the use of language and other communicative modalities in particular social settings" Focused on communicative code (discourse) situated within shared cultural context that includes all aspects of Hyme's model Comm. Comp. = ability to interpret meaning from all of this ---That is, skill set that helps you know which elements are important & how to interpret them in any given situation

How is SiE different from AAE?

by product of voluntary migration derived from the interaction between two primary languages (other than multiple)

I really like working with her. Emily is easy to get along with.

cataphoric

How is texture achieved?

cohesion Linguistic features within the text that tie it together (internal) & thus create extra meaning coherence Associations between the text and our background knowledge about texts (external framework) intertextuality Relationship between the text and other texts

SPEAKING MODEL: Norms genre

common understanding among participants regarding appropriate behaviors & how to interpret the message may vary by participant Type of speech event. Recognizable by members of speech community. Sets the stage for many other components in the model.

What does High-point analysis look for?

constituents (opener, description, complicating action, climax, resolution, evaluation, closing)

Contextualized language vs decontextualized language

contextualized: talking about something that is right in front of you. "The here and now" . It is very concrete. It can supported by physical context & gestures Decontextualized Language: Talking about what is not directly in front of you. (past events, object in other room) the "then and now". Supported by language and must establish background knowledge

Harvey sacks theory in regards to spoken discourse

conversational analysis interprets the meaning by looking at the utterances preceding and following it it does not take into account others perspectives or external content stays focused solely on the speech and the immediate context (utterances preceding and following)

Difference between conversation and Narration

convo: back and forth exchange, same person assumes role of both speaker & listener Narration: largely uninterrupted, one person carries burden of speaker, extended discourse about a past event requires more complex cognitive skills & more advanced language skills ---(decontextualized language to discuss past events)

Which is broader: dialect or accent?

dialect

(Course Syllabus) It is my goal to help you accomplish the following specific objectives throughout this course

exophoric

Hallidays approach vs Gees approach

functional participants and processes genre ideology ---more narrow perspective ---stops at linguistic features & other conventions used in the test Who's What's social language cultural model ---broader view ("discourses") ---includes how we act, do, & be (our identities) ---addresses larger system of beliefs, attitude, & values in sociocultural groups

Where do dialects come from?

geographical historical political socio-economic cultural

The words we choose & how we use them reflect our _____ & construct a certain reality

ideology

According to Halliday, what is the ability to discriminate between a random string of sentences and one forming a discourse due to?

inherent texture in the language and to his awareness of it Connections/relationships within the text Associate the text with particular conventions/norms inherent: cohesion awareness of it: coherent

How we use language is ____________ from who we are and our social groups?

inseparable

Anaphoric Cataphoric Exophoric

is referencing another word in a text. It sends you back to something that is already stated. It references backwards to be a cataphoric method references forward to something referencing something that is not in the text its self

We need to look at disorder in a dialect according to Oetting because ...

just because someone has a different dialect does not mean they have a disorder.

Social approach

language used as a social practice Discourse is for me more than just language in use: It is language use, whether speech or writing, seen as a type of social practice They point out that the way we use language is tied up with the way we construct different social identities and relationships and participate in different kinds of groups and institutions. It is tied up with issues of what we believe to be right and wrong. Who has power over whom and what we have to do and say to fit in to our societies

Maxim of quantity

make your contribution as informative as required dont make your contributions more informative than is required Assumption: people will say as much as they need to say to convey the meaning and no more.

Your friend just spilled sauce on her shirt, and she says "great! that just made my day!" What are the maxims flouted?

maxim of quality implicature: shes annoyed that she spilled sauce on her shirt

What will the midterm be like? Its a standard exam. what are the maxims flouted

maxim of quantity because not enough information was offered.

What are the three types of narratives?

mental schema for a common event personal experience fictional story

In regards to spoken discourse, conversations are (3 things)

more interactive --faster paced, immediate feedback, speaker is also the listener/listener is also the speaker more spontaneous --they are "transient" (are not usually recorded) less explicit --can use more ambiguous words because context carries the meaning (example: 'over there') --more paralinguistic cues available

What influences our communication style and what does it influence?

our social identities Ex: friends communicate differently with each other than they would with their family and professors

Oscar ate the apple participant and process

participant: oscar (agent); apple Process: likes

What is John Austin's theories: speech act theory & indirect speech acts

performatives & speech acts Felicity conditions-- Austin's way of analyzing speakers actions/intentions illocutionary force: what the speech act was intended to do locution: form of it (question vs statement) perlocution: effect (the actual outcome)

What are the four maxims?

quantity quality relation manner

Discourse is for me more than just language in use: It is language use, whether speech or writing, seen as a type of social practice

social approach

Social history associated with certain dialects leads to what?

social stigmas

What is the communication code model?

speaker has a message, encoded into linguistic utterances, conveys message to listener, listener decodes utterances, listener comprehends speakers message

What does Grice focus on?

speaker's intentions (often expressed implicitly) He uses principles of LOGIC to determine meaning

According to Halliday: explain Genre. Genres are what?

specific type of discourse ---associated with specific set of conventions communicative events. They are action focused

Explain the speech situation, speech event, and speech acts.

speech situation: this is the largest (speech events occur in speech situations) speech event: occurs in situations Speech acts: occurs in events

What are examples of dialects you may speak?

student family friends

What are the three functions of language?

textual ideational interpersonal

What is an ellipses?

the concept that something is understood so its not stated

In regards to Halliday's Genre Analysis, what do the questions "what purpose does it serve" "what is its social function" determine?

the convention that is used Convention=linguistic features; order & manner of presentation

When analyzing a narrative, what does it maximize?

the opportunity to show strengths and weaknesses.

Any time you ask someone to speak in their non-native language (e.g., English), be prepared for....

the possibility of needing additional planning time & including more dysfluencies

Personal narratives is a useful tool for what ages? And what are personal narratives embedded in?

useful tool for ALL ages embedded in CULTURAL norms for story telling

How does the listener understand the message when we flout a maxim according to the cooperative principle?

using the CP, we can assume that the listener will notice the violation and be able to interpret the meaning

Eliciting a personal narrative should showcase what?

what the invdividual can do and where he struggles ( this is why it is important to minimize the role of the interviewer)

What does Grice mean by Conversational Logic?

when we speak, we make use of conversation implicature meaning we use context to imply and infer meaning

In regards to lexical cohesive ties, what are the two categories under repetition?

word-for-word: say something multiple times in order to help create meaning lexical chains: repetition of words related to the same subject. these similar kinds of words are lexical chains