Single Case Midterm Exam
D
A football scout measures how long it takes a player to run 40 yards. The scout is recording what dimension of behavior? A- latency B- interresponse time C- rate D- duration
D
A researcher has two groups of participants, one that has been taught a problem-solving technique and one that has not. Both groups are given a set of 50 problems to solve in 30 minutes. What is the dependent variable in this study? A- The number of problems that the participants are given to solve B- Whether or not the participants have been taught the problem-solving technique C- The amount of time that participants are given to solve the problems D- The number of correct answers given by the participants
A
A teacher conducts an interview with the parents of one of her students and asks them how they think their child has responded to the change in the classroom rules. In this example, the teacher is using what kind of measurement? A- indirect B- complete C- continuous D- direct
A
A track coach records how long (in seconds) it takes a sprinter to run 100 meters. In this example, what is the unit of measurement? A- The number of seconds it takes to run 100 meters B- The sprinter's running behavior C- 100 meters D- The track coach's recording of the time
C
According to Johnston and Pennypacker's definition of behavior, why is "waiting for someone" not a behavior? A- It does not involve the physical environment. B- It does not involve an organism. C-It does not involve an interactive condition between the organism and the environment. D- The sole evidence for it would be its effect on a measuring instrument.
A
All of the following are functions of measurement, except which? A- control B- description C- comparison D- prediction
A
All of the following are ways of adding a temporal requirement to a response class definition, except which? A- Add a requirement for the number of times that a behavior must occur within a specified time period. B- Add a requirement for the latency between particular events and the target response. C- Specify the amount of time that can or must occur between responses. D- Add a minimum or maximum time amount for completing a response.
B
Behavior is more likely to occur in the presence of a(n) ______ than in its absence: A- operant B- discriminative stimulus C- discriminated operant D- consequent event
B
Billy and his older brother, Alex, get into an argument over who is going to get to play the video game next. Alex becomes angry at Billy and starts yelling and punching him, leaving bruises on Billy's arm. In this example, what is the response product? A- Alex's yelling B- The bruises on Billy's arm C- The video game D- The argument between Billy and AleX
D
Choice has been found to be an effective intervention in which type of setting? A- residential B- school C- vocational D- All of the above
A
Clayton's watch beeped every 5 minutes, and he recorded whether he had sworn at any time during the 5 minutes since the previous beep. This is an example of: A- Partial interval recording B- Momentary time sampling C- Whole interval recording D- Indirect assessment
D
Dimensional measurement involves which of the following? A- making repeated descriptions of events taken over time in order to predict the outcome B- attaching a number to an event to distinguish it from other events C- using descriptions of multiple individual events to identify differences among them D- attaching a number to a specific dimension that represents how much of that dimension was observed
A
Dr. Polick conducts an experiment in which she varies the number of people working on a project, and measures the amount of effort that each person makes. The number of people is the ______ variable; the amount of effort is the ______ variable: A- Independent; dependent B- Dependent; independent C- Extraneous; dependent D- Independent; extraneous
A
Extra-experimental contingencies such as ______, ______, and ______ can lead to questions that serve personal interests more than the needs of the field:. A- grants, consulting contracts, reputation B- experimental literature, graduate training, existing resources C- graduate training, consulting contracts, prior experiences with the subject matter D- reputation, experimental literature, thematic research
D
How does a follow-up phase strengthen a study? A- demonstrates the effectiveness of an intervention over time B-gives the researcher ideas to implement in their next design C-provides social and ecological validities for the study D-both A and C
B
How does the experimental question guide the selection of participants? A- The question should aid in selecting specific participant and behavioral characteristics, and how to compare the participants' responses B- The question should guide in selecting participants with specific characteristics that will help reveal how their behavior is affected by the independent variable. C- The question should help select certain behavioral characteristics that the participants should have and the best dimensional quantity to use with them D- The question should suggest certain participant characteristics, when and how often to measure participant responses and ethical and logistical considerations.
D
How does the experimental question guide the selection of participants? A- The question should aid in selecting specific participant and behavioral characteristics, and how to compare the participants' responses B- The question should suggest certain participant characteristics, when and how often to measure participant responses, and ethical and logistical considerations C- The question should help select certain behavioral characteristics that the participants should have and the best dimensional quantity to use with them D- The question should guide in selecting participants with specific characteristics that will help reveal how their behavior is affected by the independent variable.
D
How is celeration related to frequency? A- Celeration is the inverse of frequency B- Celeration describes a decrease in frequency over time. C- Celeration describes an increase in frequency over time. D- Celeration describes a change in frequency over time.
D
How is it that the researcher both controls and is controlled by the subject matter? A- The researcher selects the subject matter to be studied, and the variability in the data controls what type of research design is selected. B- The researcher selects the subject matter that they are interested in and the literature controls what research design is selected C- The researcher controls the factors whose effects are under study and other outside factors, while the literature controls what research design is selected D- The researcher must control the factors whose effects are under study and other outside factors, while the data from the study serve as a prompt for any needed changes.
B
In a single-subject design, the _______________ variable is used to encourage (or maintain) change in behavior. A- dependent B- independent C- extraneous D- confounding
A
In a single-subject design, the ________________ variable is used to determine the changes in the target behavior. A-dependent B-independent E-extraneous F-confounding
A
In general, the less often the target behavior occurs, the ______ should be in order to provide a good sample of responding: A- More frequent or longer observation periods B- Less frequent or longer observation periods C- More frequent or shorter observation periods D- Less frequent or shorter observation periods
D
In many applied settings one of the environmental impacts of a behavior is the effect it produces on the behavior of a trained observer. In order to use this as an acceptable form of measurement, what two conditions must be met? A- The behavior must be recorded by the trained observer immediately following its occurrence, and colloquial labels must be avoided. B- The behavior must be described in terms of an organism-environment interaction, and a second trained observer must record the interaction. C- A second trained observer must record the interaction, and changes in the measuring instrument must not be the only evidence of the behavior occurring. D- Changes in the measuring instrument must not be the only evidence of the behavior occurring, and the behavior must be described in terms of organism-environment interactions.
C
In order to create meaningful comparisons between responding under control versus treatment conditions, at least two key requirements must be met. First, each participant must be exposed to both control and treatment conditions. What is the second requirement? A- The researcher must find similar results from other participants. B- The participant must be exposed to the treatment condition first, and then the control condition. C-The data for each participant must be measured and analyzed separately. D-The researcher must collect a minimum of three data points in each condition.
C
In the study of behavior, measures of frequency generally take the form of a ratio of ______. A- times per cycle per cycle B- cycles of a behavior over cycles of a behavior C- cycles of a behavior occurring over some period of time D- time per cycle over duration
D
In time-based methods of recording and reporting behavior, duration recording involves ______. A- measuring the length of time from the delivery of an antecedent stimulus that should elicit the target behavior, to the actual beginning of the target behavior B- observing the amount of assistance or help required to admit the target behavior C- using the number of opportunities to perform target behaviors D- measuring the length of time from when a behavior begins to its termination
A
In what way can a ratio be limiting? A- It hides the component values being divided. B- It creates a dimensionless quantity. C- It is a subjective measure. D- It can only be used with absolute units.
C
In which system does the observer divide the observation period into an equal number of intervals and then record an occurrence if and only if the target behavior is emitted for the entire interval? A- Momentary Time Sampling B- Partial Interval Recording C- Whole Interval Recording D- Entire Interval Recording
D
Jesslyn is a 5-year-old little girl who is just learning how to read. She is working with her teacher on letter-sound correspondences, blending sounds, sounding out words, and saying them at a normal pace. In this example, what is the response class? A- The number of correct pronunciations made by Jesslyn B- Jesslyn saying a letter-sound correspondence C- The number of trials the teacher conducts with Jesslyn D- Jesslyn's reading behavior
A
One of the drawbacks to using partial interval or whole interval recording is that it does not provide the investigator with any information about: A- Count, duration, or frequency B- Duration, frequency, or scored intervals C- Scored intervals, count, or frequency D- Duration, count, or scored intervals
B
One of the most common constraints on the sensitivity of a behavior comes from ______. A- funding issues B- extraneious variables C- time constraints D- observer bias
C
Perhaps the most important role for any behavior that will serve as the dependent variable is ______. A- to be sensitive to extraneous variables B- to be a novel behavior C- to be sensitive to the independent variable D- to already be a part of the participant's behavioral repertoire
B
Practitioners and researchers both share the same interest in: A- Identifying empirical generalizations about the relationship between variables by arranging conditions to examine them B- using the best methods of studying behavior C- Changing an individual's behavior in targeted ways that solve problems in everyday living faced by the individual and others D- Developing experimental control in order to draw accurate conclusions about the role of experimental variables
A
Researchers and practitioners agree that the ideal observation and measurement procedures should be: A- Direct, complete, and continuous B- Complete, continuous, and indirect C- Incomplete, indirect, and discontinuous D- Direct, incomplete, and discontinuous
A
Social scientific approaches to studying and explaining behavior tend to be based on: A- hypothesized inner processes B- the biological basis of behavior C- group behavior D- direct measurement and controlled experimentation
A
Talking about scientific behavior in the same way that we approach any other behavior of interest is useful because it can help us: A- Identify the antecedent events and consequences that have influenced researcher's behaviors B- Determine if the proper methodological protocol was followed C- Communicate our results in a more efficient manner D- Identify any unethical behaviors and take the proper course of action
C
The Kern et. al. (1998) article provides a review of the literature on which aspect of choice? A- preference assessment B- increasing choice opportunities C- choice as an intervention D- teaching how to make choices
C
The ______ is the centerpiece of experimental procedures, and the experimental question's most important role is guiding its selection. A- hypothesis B- dependent variable C- independent variable D- response class
B
The ______ of a definition is often a better criterion for evaluating it than its ______: A- origin; correctness B- usefulness; correctness C- correctness; origin D-correctness; usefulness
A
The essence of science lies in the behavior of ______: A- individual researchers B- different groups C- the participants D- the emerging data
D
The first step in developing a functional definition is ______. A- to interview individuals who have seen the target behavior occur in a natural setting B- to write and try out a preliminary definition C- to identify what is maintaining the behavior D- to consider the everyday context of the behavior of interest
C
The most common inner causes are what Skinner calls: A- neural inner causes B- psychic inner causes C- conceptual inner causes D- intraorganism causes
A
The overarching goal of behavioral measurement is: A- To produce data that will guide correct and meaningful interpretations B- To identify functional relationships in order to decrease problem behaviors C- To record data that supports the practitioner or researcher's hypothesis D- To provide a quantitative basis for talking about covert events
A
The part of the phenomenon serving as a basis for experimental study is called ______. A- the unit of analysis B- the unit of measurement C- the response product D- an episode
A
The preference for a simple and well-established explanation before turning to a more complex and less understood explanation describes the scientific attitude of: A-parsimony B-serendipity C-believability D- pure behavioral research
A
The property of temporal locus is reflected by the dimensional quantity of ______. A- latency B- duration C- frequency D- topography
B
The studies reviewed by Kern et. al. (1998) show that which of the following about the use of choice as an intervention? A- Offering choices can effectively decrease undesired behaviors, but does not improve desired behaviors. B- Offering choices can effectively improve desired behaviors and decrease undesired behaviors. C- Offering choices can effectively increase desired behaviors, but does not decrease undesired behaviors. D- Offering choices is not effective as an intervention.
D
The three-term contingency consists of: A- Antecedent stimuli, discriminated operants, and positive reinforcers B- Antecedent stimuli, consequent stimuli, and respondent stimuli C- Antecedent stimuli, operants, and respondents D- Antecedent stimuli, responses, and consequent stimuli
A
The use of whole interval recording is most likely to cause the investigator to: A- Underestimate the occurrence of the target behavior B- Accurately measure the occurrence of the target behavior C- Overestimate the occurrence of the target behavior D- Cause some form of measurement reactivity
A
Two or more observers record the target behavior independently and simultaneously, then later compare the results to determine if the target behavior was measured with reliability. What is this called? A- Interobserver reliability B- Whole interval recording C- Latency recording D- Internal validity
A
What advantage does automatic observation have over human observation? A- Machines are much better at doing the same task repeatedly without being influenced by anything outside of their programmed parameters. B- Machines can be programmed by individuals who do not have any previous programming experience. C- Machines are unresponsive to events that fall outside of their design parameters. D-Machines do not have any advantages over human observers.
C
What are notations used for in a single-subject design? A-used to demonstrate how an intervention works B-used as decoration for the phases C-used to label certain phases or aspects of a design D-used to denote changes in the dependent variable
C
What are the three general types of response classes? A- Respondent, observational, and operant B- Operant, observational, and discriminated operant C- Respondent, operant, and discriminated operant D- Positive, negative, and discriminated
B
What did Kern et. al. (1998) concluded about research on choice as an intervention? A- There is an abundance of research on the topic and no other studies are needed. B- There is an increasing trend in the number of studies, but several questions remain unanswered. C- There is a decreasing trend in the number of studies be researches lack interest. D- The number of studies remained stable over the time period reviewed, but several questions remain unanswered.
A
What do broken vertical lines depict in a graph? A- a change in the independent variable B- a complete phase change C- the end of the phases D- a change in the dependent variable
C
What does IDEA stand for? A- Individuals with Disturbances Education Act B- Infants who are Disabled Education Act C- Individuals with Disabilities Education Act D- Individuals with Direct Education Act
A
What does it mean to say that behavior is part of the interface between the organism and the environment? A- that behavior is not something an organism possesses, but rather an interaction between the organism and the environment B-that behavior occurs because of the biological processes occurring within the organism C- that in order to say a behavior has occurred one must be able to visibly see an interaction between the organism and the environment D- that biological phenomenon occurs inside the skin and behavior is what happens outside the skin
B
What is a limitation on what duration describes about behavior? A- It is a dimensionless quantity. B- It does not include countability. C- It does not use absolute units. D- It does not specify any temporal dimensions.
C
What is the difference between the primary focus of researchers and practitioners? A- Researchers work exclusively with nonhuman organisms to identify relationships between the behavior and the environment that may generalize to human populations. Practitioners apply the research on the nonhuman populations to their clients. B- Researchers focus on changing individual's problematic behaviors by altering conditions in their environment. Practitioners conduct highly controlled experimental studies to determine the best behavior-change procedures to use with their clients. C- Researchers try to identify empirical generalizations about the relationship between behavior and the environment. Practitioners focus on changing individual's behaviors to solve problems that they are experiencing. D- There is essentially no difference between researchers and practitioners
C
What is the first step in defining a response class? A- deciding on the type of definition needed B- determining how the definition will guide measurement procedures C- considering the characteristics of the behavior D- trying out a preliminary definition
A
What is the name of the phase in a study that measures the target behavior before implementation of an intervention? A-Baseline Phase B-Follow-up Phase C-Changing Phase D-Intervention Phase
A
What is the risk of using only the research literature as a basis for experimental questions? A- Questions that emerge from published studies tend to pursue the general directions already established in the literature. B- Researchers may not have access to other relevant literature and may examine a phenomenon that has already been studied C- The research literature may encourage researchers to focus on only asking questions in which they have the resources to study D- There are no risks in using only the research literature when developing experimental questions
A
What is the term used to describe the correctness of how a behavior is performed or how it looks? A- topography B- frequency C- magnitude D- rate
D
What refers to a believable demonstration that events controlled by the researcher account for the presence or absence of the behavior in question? A-behavioral B-applied C-target D-analytic
B
What type of graph is more typically used to depict the quantitative data collected in single-subject research? A-intervention graph B-X-Y line graph C-bar graph C-pictogram
D
What was revolutionary about how Skinner approached the study of behavior? A- Skinner suggested that biological phenomena occur inside the skin and behavior is what happens outside the skin. B- Skinner insisted upon the continuity of mind and attributed mental faculties to some subhuman species. C- Skinner looked for causes of action inside the organisms he studied. D- Skinner called for the study of behavior for its own sake, rather than for what it might imply about inner processes.
A
When an experiment's question, procedures, and write up suggest that the investigator's primary goal was to generate support for a predetermined conclusion, it can be called ______ research. A- advocacy B- pilot C- thematic D- explanatory
B
When is choice is more effective as a reinforcer? A- when the reinforcer is selected by others B- when the reinforcer is selected by the individual whose behavior is targeted for change C- when the reinforcer is pre-determined by the behavior analysts who wrote the program D- when the reinforcer is spontaneous and unpredictable
A
When researchers choose to limit observer's access to information about the study as a way of minimizing the chance that it might influence their judgments, we refer to observers as being ______: A- blind B- reactive C- independent D- believable
B
Which is NOT a dimension of applied behavior analysis, according to Baer, Wolf & Risley (1968)? A- analytical B- inductive C- generality D- effective
A
Which is NOT an example of generality? A- Ray received on-the-job training and was able to perform the skills he was taught in the job setting. B- Ann attended a job-skills program at her school, where she learned to fill out a job application. Ann then went to several businesses and filled out job applications. C- Sam learned to introduce himself by saying, "Hello, I'm Sam." Sam spontaneously started making eye-contact and shakes hands when introducing himself. D- Kelly learned to point to her family pet and say "dog." She then began to point and say "dog" in response to any dog.
D
Which is a dimension of applied behavior analysis, according to Baer, Wolf & Risley (1968)? A- theoretical B- exploratory C- deductive D- technological
C
Which is an example consistent with Baer, Wolf and Risley's description of being effective? A- Jane is 100 pounds overweight. After following a weight reduction program for six months, Jane has lost three pounds. B- Tim was completely non-verbal. After receiving verbal skills training for six months, Tim is able to say his name when asked and has started making sounds. C- Janice is learning self-care skills. After six months of training, she is able to shower, dress, brush her teeth and brush her hair independently. D- Greg is learning to read. After six months he can sound out 10 letters.
B
Which is an example of being analytic? A- Demonstrating that following the introduction of treatment, a particular behavior occurs less often than before treatment. B- Showing that a behavior increases with treatment and returns to baseline levels when treatment is removed. C- Evaluating natural fluctuations in the frequency of a behavior in multiple settings and under various conditions. D- Providing treatment and then asking the treated individual how effective he/she perceives the treatment to be.
C
Which meets the standard of being behavioral? A- Having an individual fill out a questionnaire about how much anxiety the have. B- Asking an individual how much anxiety they have. C- Observing an individual and recording behavior defined as anxiety. D- Asking others how anxious an individual is.
B
Which of the following is NOT true about trials to criterion? A- It is used to obtain an idea of how quickly the individual acquires a skill. B- It requires the same number of opportunities be available during each session. C- It refers to measuring the number of responses needed by the individual to achieve some preset level of acceptable performance. D- It is useful in determining which type of instruction affected the criterion performance in the fewest number of trials.
C
Which of the following is one of the three objectives data analysis should meet? A- producing results that help the researcher support their original hypothesis B- identifying possible ethical and logistical considerations C- modifying the initial decisions about how the experiment will be conducted as the study proceeds D- guiding decisions made by review boards and policymakers on whether to approve or fund the research
C
Which of the following must be considered when selecting a response class that meets the general needs of the experiment? A- Is the study that is being conducted explanatory or demonstration research? B- Will you be examining respondent or operant behavior? C- How sensitive the response class is to extraneous factors? D- Will the study focus on group behavior or individual behavior?
B
Which of the following would be considered a behavior? A- being hungry B- reading a book C- getting wet D- staying in bed
B
Which phase is intended to measure the effects of the independent variable on the dependent variable over time and following the achievement of the criterion for the dependent variable? A- starting Phase B- follow-up Phase C- superlative Phase D- baseline Phase
C
Which statement below best meets the standard of conceptually systematic? A- When the child writes his name incorrectly, show disapproval. B- When the child engages in appropriate, give him the reward. C- When the child writes his name correctly, deliver the reinforcer. D- Reinforce the child when he writes his name correctly.
B
Which statement is true, according to Baer, Wolf, and Risley (1968)? A- Applied research is likely to look at any behavior, and at any variable which may conceivably relate to it. B- Non-applied research is likely to look at any behavior, and at any variable which may conceivably relate to it. C- Non-applied research is likely to look only at behaviors and variables that are socially significant. D- Applied research is likely to look at variables related to basic experimental learning processes.
D
Which statement is true, with respect to being technological? A- When describing procedures, one must state precisely what to do. B- When describing procedures, one should state what not to do. C- When describing procedures, one must suggest alternatives that might also work. D- A and B
B
Which would be an appropriate topic of study for applied research? A- the biological causes of self-injury B- a comparison of two techniques for improving work productivity C- the effects of conditional discrimination training on rat behavior D- the effects of tactile exposure on young children's object memory
D
You are working with a 4th grader who is having difficulty reading. They are able to pronounce words, but they often take a long time to do so. One of the measures that you decide to use to see if your intervention is working, is recording the amount of time that passes from when they read one word in a sentence, to when they read the next word. This is a measure of ______. A- duration B- frequency C- countability D- interresponse time
B
Your high school baseball coach is working with you on becoming a better hitter. He decides to keep track of how many "good swings" you make during a game. He defines a "good swing" as a swing that results in you getting on base. In this example, the coach is using what kind of definition? A- experimental B- functional C- operational D- topographical
A
______ is a change in the accuracy of an observer's performance, often gradual and for unknown reasons: A- Observer drift B- Calibration C- Believability D- Measurement reactivity
C
______ may be described as a set of loose rules and traditions that have evolved over many years of experimental practice: A- Applied behavior analysis B- Experimental control C- Scientific method D- Advocacy research
A
______ refers to the full set of physical circumstances in which the organism exists: A- Environment B- Antecedent C- Observability D- Consequence
C
hich of the following is an example of an absolute unit? A- a score of 110 on an IQ test B- a mental age of 8.2 C- the amount of time—measured in seconds—it takes to answer this question D- your score on the Graduate D- Record Exam (GRE)