Sixth Extinction Crisis Plans and some animal phyla
During the evolution of land plants the gametophyte has
Become progressively smaller
Characteristics of flatworms
Bilateral symmetry, do not have a body cavity, have a distinct head with sensory organs
seed plants produce
Both spores and seeds
Which group of plants is entirely dependent on water for reproduction?
Bryophytes
The flowering plants all belong to a group called the
Angiosperm
Pterophytes
Ferns, includes club mosses, microphylls
In flowering plants seeds develop from
Fertilized ovules
What are the seven classes of chordata?
Mammalia, reptilia, amphibia, bony fish, cartilaginous fish, jawless fish, lobe -finned fish
In seed plants the structure matures into a seed
Ovule
What organism makes up phylum Porifera.
Sponges
Tissues in the vascular system of plants allow the plant to
Stand erect on land, transport water, and transport nutrients and minerals
What is an adaptation associated with greater photosynthetic output in the evolution of land plants?
The evolution of larger leaves
Increased photosynthetic capabilities can be attributed to which event in the evolution of land plants?
The evolution of megaphylls
Ferns
The first plants with microphylls, the first plants with vascular tissue
The collar cells of sponges are significant in the evolution of the animal body plan because
They are similar in structure to choanoflagellates, which are unicellular eukaryotes related to the animals
Club mosses (lycophytes) and ferns are considered seedless vascular plants because they produce
Wind blown spores
The angiosperm seed protects the plants
embryo
The pollen grain is the ______ in flowering plants
male gametophyte
Bryophyte examples
mosses, liverworts, hornworts
Seeds are a significant adaptation over spores because seeds
protect an embryo and may lay dormant for a long period of time
Although seedless plants require water for fertilization, seed plants can survive in arid environments because
sperm travel directly to the egg via the pollen tube
What is the stamen?
Male part of the flower (anthers, filaments)
All plants undergo a life cycle with special characteristics that differentiate it from the life cycles of other organisms. What is this cycle called?
Alterations of generations
Invertebrate animals do not have
Backbones
Three major types of moluscs
Cephalopods, bivalves, gastropods
What is the most abundant group of gymnosperms?
Conifers
What organisms are members of the phylum Cnidaria?
Corals, sea anemones, jellyfish
The _____ is a triploid structure in plants that acts as food for storing tissue
Endosperm
What are characteristics shared by all plants?
Eukaryotic, multicellular, autotrophic, make their own food
Adaptations that are associated with the evolution of land plants
Flowers, leaves, vascular tissues, seeds
In angiosperms what structure encloses the seeds?
Fruit
The seeds of gymnosperms are not enclosed in a _____ which is why they are called gymnosperms or naked seed plants
Fruit
What are the three classes of molusca?
Gastropoda, bivalva, cephalopoda
Two of the benefits of flowers is that they
Give rise to fruits that cover seeds and they attract pollinators
Plants with seeds in cones are called
Gymnosperms
Mosses
Have a dominant gametophyte, do not have vascular tissue
What is the best description of the function of plants with regard to humans?
Humans rely on plants for almost everythung imcluding food, fuel, amd shelter
What is a benefit of megaphylls over microphylls?
Increased photosynthetic output
What are the four classes of arthropods?
Insecta, arachnid, Crustacea, millipedes
Molusca and arthropods are
Invertebrates
Characteristics of megaphylls
Large, efficient for gas exchange, greater photosynthesis output
In seed plants pollen is the
Male gametophyte
A large leaf with a protective coating, efficient gas exchange, and greater photosynthesis output is called
Megaphyll
Small narrow leaves that prevent water loss but limit the amount of photosynthesis in a plant are called
Microphylls
In gymnosperms the seed is ____ while in angiosperms the seed is ______
Naked, covered
Characteristics of microphylls
Narrow, limit photosynthesis, prevent water loss, small
Bryophytes
Non vascular, mosses, liver worms
The function of endosperm is to
Nourish the embryo
Reproductive role of flowers in angiosperms
Protect the embryo, attract pollinators, provide nourishment in fruits and seeds
Seeds allow plants to
Provide nutrition to the embryo
What does the pollen grain in seed plants produce?
Sperm
seed plants
The most diverse land plants, have vascular tissue
Plants can be described as playing an important role in almost every ecosystem because of their roles in what processes?
The nitrogen cycle, the water cycle, the phosphorus cycle, the carbon cycle
In seed plants the female gametophyte that produces and houses the egg is called
The ovule
The sporophyte generation of land plants is dominant because of the evolution of
The vascular tissue
What is a benefit of microphylls over megaphylls?
They prevent water loss
Adaptive features of seeds
They protect and nourish the embryo
The vascular system in a plant function in ____ for the plant
Transport
Lycophytes club mosses resemble true mosses, but club mosses possess which if the following that true mosses lack?
Vascular tissue
Gymnosperms are characterized by
exposed, rather than enclosed, seeds
What is a carpel?
female part of the flower (stigma, style, ovary, ovule)
What is the dominant generation in the bryophyte life cycle?
gametophyte
In seed plants, what produces sperm cells and can travel great distances, eliminating the need for water in sexual reproduction?
pollen
Chordata are
vertebrates
The production of a pollen tube eliminates the need for
water during fertilization