Sixth Extinction Crisis Plans and some animal phyla

During the evolution of land plants the gametophyte has

Become progressively smaller

Characteristics of flatworms

Bilateral symmetry, do not have a body cavity, have a distinct head with sensory organs

seed plants produce

Both spores and seeds

Which group of plants is entirely dependent on water for reproduction?

Bryophytes

The flowering plants all belong to a group called the

Angiosperm

Pterophytes

Ferns, includes club mosses, microphylls

In flowering plants seeds develop from

Fertilized ovules

What are the seven classes of chordata?

Mammalia, reptilia, amphibia, bony fish, cartilaginous fish, jawless fish, lobe -finned fish

In seed plants the structure matures into a seed

Ovule

What organism makes up phylum Porifera.

Sponges

Tissues in the vascular system of plants allow the plant to

Stand erect on land, transport water, and transport nutrients and minerals

What is an adaptation associated with greater photosynthetic output in the evolution of land plants?

The evolution of larger leaves

Increased photosynthetic capabilities can be attributed to which event in the evolution of land plants?

The evolution of megaphylls

Ferns

The first plants with microphylls, the first plants with vascular tissue

The collar cells of sponges are significant in the evolution of the animal body plan because

They are similar in structure to choanoflagellates, which are unicellular eukaryotes related to the animals

Club mosses (lycophytes) and ferns are considered seedless vascular plants because they produce

Wind blown spores

The angiosperm seed protects the plants

embryo

The pollen grain is the ______ in flowering plants

male gametophyte

Bryophyte examples

mosses, liverworts, hornworts

Seeds are a significant adaptation over spores because seeds

protect an embryo and may lay dormant for a long period of time

Although seedless plants require water for fertilization, seed plants can survive in arid environments because

sperm travel directly to the egg via the pollen tube

What is the stamen?

Male part of the flower (anthers, filaments)

All plants undergo a life cycle with special characteristics that differentiate it from the life cycles of other organisms. What is this cycle called?

Alterations of generations

Invertebrate animals do not have

Backbones

Three major types of moluscs

Cephalopods, bivalves, gastropods

What is the most abundant group of gymnosperms?

Conifers

What organisms are members of the phylum Cnidaria?

Corals, sea anemones, jellyfish

The _____ is a triploid structure in plants that acts as food for storing tissue

Endosperm

What are characteristics shared by all plants?

Eukaryotic, multicellular, autotrophic, make their own food

Adaptations that are associated with the evolution of land plants

Flowers, leaves, vascular tissues, seeds

In angiosperms what structure encloses the seeds?

Fruit

The seeds of gymnosperms are not enclosed in a _____ which is why they are called gymnosperms or naked seed plants

Fruit

What are the three classes of molusca?

Gastropoda, bivalva, cephalopoda

Two of the benefits of flowers is that they

Give rise to fruits that cover seeds and they attract pollinators

Plants with seeds in cones are called

Gymnosperms

Mosses

Have a dominant gametophyte, do not have vascular tissue

What is the best description of the function of plants with regard to humans?

Humans rely on plants for almost everythung imcluding food, fuel, amd shelter

What is a benefit of megaphylls over microphylls?

Increased photosynthetic output

What are the four classes of arthropods?

Insecta, arachnid, Crustacea, millipedes

Molusca and arthropods are

Invertebrates

Characteristics of megaphylls

Large, efficient for gas exchange, greater photosynthesis output

In seed plants pollen is the

Male gametophyte

A large leaf with a protective coating, efficient gas exchange, and greater photosynthesis output is called

Megaphyll

Small narrow leaves that prevent water loss but limit the amount of photosynthesis in a plant are called

Microphylls

In gymnosperms the seed is ____ while in angiosperms the seed is ______

Naked, covered

Characteristics of microphylls

Narrow, limit photosynthesis, prevent water loss, small

Bryophytes

Non vascular, mosses, liver worms

The function of endosperm is to

Nourish the embryo

Reproductive role of flowers in angiosperms

Protect the embryo, attract pollinators, provide nourishment in fruits and seeds

Seeds allow plants to

Provide nutrition to the embryo

What does the pollen grain in seed plants produce?

Sperm

seed plants

The most diverse land plants, have vascular tissue

Plants can be described as playing an important role in almost every ecosystem because of their roles in what processes?

The nitrogen cycle, the water cycle, the phosphorus cycle, the carbon cycle

In seed plants the female gametophyte that produces and houses the egg is called

The ovule

The sporophyte generation of land plants is dominant because of the evolution of

The vascular tissue

What is a benefit of microphylls over megaphylls?

They prevent water loss

Adaptive features of seeds

They protect and nourish the embryo

The vascular system in a plant function in ____ for the plant

Transport

Lycophytes club mosses resemble true mosses, but club mosses possess which if the following that true mosses lack?

Vascular tissue

Gymnosperms are characterized by

exposed, rather than enclosed, seeds

What is a carpel?

female part of the flower (stigma, style, ovary, ovule)

What is the dominant generation in the bryophyte life cycle?

gametophyte

In seed plants, what produces sperm cells and can travel great distances, eliminating the need for water in sexual reproduction?

pollen

Chordata are

vertebrates

The production of a pollen tube eliminates the need for

water during fertilization