Skeletal System

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short bone

cube-shaped bone

osteons

cylindrical structures that make up *compact bone*; lay parallel

false ribs

five lower ribs, join into one to attach to the costal cartilage

osteogenic, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts

four types of bone cells

support, movement, protection, mineral storage, blood formation, energy storage

functions of bones

nucleus pulposus

gelatinous innerfluid of the intervertebral disks

annulus fibrosis

harder outside of the intervertebral disks; container of the nucleus pulposus

by shape

how are bones classified?

126

how many bones are found in the appendicular skeleton?

80

how many bones are found in the axial skeleton?

seven

how many bones make up the cervical column?

five

how many bones make up the lumbar column?

twelve

how many bones make up the thoracic column?

26

how many bones make up the vertebral column?

three to five

how many bones were fused in the coccyx?

four times; two concave curves and two convex curves

how many times does the spine curve?

five

how many vertebrae were fused in the sacrum?

interstitial lamelle

old osteons; resist the twisting of bones

menubrium, body, xiphoid process

regions of the sternum

chondrocytes

the cell type that makes up cartilage

central core

the core of osteons; contain blood vessels and nerves

epiphysis

the ends of the bone

notochord

the intervertebral disks are the remnants of what developmental structure?

25%

the intervertebral disks make up what percent of the vertebral column?

throacic cage

the ribs and the sternum make the [blank]

diaphysis

the shaft of the bone

vertebral column

the spine

Peristeum

the surface of bone; osteocytes and osteoblasts

canaliculi

thin tubes that connect central canals to allow nutrient flow within bones

hyaline, elastic, fibro-

three types of cartilage

collagen fibers and ground substance

tissues that make up hyaline cartilage

floating ribs

two posterior ribs only connected to the thoracic vertebrae

flat bone

usually round bone that is flattened

80%

water makes up what percent of the intervertebral disks?

compression stresses

what do osteons lay parallel to?

diffusion is impossible in compact bone

why are canaliculi important?

lamella

collagen fibers and mineral crystals that run in a single direction in bone

thoracic vertebrae, ribs, sternum, costal cartilage

components of the thoracic cage

true ribs

7 top ribs, independently connect to the costal cartilage

scoliosis

abnormal lateral curve of the spine

lordosis

abnormal lumbar curve exaggeration

kyphosis

abnormal throacic curve exaggeration

water

all cartilage is mainly [blank]

irregular bone

all weirdly shaped bone

osteoblasts

bone cells that build new bone

osteoclasts

bone cells that destroy old bone

osteogenic

bone stem cells

organic and inorganic

bone tissue is 35% [blank] and 65% [blank]

long bone

bones that are longer than they are wide

elastic cartilage

cartilage found in the external ear and epiglottis

hyaline cartilage

cartilage that connects the ribs to the sternum; most abundant cartilage

fibrocartilages

cartilage that makes up the intervertebral disks

medullary cavity

center of the diaphysis; where yellow marrow is stored

interstitial growth

chondrocytes within the *cartilage* divide into new cells

appositional growth

chondrocytes within the *perichondrium* produce new cartilage

Perichodrium

dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds cartilage

compact bone

dense outerlayer of bones; flat layers of cells

more bone resorption than formation

effects of menopause on bone

spongy bone

inner bone of the epiphysis; porous

trabeculae

inner network of spongy bone; where red blood cells are made

osteocytes

mature bone cells


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