Skeletal System
short bone
cube-shaped bone
osteons
cylindrical structures that make up *compact bone*; lay parallel
false ribs
five lower ribs, join into one to attach to the costal cartilage
osteogenic, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts
four types of bone cells
support, movement, protection, mineral storage, blood formation, energy storage
functions of bones
nucleus pulposus
gelatinous innerfluid of the intervertebral disks
annulus fibrosis
harder outside of the intervertebral disks; container of the nucleus pulposus
by shape
how are bones classified?
126
how many bones are found in the appendicular skeleton?
80
how many bones are found in the axial skeleton?
seven
how many bones make up the cervical column?
five
how many bones make up the lumbar column?
twelve
how many bones make up the thoracic column?
26
how many bones make up the vertebral column?
three to five
how many bones were fused in the coccyx?
four times; two concave curves and two convex curves
how many times does the spine curve?
five
how many vertebrae were fused in the sacrum?
interstitial lamelle
old osteons; resist the twisting of bones
menubrium, body, xiphoid process
regions of the sternum
chondrocytes
the cell type that makes up cartilage
central core
the core of osteons; contain blood vessels and nerves
epiphysis
the ends of the bone
notochord
the intervertebral disks are the remnants of what developmental structure?
25%
the intervertebral disks make up what percent of the vertebral column?
throacic cage
the ribs and the sternum make the [blank]
diaphysis
the shaft of the bone
vertebral column
the spine
Peristeum
the surface of bone; osteocytes and osteoblasts
canaliculi
thin tubes that connect central canals to allow nutrient flow within bones
hyaline, elastic, fibro-
three types of cartilage
collagen fibers and ground substance
tissues that make up hyaline cartilage
floating ribs
two posterior ribs only connected to the thoracic vertebrae
flat bone
usually round bone that is flattened
80%
water makes up what percent of the intervertebral disks?
compression stresses
what do osteons lay parallel to?
diffusion is impossible in compact bone
why are canaliculi important?
lamella
collagen fibers and mineral crystals that run in a single direction in bone
thoracic vertebrae, ribs, sternum, costal cartilage
components of the thoracic cage
true ribs
7 top ribs, independently connect to the costal cartilage
scoliosis
abnormal lateral curve of the spine
lordosis
abnormal lumbar curve exaggeration
kyphosis
abnormal throacic curve exaggeration
water
all cartilage is mainly [blank]
irregular bone
all weirdly shaped bone
osteoblasts
bone cells that build new bone
osteoclasts
bone cells that destroy old bone
osteogenic
bone stem cells
organic and inorganic
bone tissue is 35% [blank] and 65% [blank]
long bone
bones that are longer than they are wide
elastic cartilage
cartilage found in the external ear and epiglottis
hyaline cartilage
cartilage that connects the ribs to the sternum; most abundant cartilage
fibrocartilages
cartilage that makes up the intervertebral disks
medullary cavity
center of the diaphysis; where yellow marrow is stored
interstitial growth
chondrocytes within the *cartilage* divide into new cells
appositional growth
chondrocytes within the *perichondrium* produce new cartilage
Perichodrium
dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds cartilage
compact bone
dense outerlayer of bones; flat layers of cells
more bone resorption than formation
effects of menopause on bone
spongy bone
inner bone of the epiphysis; porous
trabeculae
inner network of spongy bone; where red blood cells are made
osteocytes
mature bone cells
