SmartBook 27

Insulin affects the body in which ways?

-Stimulates the liver to store glucose in the form of glycogen -Stimulates most cells to absorb glucose from the blood -Stimulates adipocytes to absorb triglycerides from the blood

Fatty acids are separated into which groups?

-unsaturated fatty acids -polyunsaturated fatty acids -saturated fatty acids

Place the events in order as they occur when you drink a can of soda pop.

1. Your blood sugar levels arise 2. Your pancreas releases insulin 3. Your blood sugar levels fall

Place the events of cellular respiration in order.

1. glycolysis 2. intermediate stage 3. citric acid cycle 4. electron transport system

Minerals serve many functions in the human body including which of the following?

Binding oxygen Blood clotting Propagation of an action potential

Match each mineral with its function(s) in the human body.

Fe- Binds oxygen and hemoglobin Binds electrons in the ETS Ca- Blood clotting, bone formation I- integral part of thyroid hormone Zn- Protein synthesis, wound healin

A mountain climber gets separated from his party and is lost for days. Though he is found and survives, his fingers are white and blistered. He is suffering from a condition known as _.

Frostbite

Which lipoprotein transports lipids to the liver?

HDL

______ are released "empty" from the liver into the blood where they "fill" with lipids before returning back to the liver.

HDLs

______ delivers cholesterol from the liver to the cells where they are engulfed via receptor-mediated endocytosis.

LDLs

______ are considered the "bad cholesterol" while ______ are considered the "good cholesterol".

LDLs; HDLs

Your father's annual physical exam shows he has a low level of HDLs. This concerns you because you know this puts him at increased risk for ______.

a heart attack

If you have breakfast at 7 AM, your body is in the ______ state until 11 AM.

absorptive

The _ state includes the time from which you eat a meal until the time you absorb the nutrients and generally lasts about four hours.

absorptive

Cholesterol is synthesized in the liver from the building blocks of ______.

acetyl CoA

Which factors can influence our nutrient requirements?

age gender body mass

Which factors can influence your nutrient requirements?

age, gender, body mass

Because vegetarians do not eat meat, one concern is how they will obtain all of their essential ______.

amino acids

If you don't eat for 12 hours then rest comfortably at room temperature, the amount of energy your body is using is your ______.

basal metabolic rate

A vegetarian can obtain all of their essential amino acids by eating ______.

beans and rice

In the liver, fatty acids are broken down into acetyl CoA for use in cholesterol synthesis by what process?

beta-oxidation

Extra cholesterol in the body can be converted into ______, which is(are) then eliminated through defecation.

bile salts

Cholesterol produced by the liver is released into the body as which of the following?

bile salts VLDLs

The most important factor affecting a person's basal metabolic rate is their ______.

body surface area

Vitamins serve many roles in the body including ______.

calcium absorption formation of visual pigments blood clotting

Which are minerals?

calcium, zinc, iron

Nutrients provide energy to the body in the form of a _.

calorie

The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree celsius is called a _.

calorie

What is the name of a water-filled chamber into which a person is placed, so that changes in water temperature can be recorded in order to estimate their BMR?

calorimeter

BMR can be measured using which instruments?

calorimeter respirometer

Which carbohydrate is a good source of fiber in our diet?

cellulose

A lipid commonly found in animal cell membranes, from which steroids, bile salts, and fat-soluble vitamins are made is called _.

cholesterol

Bile salts are synthesized from ______.

cholesterol

Produced by the liver, ______ is released into the blood as VLDLs or made into bile salts.

cholesterol

Statin drugs, such as Lipitor, decrease _ synthesis in the liver.

cholesterol

A chylomicron contains which substances?

cholesterol triglycerides protein

Food labels on prepackaged items are required to include ______.

cholesterol, sodium, total fats

Once a triglyceride is broken down into glycerol and fatty acids, the fatty acids are broken down into acetyl CoA and then enter which stage of cellular respiration?

citric acid cycle

Poultry is an example of ______ protein.

complete

The temperature of your head and torso is your _ body temperature.

core

Iron is an integral component of which of the following?

cytochromes in the electron transport chain

In order for amino acids to be broken down in cellular respiration, the amine group must be removed by a process called _.

deamination

Severe frostbite of the foot can lead to what condition?

dry gangrene

In which stage of cellular respiration is the energy carried by FADH2 and NADH converted into ATP?

electron transport system

It's been many hours since you've eaten and you're quite hungry. Your glucagon levels should be ______.

elevated

Basal metabolic rate is the amount of ______ to keep the body functioning.

energy expended

Metabolic rate is the measure of ______ in a given period of time.

energy used

True or false: Nutrition labels require reporting of all pesticides that the components were exposed to.

false

Vitamins A, D, E, and K are ______-soluble vitamins.

fat

Which is a category of vitamins?

fat soluble and water soluble

Your friend tells you she has iron deficiency. Which of the following symptoms might she have?

fatigue pale skin sensitivity to cold

Cellulose is a good source of ______ in our diet and helps 'keep you regular'.

fiber

Cellulose is a type of ______.

fiber

Which are dietary sources of protein?

fish nuts beans

What are the four food categories found on MyPlate?

fruits vegetables grains proteins

A person's BMR is influenced by which of the following?

gender body surface area age

If blood sugar levels are low, what hormone does the pancreas produce to bring them back up?

glucagon

Low blood sugar levels stimulate the pancreas to produce the hormone ______.

glucagon

In which stage of cellular respiration is a glucose molecule broken down into two pyruvate molecules?

glycolysis

Once a triglyceride is broken down into glycerol and fatty acids, the glycerol enters cellular respiration in which stage?

glycolysis

Match each stage of cellular respiration with its description.

glycolysis - Glucose is broken down into two pyruvates. intermediate stage- Each pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA. citric acid cycle - Acetyl CoA binds to oxaloacetic acid forming citric acid. electron transport system - Energy in NADH and FADH2 is used to make ATP.

Your core body temperature is the temperature of which body parts?

head torso

Which blood cholesterol levels would indicate an elevated risk for cardiovascular disease?

high LDLs low HDLs high total cholesterol

A person's basal metabolic rate is ______ at age 30 than at age 50.

higher

Total metabolic rate is ______ than basal metabolic rate.

higher

Lipids are ______ molecules.

hydrophobic

The "thermostat" of our body that regulates our body temperature is the ______.

hypothalamus

An increase in metabolic rate will cause a subsequent _ in body temperature.

increase

An increase in thyroid hormone levels will cause a(n) ______ in body temperature.

increase

If blood glucose levels start to fall, the pancreas will ______ glucagon secretion.

increase

Right after eating a big meal, your metabolic rate will ______ until the nutrients have been absorbed.

increase

You fly from your home in sunny warm California to Alaska for a family vacation. In response to the colder temperatures there, your TMR will ______.

increase

Shortly after eating a candy bar, your blood glucose levels will ______, causing an ______ in insulin secretion by the pancreas.

increase; increase

During the absorptive state of digestion, blood levels of glucose, triglycerides, and amino acids are ______.

increasing

Minerals are ______ ions.

inorganic

After you eat a meal, your pancreas releases what hormone to help store the nutrients you just ate, bringing blood sugar levels down?

insulin

The ability to change one type of nutrient biomolecule into another is known as .

interconversion

If someone is on a high protein, low carb diet (such as the Atkins diet), how does their body ensure enough glucose still gets to the brain?

interconversion of protein to glucose

A patient who is pale, tired, weak, and cold may have a deficiency in what mineral?

iron

Someone who does not eat red meat or dark green leafy vegetables is probably lacking what mineral?

iron

What mineral binds oxygen in red blood cells and binds electrons in the electron transport chain?

iron

A disaccharide found in milk, and thus also called 'milk sugar', is _.

lactose

If you consume more cholesterol in your diet, your liver will respond by synthesizing ______ cholesterol.

less

Chylomicrons are a type of ______.

lipoprotein

Drug detoxification is a function of the ______.

liver

What is the largest internal organ that has several hundred functions including bile production and serving as a glucose "bank"?

liver

Which organ is involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins plus plays a central role in the transport of lipids throughout the body?

liver

While it's true that cholesterol is absorbed from our food, it is also synthesized in our body by what organ?

liver

Very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs) have ______ cholesterol levels than low-density lipoproteins (LDLs).

lower

Organic biomolecules that must be consumed in large quantities are called _.

macronutrients

Which categories are correctly identified as types of nutrients which must be consumed?

macronutrients micronutrients essential nutrients

Lacto-ovo vegetarians do not eat ______.

meat

A decrease in _ rate will result in a decrease in body temperature.

metabolic

The _ rate is a measure of how much energy is used by the body in a given amount of time.

metabolic

The amount of energy used by the body in a set amount of time is known as the ______ rate.

metabolic

Vitamins and minerals are examples of ______.

micronutrients

Iron and calcium are examples of ______.

minerals

Match each type of carbohydrate with the number of simple sugars it contains.

monosaccharide: one disaccharide: two polysaccharide: many

Your New Year's resolution is to drastically reduce the amount of cholesterol in your diet by eating less meat and more fruits and vegetables. After a few months, your liver will respond by producing ______ cholesterol.

more

In 2011, the USDA replaced the food pyramid with ______ to help people see the proportions and types of foods they need to eat in order to stay healthy.

my Plate

Someone who suffers from poor nutrition will have a _ nitrogen balance.

negative

In addition to supplying our body with amino acids, proteins are a good source of ______.

nitrogen

Because our body can synthesize ______ vitamins, we do not need to ensure they are part of our diet.

nonessential

The digestive system absorbs biomolecules, vitamins, and minerals, which are collectively referred to as _.

nutrients

Vitamins are ______.

organic

The USDA now uses an image of a ______ to visually show the proportions of each food type that should be in a healthy diet.

plate

Carbohydrates that are made of long chains of simple sugars are called _.

polysaccharides

Someone who is growing, pregnant, or healing from injury will have a ______ nitrogen balance.

positive

The time between meals, when your body is relying on stored nutrients, is the ______ state.

postabsobtion

While you are sleeping, your body must rely on stored nutrients in order to maintain homeostasis, so you are in the _ state.

postabsorptive

Which nutrient is a good source of nitrogen?

proteins

The most informative cholesterol blood test is ______.

ratio of HDL to LDL

Good dietary sources of iron include which of the following?

red meat dark green leafy vegetables

Core body temperature ______.

remains stable

Milk and cheese are sources of ______ fatty acids.

saturated

Which options are required to be on nutrition labels?

servings per container calories per serving total fat content

If our body starts to get too cold, the hypothalamus will initiate which of the following?

shivering vasoconstriction in the extremities

Bread and pasta are primarily composed of ______.

starch

Lipitor and Zocor are examples of ______ drugs which help lower blood cholesterol levels by inhibiting its synthesis in the liver.

statin

Which are functions of the liver?

storing glucose production of clotting proteins production of bile

Which carbohydrate is a disaccharide found in table sugar?

sucrose

Lipids are carried in the blood bound to proteins because ______.

theyre hydrophobic

Which hormones can influence body temperature?

thyroid hormone epinephrine growth hormone

The ______ metabolic rate is the amount of energy used by the body including that needed for physical activity.

total

Food labels are required to have which of the following information?

total fat vitamins calories

Our body requires only small amounts of what type of mineral?

trace

Fats and oils are dietary sources of ______.

triglycerides

Fats composed of glycerol and fatty acids are called _.

triglycerides

True or false: All minerals are obtained from the diet.

true

Following deamination of amino acid, the amine group is converted to ______ and eliminated in the urine.

urea

The USDA MyPlate includes which of the following categories of food?

vegetables, fruits, grains

Match each term with its definition.

vegetarian: does not eat meat lacto-ovo vegetarian: does not eat flesh but does eat milk, eggs, and cheese

Which vitamin is a precursor molecule for the formation of visual pigments?

vitamin a

Determine if each vitamin is water-soluble or lipid-soluble.

vitamin b - water soluble vitamin a - lipid soluble

It is especially important to have a varied diet in order to ensure you meet your body's need for ______.

vitamins and minerals