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5'-GGGCAT-3'

A segment of DNA has the sequence 5'-ATGCCC-3'. The complementary sequence would be

synthesize RNA molecules with defined sequences

An important technological advance that allowed scientists to decipher the genetic code was the ability to

phosphodiester backbone

Repeating sugar and phosphate units in a single DNA strand make up the

reverse transcriptase

Retroviruses can convert their RNA genome into a DNA copy using the enzyme

cellular aging

Telomeres are related to

replicon

The DNA controlled by an origin is called a

a helical structure, two groves (major and minor), a sugar phosphate backbone

The DNA structure proposed by Watson and Crick involves

primary transcript

The RNA synthesized by RNA polymerase II is known as the ____ ____. It is later modified into mature mRNA.

DNA, RNA, proteins

The central dogma describes information flow in cells as ____ to ____ to ____

The ability to synthesize protein from RNA in cell-free systems The ability to synthesize RNA molecules with a defined sequence

The deciphering of the genetic code was made possible by which two advancements in technology?

protect the ends of chromosomes

The function of telomeres is to

three

The genetic code is read in groups of how many nucleotides?

deletion

The loss of a portion of a chromosome is a type of chromosomal mutation called a

retrovirus

What class of viruses can convert their RNA genome into a DNA copy using reverse transcriptase?

transcription

What is the name of the process that makes an RNA copy of DNA?

a base substitution mutation

What is the substitution of one base pair for another in DNA called?

chromosomal

What mutations are changes that alter the structure of the chromosome itself?

nonsense

What type of mutation arises when a base is changed such that a transcribed codon is converted to a stop codon?

point

What type of mutation happens when a single base in DNA is substituted with another base, for example, an A becomes a G?

missense

What type of mutation occurs when a base substitution results in a change of a single amino acid of a protein?

helicase

what enzyme uses ATP to unwind the DNA template?

initiation at OriC, replication proceeds bidirectionally, replication ends at terminus

Put the steps of prokaryotic DNA replication in order

the genetic code is the same in almost all living things

Scientists have successfully transferred and expressed genes from jellyfish into mammals. What makes that possible?

introns

The noncoding DNA sequences in a gene are termed which of the following?

lagging

On which strand does the removal of the last primer leave a gap that cannot be primed at the ends of the chromosome?

Chromosomes

Genes, which contain trait specifying information, are located on

Cells can increase the number of origins used in early development

How are the origins of replication adjusted in eukaryotic cells, so that early in the embryonic development of eukaryotic organisms DNA can be replicated faster?

three bases

How many nucleotide bases are in one codon?

Archibald Garrod

Identify the physician who, in 1902, proposed a relationship between genes and the production of enzymes

low

In an aging cell, the activity of telomerase would be

translation

In the central dogma, the RNA-to-protein step is termed

G

Which base is modified by the addition of a methyl group to the 5' end of the eukaryotic mRNA to form its cap?

A cap is made by adding a GTP to the 5' end of mRNA, the G in the cap is usually modified by the addition of a methyl group, the cap is added to the mRNA via a 5'-to-5' bond.

Which of the following are true about the 5' caps of eukaryotic mRNAs?

In eukaryotes, a primary transcript is first synthesized which is modified to become the mature mRNA.

Which of the following best describes a major difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic mRNA transcription?

tandem duplication

Which of the following describes a type of duplication that occurs right next to the original region?

duplication

Which of the following is a mutation that changes the structure of the chromosome itself?

telomeres

Which of the following is a region at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes?

helicase, single-stranded binding proteins, and topoisomerase

Which of these are involved in the unwinding of DNA?

oriC

Which origins are more sequence-specific?

silent

____ mutation occurs when a base substitution does not lead to a change in the amino acid sequence of the translated protein.

a single transcript can be spliced into different mRNA's

Alternative splicing allows which of the following?

the directionally of polymerases and the need for a primer

The problems in replicating the ends of linear chromosomes are caused by

common evolutionary heritage

The universality of the genetic code is evidence for which of the following?

Each DNA molecule is composed of two strands that run antiparallel. Each DNA molecule is composed of 2 phosphodiester strands.

Which of these are part of the Watson-Crick model?

eukaryotes

Which types of cells have more than one origin of replication?

To ensure timely replication of multiple, relatively large chromosomes

Why do eukaryotic cells have multiple origins of replication?


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