smartbook 9
5'-GGGCAT-3'
A segment of DNA has the sequence 5'-ATGCCC-3'. The complementary sequence would be
synthesize RNA molecules with defined sequences
An important technological advance that allowed scientists to decipher the genetic code was the ability to
phosphodiester backbone
Repeating sugar and phosphate units in a single DNA strand make up the
reverse transcriptase
Retroviruses can convert their RNA genome into a DNA copy using the enzyme
cellular aging
Telomeres are related to
replicon
The DNA controlled by an origin is called a
a helical structure, two groves (major and minor), a sugar phosphate backbone
The DNA structure proposed by Watson and Crick involves
primary transcript
The RNA synthesized by RNA polymerase II is known as the ____ ____. It is later modified into mature mRNA.
DNA, RNA, proteins
The central dogma describes information flow in cells as ____ to ____ to ____
The ability to synthesize protein from RNA in cell-free systems The ability to synthesize RNA molecules with a defined sequence
The deciphering of the genetic code was made possible by which two advancements in technology?
protect the ends of chromosomes
The function of telomeres is to
three
The genetic code is read in groups of how many nucleotides?
deletion
The loss of a portion of a chromosome is a type of chromosomal mutation called a
retrovirus
What class of viruses can convert their RNA genome into a DNA copy using reverse transcriptase?
transcription
What is the name of the process that makes an RNA copy of DNA?
a base substitution mutation
What is the substitution of one base pair for another in DNA called?
chromosomal
What mutations are changes that alter the structure of the chromosome itself?
nonsense
What type of mutation arises when a base is changed such that a transcribed codon is converted to a stop codon?
point
What type of mutation happens when a single base in DNA is substituted with another base, for example, an A becomes a G?
missense
What type of mutation occurs when a base substitution results in a change of a single amino acid of a protein?
helicase
what enzyme uses ATP to unwind the DNA template?
initiation at OriC, replication proceeds bidirectionally, replication ends at terminus
Put the steps of prokaryotic DNA replication in order
the genetic code is the same in almost all living things
Scientists have successfully transferred and expressed genes from jellyfish into mammals. What makes that possible?
introns
The noncoding DNA sequences in a gene are termed which of the following?
lagging
On which strand does the removal of the last primer leave a gap that cannot be primed at the ends of the chromosome?
Chromosomes
Genes, which contain trait specifying information, are located on
Cells can increase the number of origins used in early development
How are the origins of replication adjusted in eukaryotic cells, so that early in the embryonic development of eukaryotic organisms DNA can be replicated faster?
three bases
How many nucleotide bases are in one codon?
Archibald Garrod
Identify the physician who, in 1902, proposed a relationship between genes and the production of enzymes
low
In an aging cell, the activity of telomerase would be
translation
In the central dogma, the RNA-to-protein step is termed
G
Which base is modified by the addition of a methyl group to the 5' end of the eukaryotic mRNA to form its cap?
A cap is made by adding a GTP to the 5' end of mRNA, the G in the cap is usually modified by the addition of a methyl group, the cap is added to the mRNA via a 5'-to-5' bond.
Which of the following are true about the 5' caps of eukaryotic mRNAs?
In eukaryotes, a primary transcript is first synthesized which is modified to become the mature mRNA.
Which of the following best describes a major difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic mRNA transcription?
tandem duplication
Which of the following describes a type of duplication that occurs right next to the original region?
duplication
Which of the following is a mutation that changes the structure of the chromosome itself?
telomeres
Which of the following is a region at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes?
helicase, single-stranded binding proteins, and topoisomerase
Which of these are involved in the unwinding of DNA?
oriC
Which origins are more sequence-specific?
silent
____ mutation occurs when a base substitution does not lead to a change in the amino acid sequence of the translated protein.
a single transcript can be spliced into different mRNA's
Alternative splicing allows which of the following?
the directionally of polymerases and the need for a primer
The problems in replicating the ends of linear chromosomes are caused by
common evolutionary heritage
The universality of the genetic code is evidence for which of the following?
Each DNA molecule is composed of two strands that run antiparallel. Each DNA molecule is composed of 2 phosphodiester strands.
Which of these are part of the Watson-Crick model?
eukaryotes
Which types of cells have more than one origin of replication?
To ensure timely replication of multiple, relatively large chromosomes
Why do eukaryotic cells have multiple origins of replication?
