SMARTBOOK CH 11

Hydrocarbons are compounds that contain only the elements _______ and _______

carbon; hydrogen

Which of the following are ways to draw a shorthand representation of the structure of an organic molecule?

condensed structures skeletal structures

Identify the statements that correctly describe the physical properties of organic compounds. 1. The intermolecular forces in organic molecules are much stronger than those found in ionic compounds. 2. Organic compounds have higher boiling points than ionic compounds. 3. Organic compounds have lower melting points than ionic compounds. 4. Organic compounds are composed of covalent bonds.

3, 4

Which combination of bonds and lone pairs around a central atom will produce a bent geometry? 1. Four bonds and no lone pairs 2. Three bonds and no lone pairs 3. Two bonds and two lone pairs 4. Three bonds and one lone pair

3; Reason: Four bonds and no lone pairs will produce a tetrahedral geometry. Reason: Three bonds and no lone pairs will produce a trigonal planar geometry. Reason: Three bonds and one lone pair will produce a trigonal pyramidal geometry.

All organic compounds contain carbon atoms and most contain hydrogen atoms. Carbon always forms _________ covalent bond(s), and hydrogen forms ________ covalent bond(s).

4;1

Hydrocarbons containing only C-C single bonds and no functional group are called

Alkanes

Hydrocarbons that have a C-C triple bond as their functional group are called

Alkenes

True or false: Carbon can achieve a stable octet arrangement by forming two covalent bonds with other carbon atoms.

False; Reason: In order to surround itself with eight electrons, carbon must form four covalent bonds.

Which types of substances are able to diffuse across the blood-brain barrier? Select all that apply. 1. Ionic compounds 2. Charged organic molecules 3. Nonpolar organic molecules 4. Weakly polar molecules

Nonpolar organic molecules Weakly polar molecules

Select all of the answers that correctly complete the following sentence: Some organic compounds have carbon atoms arranged in ______. a. long chains b. crystal lattice structures c. ring structures d. short chains

a,c,d

Which statements correctly describe characteristics of inorganic compounds? Select all that apply. 1. Ionic inorganic compounds are solid at room temperature. 2. Ionic inorganic compounds have low melting points. 3. Ionic inorganic compounds contain covalent bonds. 4. Ionic inorganic compounds are typically soluble in water.

1, 4

Functional group

A functional group is an atom or group of atoms with characteristic chemical properties. A functional group is an atom or group of atoms with characteristic physical properties.

The geometry around an oxygen atom surrounded by two covalent bonds and two lone pairs of electrons is ______.

Bent

common features of organic compounds:

Carbon is stable when surrounded by four electron pairs.

Which of the following is the correct definition of electronegativity?

Electronegativity is a function of the tendency of an atom in a bond to attract electrons.

Which statements correctly describe the solubility of polar and nonpolar solutes in polar and nonpolar solvents? Select all that apply. 1. Polar solutes are soluble in nonpolar solvents. 2. Nonpolar solutes are soluble in polar solvents. 3. Polar solutes are soluble in polar solvents. 4. Nonpolar solutes are soluble in nonpolar solvents.

Polar solutes are soluble in polar solvents. Nonpolar solutes are soluble in nonpolar solvents.

Many organic compounds are vital to our everyday lives. Which of the following substances would be considered organic compounds? Proteins Vitamins Sugar Enzymes Salt Water Lipids DNA

Proteins Vitamins Sugar Enzymes Lipids DNA

Which factors determine the overall polarity of an organic molecule? Select all that apply.

The overall shape of the molecule The polarity of the individual bonds

True or false: Synthetic textiles like nylon and polyester are organic molecules.

true

Select all statements that are correct regarding the bonding tendencies of carbon atoms. 1. Carbon forms single bonds to other carbon atoms. 2. Carbon forms triple bonds to other carbon atoms. 3. Carbon forms double bonds to other carbon atoms. 4. Carbon forms quadruple bonds to other carbon atoms.

1. Carbon forms single bonds to other carbon atoms. 2. Carbon forms triple bonds to other carbon atoms. 3. Carbon forms double bonds to other carbon atoms.

Select the statement that best describes the possible arrangements of carbon atoms in organic compounds. 1. Some compounds have carbon atoms arranged to form long chains and some compounds have ring structures. 2. Carbon atoms only bond with other carbon atoms to form ring structures. 3. Carbon atoms only bond with other carbon atoms to form long chains.

Some compounds have carbon atoms arranged to form long chains and some compounds have ring structures.

Which of the following statements correctly describe the blood-brain barrier and substances that can pass across it? Select all that apply.

The blood-brain barrier consists of a tight layer of cells in blood capillaries. Nonpolar and weakly polar molecules readily diffuse across the barrier.

True or false: Condensed structures are most often used for a compound having a chain of atoms bonded together rather than a ring.

True; Reason: Long chains of atoms are best represented by condensed structures, while ring structures are best represented by skeletal structures.

Which of the following are properties of vitamin A?

Vitamin A is a part of the vision receptors in the eye. Vitamin A helps maintain healthy skin. Vitamin A must be obtained through diet.

Which of the following are properties of vitamin C?

Vitamin C is used as a deterrent to the common cold. A deficiency in vitamin C causes scurvy. Vitamin C must be obtained from dietary sources such as citrus fruits and strawberries.

The measure of how much a particular atom "wants" the electron density in a bond is called

electronegativity

Molecules with stronger intermolecular forces have _________ boiling points compared to molecules with weaker intermolecular forces.

higher

A nonpolar molecule is most likely to be soluble in a ________ solvent

nonpolar

When two atoms of identical or similar electronegativity are joined together, a ______ bond is formed.

nonpolar covalent

A molecule such as carbon tetrachloride, which has four polar C-Cl bonds symmetrically arranged in a tetrahedral shape, is ______.

nonpolar; Reason: There must be an overall difference in electronegativity across the entire molecule for the molecule to be polar. Identical polar bonds in a tetrahedral arrangement will cancel each other.

When carbon shares electrons with oxygen, nitrogen, or a halogen, a ______ bond is formed.

polar covalent

Organic compounds containing both rings and chains of atoms can be represented using ________ structures

skeletal

While ionic compounds are generally solids at room temperature, what state(s) of matter are organic compounds?

solid, liquid, gas

Most organic compounds are ________ in organic solvents and are _________ in water

soluble; insoluble

Small polar organic molecules are ____________ in water and may contaminate drinking water. Nonpolar organic molecules are ___________ in water but are very soluble in fatty tissues found in birds and fish.

soluble; insoluble

Which of the following functional groups contain at least one carbon-heteroatom single bond? thiol ketone ether amine alcohol

thiol ether amine alcohol

_______ are organic compounds needed in small amounts for normal cell function that our bodies cannot synthesize, so they must be obtained through diet.

vitamins

Which of the following statements correctly describe vitamins? Select all that apply.

Humans must obtain vitamins in their diets. Vitamins are necessary for normal cell function. Vitamins are required in small amounts.

Select the properties characteristic of organic compounds. 1. All organic compounds are soluble in water. 2. Organic compounds contain covalent bonds. 3. Some organic compounds are flammable. 4. Organic compound exist as solids, liquids, and gases at room temperature.

2,3,4

Which of the following statements correctly describe functional groups? 1. Some functional groups contain only a ring structure. 2. Some functional groups contain a multiple bond. 3. Some functional groups contain both a heteroatom and a multiple bond. 4. Some functional groups contain a heteroatom.

2,3,4

Which of the following are examples of hydrocarbons? Alkenes Amines Alcohols Alkynes Alkanes

Alkenes Alkynes Alkanes

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is necessary for the synthesis of which important biological molecule?

Collagen

Which of the following substances are considered organic compounds? Cotton Air Paper Plastic Bronze Wool

Cotton Paper Plastic Wool

Which of the following statements correctly describe the solubility of organic compounds? Select all that apply. 1. Most organic compounds are insoluble in organic solvents. 2. Most organic compounds are soluble in water. 3. Most organic compounds are insoluble in water. 4. Most organic compounds are soluble in organic solvents.

Most organic compounds are insoluble in water. Most organic compounds are soluble in organic solvents.

Which of the following common substances are organic? Select all that apply. Natural gas (CH4) Lye (KOH) Milk of magnesia (Mg(OH)2) Rubbing alcohol (C3H8O)

Natural gas (CH4) Rubbing alcohol (C3H8O)