SnowAP Nervous Review

hypothalamus

"What region of the brain has the following funtions?Master control of the ANS

sympathetic

After class you go for a game of racquetball and work up a sweat. What division of the ANS causes the formation of sweat?

"rootlets

Anteriorly and posteriorly what are the small attachments of a spinal nerve to the spinal cord?

peripheral nervous system

Based on anatomical components, what division of the nervous system is made up of cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and ganglia?

central nervous system (CNS)

Based on anatomical components, what division of the nervous system is made up of the brain and spinal cord?

cranial dural septa

Collectively what are the four extensions of the dura mater that extend as flat partitions into the cranial cavity to provide additional stabilization and support for the brain?

meninges

Collectively what are the three connective tissue layers that separate the soft tissue of the brain from the bones of the cranium, enclose and protect blood vessels that supply the brain, and contain and circulate cerebrospinal fluid?

auditory ossicles

Collectively what are the three small bones of the middle ear called?

ectoderm

From which germ layer does the nervous system develop?

It consists of one layer rather than two.

How does the dura mater within the vertebral canal different from the dura within the cranial cavity?

12 pairs

How many cranial nerves are there?

31

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

fight-or-flight

If you are driving a Sanpete County road on winter's day and a deer suddenly takes a suicidal leap in front of your car, what is the general response of your ANS?

intercostal muscles & skin of the anterior and lateral thoracic wall

In general, what do intercostals nerves innervate?

axillary nerve, median nerve, musculocutaneous nerve, radial nerve, ulnar nerve

List the five nerves that innervate the upper extremity.

superior rectus, inferior rectus, lateral rectus, medial rectus, superior oblique, inferior oblique

List the six extrinsic muscles of the eye.

gluteal region, pelvis, perineum, posterior thigh, almost all of the leg and foot

Nerves emerging from the sacral plexus innervate what portions of the body?

dura mater

Surrounding the CNS, what is the external, tough, dense irregular connective tissue layer composed of two fibrous layers?

intercostal nerves

The anterior rami of T1-T11 travel in intercostals spaces. What are these nerves called?

L4-S4

The anterior rami of what spinal nerves form the sacral plexus?

nasopharynx

The auditory tube connects the middle ear cavity with what other anatomical structure?

C5 - T1

The brachial plexus arises from what spinal nerves?

anterior horn

The cell bodies of motor neurons within the spinal cord are found in what structures?

C1-C4

The cervical plexus arises from what spinal nerves?

sympathetic division

The lateral horns of T1-L2 of the spinal cord give rise to what division of the ANS?

anterior and posterior cavities

The lens divides the interior of the eye into two spaces. What are these?

L1-L4

The lumbar plexus arises from the anterior rami of what spinal nerves?

brainstem

The midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata together form what part of the brain?

anterior & posterior roots

The numerous small attachments of a spinal nerve to the spinal cord converge to form what structures?

optic chiasma

The optic nerves converge anterior to the pituitary gland to form what structure?

vagus

The parasympathetic division innervates the airways of the lungs, the heart, and the abdominal viscera through what nerve?

oculomotor

The parasympathetic division innervates the ciliary and the pupillary constrictor muscle of the iris through what nerve?

facial

The parasympathetic division innervates the lacrimal gland, the nasal mucosa, and the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands through what nerve?

glossopharyngeal

The parasympathetic division innervates the parotid salivary gland through what nerve?

In the skin and skeletal muscles.

Usually both divisions of the ANS innervate organs. Where does this dual innervation not occur?

tracts

What are bundles of myelinated axons that lie deep to the cerebral cortex?

ganglia

What are clusters of neuron cell bodies outside of the CNS?

autonomic plexuses

What are collections of sympathetic postganlionic axons and parasympathetic preganglionic axons, as well as some visceral sensory axons?

taste buds

What are gustatory receptors?

cranial nerves

What are nerves that extend from the brain?

spinal nerves

What are nerves that extend from the spinal cord?

cerebral nuclei

What are paired, irregular masses of gray matter buried deep within the central white matter in the basal region of the cerebral hemispheres inferior to the floor of the lateral ventricle?

receptors

What are structures that detect stimuli?

inferior colliculi

What are the "auditory reflex centers" of the midbrain?

superior colliculi

What are the "visual reflex centers" of the midbrain?

memory and interpretation of taste

What are the apparent functions of the small, deep lobe of each cerebral hemisphere that lies deep to the lateral sulcus?

bony labyrinth

What are the bony spaces or cavities of the inner ear?

ventricles

What are the cavities within the brain?

communicating rami (rami communicates)

What are the connections between the spinal nerves and the sympathetic trunk ganglia?

fissures

What are the deep grooves of the cerebrum?

gyri

What are the elevated ridges on the surface of the cerebrum?

membranous labyrinth

What are the fluid-filled tubes of the inner ear?

Lubricates & moistens the eye. Blood vessels support the avascular sclera. Sensory receptors.

What are the functions of the conjunctiva?

visual processing & visual memories

What are the functions of the occipital lobe of the cerebrum?

eyelids

What are the movable anterior protective coverings over the surfaces of the eyes?

thalamus

What are the paired structures on either side of the third ventricle?

tarsal glands (Meibomian glands)

What are the sebaceous glands within the eyelids?

sulci

What are the shallow depressions on the surface of the cerebrum?

eyebrows

What are the slightly curved rows of thick, short hairs at the superior edges of the orbits along the orbital ridges?

lacrimal caruncle

What are the small, reddish bodies at the medial commissure of each eye?

cauda equina

What are the spinal nerves that extend from the end of the spinal cord to the end of the vertebral canal? A pair of them exits the canal at each of the lower levels.

external (outer) ear, middle ear, inner ear

What are the three anatomic regions of the ear?

Ophthalmic branch (V1). Maxillary branch (V2). Mandibular branch (V3).

What are the three branches of the fifth cranial nerve?

semicircular canals

What are the three half-circle-shaped structures of the inner ear?

parasympathetic and sympathetic.

What are the two divisions of the ANS?

Pathway for sensory and motor impulses. Spinal reflexes.

What are the two functions of the spinal cord?

cerebral hemispheres

What are the two halves of the cerebrum?

periolsteal and menigeal layer"

What are the two layers of the dura mater?

posterior ramus & anaterior ramus

What are the two main branches of a spinal nerve?

deep fibular nerve & superficial fibular nerve

What are the two main divisions of the common fibular nerve?

anterior & posterior

What are the two main divisions of the sacral plexus?

phrenic nerve

What branch of the cervical plexus innervates the diaphragm?

the maxillary branch.

What branch of the trigeminal nerve has the following functions: It conducts sensory impulses from nasal mucosa, palate, gums, and cheek?

the ophthalmic branch.

What branch of the trigeminal nerve has the following functions: It conducts sensory impulses from the cornea, nose, forehead and anterior scalp?

The mandibular branch.

What branch of the trigeminal nerve has the following functions? It conducts sensory impulses from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue, skin of the chin, lower jaw, lower teeth, and one third of the sensory fibers of the auricle of the ear. Somatic motor function: Innervates muscles of mastication and other muscles of the lower facial region.

communicating rami (rami communicantes)

What branches of a spinal nerve are associated with the autonomic nervous system?

temporal lobe

What cerebral lobe functions in smell, hearing, interpreting speech and language?

cervical ganglia

What clusters of ganglia of the sympathetic division of the ANS lie within the neck?

vagus

What cranial nerve carries nearly 80% of the parasympathetic output?

vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)

What cranial nerve transmits impulses from the inner ear to the brain?

longitudinal fissure

What deep groove separates the two halves of the cerebrum?

lens capsule

What dense, elastic structure bounds the lens of the eye?

parasympathetic

What division of the ANS is primarily concerned with conserving energy and replenishing nutrient stores and has been nicknamed the "rest-and-digest" division?

sympathetic

What division of the ANS is primarily concerned with preparing the body for emergencies and is often referred to as the "fight-or-flight" division?

parasympathetic

What division of the ANS may process and control certain functions at the level of the spinal cord without involvement of the brain?

sensory division

What division of the nervous system is responsible for receiving sensory information and transmitting it to the CNS?

tibial division of the sciatic nerve

What division of what nerve innervates the hamstrings?

common fibular division of the sciatic nerve

What division of what nerve innervates the short head of the biceps femoris?

visceral

What does "splanchnic" mean?

cerebrospinal fluid

What fills the central canal of the spinal cord?

aqueous humor

What fluid lies between the lens and the cornea of the eye?

motor division

What functional division of the nervous system transmits impulses from the CNS to muscles and glands?

vitreous humor

What gelatinous matter fills the posterior cavity of the eye?

ceruminous glands

What glands lie within the external auditory canal?

ciliary glands

What glands lie within the lacrimal caruncle?

gray commissure

What horizontal bar of gray matter surrounds the central canal within the spinal cord?

postcentral gyrus

What important anatomical feature lies immediately posterior to the central sulcus?

precentral gyrus

What important anatomical feature of the frontal lobe lies immediately anterior to the central sulcus and is responsible for primary motor function?

a nerve

What is a cablelike bundle of parallel axons?

synapse

What is a functional connection for the transmission of impulses from a neuron to a second cell?

nerve plexuses

What is a network of interweaving anterior rami of spinal nerves?

dermatomes

What is a specific segment of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve?

craniosacral division

What is another term for the parasympathetic division?

thoracolumbar division

What is another term for the sympathetic division of the ANS?

the sense of taste

What is gustation?

neurosurgery

What is surgery involving the nervous system?

The cell bodies of the sensory neurons that provided sensation to the amputated body part remain alive. The stimulation of the neural pathways they make up propagates nerve impulses and conducts them to the CNS where they are interpreted as originating from the amputated portion of the body and usually are perceived as pain.

What is the anatomical explanation for phantom pain?

fovea centralis

What is the area of sharpest vision on the retina?

cornea

What is the avascular, transparent, anterior portion of the fibrous tunic of the eye?

external acoustic meatus

What is the bony tube within the skull that carries sound waves from the pinna to the tympanic membrane (eardrum)?

pons

What is the bulging region on the anterior part of the brainstem?

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

What is the clear, colorless liquid that circulates in the ventricles and subarachnoid space of the brain?

superolateral portion of the arm

What is the cutaneous innervation of the axillary nerve?

lateral surface of the forearm

What is the cutaneous innervation of the musculocutaneous nerve?

plantar surface of the foot

What is the cutaneous innervation of the tibial nerve?

tympanic membrane (eardrum)

What is the delicate, funnel-shaped epithelial sheet that is the partition between the external and middle ear?

fibrous tunic

What is the external layer of the eyeball?

tarsal plate

What is the fibrous core of the eyelids?

prevent sweat from dripping into the open eye & facial expression

What is the function of eyebrows?

Regulates what substances enter the interstitial fluid of the brain.

What is the function of the blood-brain barrier?

sensory function: olfaction

What is the function of the first cranial nerve?

Processing of taste information.

What is the function of the gustatory cortex?

Provide conscious awareness of smell.

What is the function of the olfactory cortex?

Receive and process auditory inforamation

What is the function of the primary auditory cortex?

control voluntary skeletal muscle activity

What is the function of the primary motor cortex?

Receiving information on touch, pressure, pain, and temperature.

What is the function of the primary somatosensory cortex?

sensory function: vision

What is the function of the second cranial nerve?

sciatic nerve

What is the largest and longest nerve in the body?

obturator nerve

What is the main nerve of the anterior division of the lumbar plexus?

femoral nerve

What is the main nerve of the posterior division of the lumbar plexus?

vascular tunic

What is the middle layer of the eye wall?

frontal

What is the most anterior of the cerebral lobes?

medulla oblongata

What is the most inferior part of the brainstem?

deltoid & teres minor

What is the motor innervation of the axillary nerve?

anterior thigh muscles

What is the motor innervation of the femoral nerve?

anterior muscles of the brachium

What is the motor innervation of the musculocutaneous nerve?

medial thigh muscles

What is the motor innervation of the obturator nerve?

VIII Vestibulocochlear

What is the name and number of the eighth cranial nerve?

XI Accessory

What is the name and number of the eleventh cranial nerve?

V Trigeminal

What is the name and number of the fifth cranial nerve?

I Olfactory

What is the name and number of the first cranial nerve?

IV Trochlear

What is the name and number of the fourth cranial nerve?

IX Glossopharyngeal

What is the name and number of the ninth cranial nerve?

II Optic

What is the name and number of the second cranial nerve?

VII Facial

What is the name and number of the seventh cranial nerve?

VI Abducens

What is the name and number of the sixth cranial nerve?

X Vagus

What is the name and number of the tenth cranial nerve?

III Oculomotor

What is the name and number of the third cranial nerve?

XII Hypoglossal

What is the name and number of the twelveth cranial nerve?

pupil

What is the opening within the iris?

cerebral cortex

What is the outer layer of gray matter of the cerebrum?

common neural pathways

What is the probable cause of referred pain?

cochlea

What is the snail-shaped portion of the inner ear?

lens

What is the strong, deformable, transparent structure of the eye that focuses images on the retina?

external auditory canal

What is the structure made of soft tissue and cartilage lining the external auditory meatus?

neurophysiology

What is the study of the biological function of the nervous system?

neurology

What is the study of the nervous system?

neuroanatomy

What is the study of the structure of the nervous system?

cerebral cortex

What is the superficial sheet of gray matter covering most of the adult brain?

sclera

What is the white of the eye?

corpus callosum

What large tract of white matter connects the two halves of the cerebrum and is the main method of communication between them?

conjunctiva

What layer of specialized stratified squamous epithelium forms a continuous lining of both the external, anterior surface of the eye and the internal surface of the eyelid?

neural tunic or retina

What layer of the eye contains photoreceptors?

occipital lobe

What lobe of the cerebrum forms the most posterior region of each cerebral hemisphere?

parietal lobe

What lobe of the cerebrum forms the superoposterior part of each cerebral hemisphere?

pia mater

What meninx is the deepest and, unlike that others, follows the contours of the brain?

orbicularis oculi

What muscle closes the eye?

levator palpebrae superioris

What muscle opens the eye?

median nerve

What nerve has the following cutaneous innervation: palmar side of the lateral 3 1/2 fingers and the lateral one-half of the ring finger and the dorsal tips of the same fingers?

radial nerve

What nerve has the following motor and cutaneous innervation? Motor - Posterior arm muscles & the posterior forearm muscles. Cutaneous innervation - Posterior arm and forearm surface and the dorsolateral side of the hand.

median

What nerve innervates the anterior forearm muscles, the thenar muscles, and the two lateral lumbricals?

deep fibular nerve

What nerve innervates the anterior leg muscles and the muscles of the dorsum of the foot?

radial nerve

What nerve innervates the posterior arm muscles and the posterior forearm muscles?

deep fibular

What nerve innervates the skin between the first and second toes of the dorsum of the foot?

superficial fibular

What nerve innervates the skin of the anteroinferior part of the leg and most of the dorsum of the foot?

tibial nerve

What nerve is formed from the anterior divisions of the sciatic nerve?

common fibular nerve

What nerve is formed from the posterior division of the sciatic nerve?

femoral nerve

What nerve provides cutaneous innervation of the anterior and inferomedial thigh and the medial aspect of the leg?

ulnar nerve

What nerve provides cutaneous innervation of the dorsal and palmar aspects of the medial 1 1/2 fingers (the medial aspect of digit 4 and all of digit 5)?

radial nerve

What nerve provides cutaneous innervation of the posterior arm and forearm surface and the dorsolateral side of the hand?

pelvic splanchnic nerves

What nerves carry fibers of the parasympathetic division of the ANS through the pelvis?

internal acoustic meatus

What opening in the skull transmits the eighth cranial nerve?

jugular foramen

What opening in the skull transmits the eleventh cranial nerve?

superior orbital fissure

What opening in the skull transmits the fourth cranial nerve?

jugular foramen

What opening in the skull transmits the ninth cranial nerve?

optic foramen

What opening in the skull transmits the second cranial nerve?

Superior orbital fissure

What opening in the skull transmits the sixth cranial nerve?

jugular foramen

What opening in the skull transmits the tenth cranial nerve?

superior orbital fissure

What opening in the skull transmits the third cranial nerve?

hypoglossal canal

What opening in the skull transmits the twelfth cranial nerve?

lacrimal puncta

What openings in the eyelids allow tears to drain from the eye into the nose?

foramina of the cribriform plate of the ethmoid

What openings in the skull transmit the first cranial nerve?

foramen ovale

What openings in the skull transmit the mandibular branch of the fifth cranial nerve?

foramen rotundum

What openings in the skull transmit the maxillary branch of the fifth cranial nerve?

superior orbital fissure

What openings in the skull transmit the ophthalmic branch of the fifth cranial nerve?

internal acoustic meatus and stylomastoid foramen

What openings in the skull transmit the seventh cranial nerve?

axon

What part of a neuron conducts impulses away from the cell body?

dendrites

What part of a neuron conducts impulses toward the cell body?

cell body

What part of a neuron holds the nucleus and is the control center of the cell?

anterior root

What part of spinal nerves do the preganglionic sympathetic axons travel within as they leave the lateral horn of the spinal cord?

hypothalamus

What part of the CNS has the greatest control over the ANS?

brainstem

What part of the CNS holds nuclei which have a great deal of influence over autonomic function?

Cerebellum

What part of the brain coordinates and "fine-tunes" skeletal muscle movement and maintains equilibrium and posture?

spinal nerve pathway

What pathway is a postganglionic axon within if it travels through a gray ramus that is at the same level as the ganglionic neuron to innervate blood vessels or arrector pili muscles or sweat glands?

postganglionic sympathetic nerve pathway

What pathway is a postganglionic axon within if the preganglionic neuron synapses with a ganglionic neuron in a sympathetic trunk ganglion, but the postganglionic axon does not leave the trunk via a gray ramus, but instead the postganglionic axon extends away from the sympathetic trunk ganglion and goes directly to the effector organ?

auricle or pinna

What portion of the external ear is supported by elastic cartilage, covered with skin, and projects laterally?

motor speech area (Brocca's area)

What portion of the frontal lobe is involved with control of muscles involved with speech, is located on the inferolateral portion of the lobe, and is usually on the left side?

vestibule

What portion of the inner ear lies between the cochlea and the semicircular canals?

epitympanic recess

What portion of the middle ear cavity communicates with the air cells within the mastoid portion of the temporal bone?

gray matter

What portion of the spinal cord is composed of dendrites and cell bodies of neurons and glial cells and unmyelinated axons?

white matter

What portion of the spinal cord is composed of myelinated axons?

ciliary body

What portion of the vascular tunic of the eye contains a muscular ring that works to focus images on the retina?

iris

What portion of the vascular tunic of the eye is the most anterior and is what we commonly refer to when we speak of the color of the eye?

optic disc

What posterior portion of the eye do neurons extend through and form a round structure frequently referred to as the blind spot because there are no photoreceptors here?

subdural space

What potential space lies between the dura and the arachnoid?

epidural space

What potential space lies between the dura and the cranium?

subarachnoid space

What real space lies just deep to the arachnoid?

choroid

What region of the vascular tunic is posterior and is the most extensive and houses a vast network of capillaries to supply the retina?

pectoral girdle and upper extremity

What regions of the body does the brachial plexus innervate?

Anterior neck muscles. Skin of the neck and portions of the head and shoulders. Diaphragm.

What regions of the body does the cervical plexus innervate?

macula lutea

What rounded, yellowish region of the retina has a concentration of cones and lies lateral to the optic disc?

malleus

What small bone is attached to the deep surface of the tympanic membrane?

stapes

What small bone is attached to the oval window?

insula

What small, deep lobe of each cerebral hemisphere lies deep to the lateral sulcus?

tympanic cavity (middle ear cavity)

What space lies within the middle ear?

dural venous sinuses

What spaces are formed when the two layers of the dura mater separate?

lateral gray regions of the S2-S4 spinal cord segments

What specific regions of the spinal cord house the cell bodies of the parasympathetic division of the ANS?

infundibulum

What structure attaches the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland?

lacrimal sac

What structure collects tears and sits in the lacrimal fossa of the lacrimal bones?

auditory tube

What structure communicates the middle ear cavity with the atmosphere and thus allow the pressure of the middle ear cavity to equal that of the atmosphere and the outer ear?

lacrimal canaliculus

What structure drains tears from the lacrimal puncta?

nasolacrimal duct

What structure drains tears into the nose?

epithelium of the ciliary body

What structure forms aqueous humor?

ciliary muscle

What structure of the eye contracts and relaxes to change the shape of the lens?

scleral venous sinus (canal of Schlemm)

What structure reabsorbs aqueous humor?

splanchnic nerves

What structures are composed of preganglionic axons that do not synapse in a sympathetic trunk ganglion?

suspensory ligaments

What structures attach to the lens capsule at its periphery where they transmit tension to change the shape of the lens?

gray rami communicates (gray rami)

What structures carry postganglionic sympathetic axons from the sympathetic trunk to the spinal nerves?

white rami communicantes (white rami)

What structures carry preganglionic sympathetic axons from the T1-L2 spinal nerves to the sympathetic trunk?

eyelashes

What structures extend from the margins of the eyelids and prevent large foreign objects from coming into contact with the anterior surface of the eye?

lacrimal glands

What structures produce tears?

arachnoid granulations (villi)

What structures reabsorb CSF?

somatic sensory

What subdivision of the sensory division of the nervous system deals with general somatic senses (touch, pain, pressure, vibration, temperature, and proprioception)?

visceral sensory

What subdivision of the sensory division of the nervous system deals with stretch and temperature from blood vessels and internal organs?

sympathetic trunk (paravertebral or chain) ganglia

What sympathetic ganglia lie on the left and right sides of the vertebral column?

cerebellar peduncles

What thick tracts connect the cerebellum to the brainstem?

neuron

What type of cell initiates and transmits impulses within the nervous system?

glial cells

What type of cells support and protect neurons?

phantom pain

What type of pain involves the perception of pain in an amputated or excised part of the body?

referred pain

What type of pain occurs when impulses from certain viscera are perceived as originating not within the organ, but in dermatomes of the skin?

gray matter

What type of tissue within the CNS houses motor neuron and interneuron cell bodies, dendrites, telodendria, and unmyelinated axons?

white matter

What type of tissue within the CNS houses myelinated axons?

vermis

What wormlike structure of the cerebellum lies between the two cerebellar hemispheres?

3rd week

When does the nervous system begin to develop?

Next to or within the organs they innervate.

Where are the ganglia of the parasympathetic division found?

insula

Where does the gustatory cortex occur?

temporal lobe

Where does the olfactory cortex occur?

"

Where does the primary auditory cortex occur?

postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobes

Where does the primary somatosensory cortex lie?

occipital lobe

Where does the primary visual cortex occur?

From the foramen magnum to the first lumbar vertebra (L1).

Where does the spinal cord begin and end in an adult?

external

Where does the white matter of the spinal cord lie in relation to the gray matter?

lateral neck & axilla

Where is the brachial plexus located?

primary visual cortex of the occipital lobe

Where is vision perceived?

VIII Vestibulocochlear nerve

Which cranial nerve has the following functions? Sensory function: Conducts impulses of hearing and equilibrium from the inner ear.

arachnoid (arachnoid mater or arachnoid membrane)

Which meninx is deep to and in contact with the dura?

IX Glossopharyngeal nerve

Which of the cranial nerves has the following functions? Sensory function: General sensation and taste from the posterior third of the tongue. Conducts sensory information on blood pressure and blood chemistry from the carotid sinuses. Somatic motor function: Innervates a pharyngeal muscle. Parasympathetic motor function: Innervates the parotid salivary gland.

X Vagus

Which of the cranial nerves has the following functions? Sensory function: Innervates the pharynx, larynx, and thoracic and abdominal viscera, as well as the external auditory canal, eardrum, and pharynx. Somatic motor function: Innervates most pharyngeal and laryngeal muscles. Parasympathetic motor function: Innervates myocardium and the smooth muscle and glands of the thoracic and abdominal viscera.

Facial nerve

Which of the cranial nerves has the following functions? Sensory function: Taste from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue. Somatic motor function: Innervates the muscles of facial expression and other muscles of the facial region. Parasympathetic motor function: Innervates the lacrimal gland and the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands.

XI Accessory

Which of the cranial nerves has the following functions? Somatic motor function: Cranial root - Travels with CN X fibers to the pharynx. Spinal root — Innervates the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid.

XII Hypoglossal nerve

Which of the cranial nerves has the following functions? Somatic motor function: Innervates intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles.

abducens

Which of the cranial nerves has the following functions? Somatic motor function: Innervates one extrinsic eye muscle (lateral rectus) for abduction of the eyeball.

trochlear nerve

Which of the cranial nerves has the following functions? Somatic motor function: Supplies one extrinsic eye muscle (superior oblique) to move the eyeball inferiorly and laterally.

incus

Which of the three ear ossicles lies between the other two?

cerebral nuclei

Within the interior of the brain what are clusters of gray matter?

tibial nerve

Within the leg what nerve innervates the plantar flexors of the foot and the flexors of the toes?

cerebral peduncles

Within the midbrain what are the motor tracts located on the anterolateral surfaces?

corpora quadrigemina

Within the midbrain what is the "body of four twins"?

nuclei

Within the regions of the spinal cord's gray matter what are the various functional groups of neuron cell bodies?

Centrally. H-shaped or butterfly-shaped.

Within the spinal cord where is gray matter located and how is it shaped?

choroid plexuses

Within the ventricles of the brain what structures form CSF?