SO222 Exam 2

Problems of Work and Unemployment G. Job Stress 1. _______ of Americans are dissatisfied with the amount of stress in their jobs. 2. Prolonged job stress, also known as job _________, can cause or contribute to physical and mental health problems, such as high blood pressure, ulcers, headaches, anxiety, and depression. 3. US is the only advanced nation with no minimum number of ____________ days.

1/3 burnout vacation

____________ _____________ - brief and commonplace daily verbal, behavioral, or environmental indignities, whether intentional or unintentional, that communicate hostile, derogatory, or negative racial slights and insults toward the target person or group.

Racial microagressions

Social Problems and Traditional Gender Role Socialization Despite a recent trend, what it means to be a man or a woman has changed _______ over the decades.

little

Discrimination Against Racial and Ethnic Minorities _________________: actions or practices that result in differential treatment of categories of individuals

Discrimination

________ ____________ _____________: unemployment that lasts more than 27 weeks

Long term unemployment

__________ _____________: the benefits of having a college degree far outweigh the cost of getting one

earnings premium

Understanding Work and Unemployment A. The ___________ _______________ of _____________ _____________, passed in 1948, Declares that everyone has the right to work for equal pay, but workers around the globe are still fighting for these basic rights. 1. United States has moved away from producing goods to producing services in a more globalized economy. 2. Advocates of ____________ typically advocates for less government intervention...unless its institutions need to be bailed out. 3. The profit motive makes for complex solutions to problems of work and unemployment.

Universal Declaration of Human Rights Capitalism

Problems of Work and Unemployment 6. Antiunion Legislation a. In March 2011, Wisconsin governor signed legislation ___________ unions representing state and local government employees. i. prohibited collective ______________ ii. annual votes iii. increased workers ________________ for pensions and health care

weakening bargaining contributions

Immigrants in the United States C. Guest Worker Program 1. The United States has two guestworker programs that allow employers to import unskilled labor for temporary or seasonal work lasting less than a year: the ___-_____ program for agricultural work and the __-______ program for non-agricultural work. a. These workers are systematically exploited and abused. b. Guestworkers who are abused and denied their legal rights must endure the abuse or try to escape in a foreign land without passports, money, or tickets home.

H-2A H-2B

Problems of Work and Unemployment J. Labor Unions and the Struggle for Workers' Rights 1. Labor unions are worker _____________ organizations developed to protect workers and represent them at negotiations between management and labor. 2. Benefits and disadvantages of labor unions to workers a. Labor unions have played an important role in fighting for fair wages and benefits, healthy and safe work environments, and other forms of worker advocacy. b. A disadvantage of unions is that members must pay dues and other fees, and these dues have been _______ in recent years. c. Another disadvantage for unionized workers is the loss of ______________; unionized workers are members of an overall bargaining unit in which the majority rules. 3. Declining union ___________ a. The strength and membership of unions in the United States have declined over the last several decades. i. Union density—the percentage of workers who belong to unions—grew in the 1930s and peaked in the 1940s and 1950s, when ______ of U.S. workers were unionized. ii. In 2012 the percentage of American workers belonging to unions had fallen to under _______. b. Reasons for the decline in union representation include loss of manufacturing jobs, which tend to have higher rates of unionization than other industries; globalization has led to layoffs and plant closings at many unionized work sites; corporations take active measures to keep workers from unionizing; and weak U.S. labor laws fail to support and protect unionization. 4. Corporate anti-union activities a. At least 23,000 workers each year are fired or discriminated against at their workplace because involvement in __________-related activity. b. The following are anti-union strategies used by employers: fire pro-union workers; threaten to close a worksite when workers try to form a union; coerce workers into opposing unions with bribery or favoritism; hire high-priced _____________ consultants to fight union organizing drives; force employees to attend one-on-one anti-union meetings with their supervisors. 5. Weak U.S. labor laws a. The _________ National Labor Relations Act (NLRA), the primary federal labor law in the United States, guarantees the right to unionize, bargain collectively, and to strike, to private sector employees. i. In addition to excluding public sector workers, the law excludes agricultural and domestic workers, supervisors, railroad and airline employees, and independent contractors. ii. As a result, millions of workers do not have the right under U.S. law to negotiate their wages, hours, or employment terms. b. Changes in U.S. labor law over the years have eroded workers' right to freedom of association. c. Although it is illegal to fire workers for engaging in union activities, there are few consequences for employers that do so. i. There is a backlog of thousands of cases of unfair labor practices by employers and workers often wait about ___ years from the filing of a charge until the National Labor Relations Board resolves a case, discouraging many workers from filing charges.

advocacy rising individuality density 35% 11.3 union unionbusting 1935 2

Gender Stratification: Structural Sexism A. Structural sexism or ______________ sexism: the ways the organization of society and its institutions subordinate individuals and groups based on sex classification.

institutional

Immigrants in the United States A. The growing racial and ethnic diversity of the U.S. is largely due to immigration as well as the higher birthrates among many minority groups. 1. Adverse social, economic, and/or political conditions in a given country "_____" some individuals to leave that country. 2. Favorable social, economic, and/or political conditions in other countries "_____" some individuals to those countries.

push pull

_________-to-___________ pipeline: the established relationship between severe disciplinary practices, increased rates of dropping out of school, lowered academic achievement, and court or juvenile detention involvement

school-to-prison pipeline

Problems of Work and Unemployment D. Sweatshop Labor 1. Millions of people worldwide work in ___________— work environments that are characterized by less-than- minimum-wage pay, excessively long hours of work (often without overtime pay), unsafe or inhumane working conditions, abusive treatment of workers by employers, and/or the lack of worker organizations aimed at negotiating better working conditions. a. Sweatshop labor conditions occur in a wide variety of industries, including garment production, manufacturing, mining, and agriculture. b. More than ________ of all clothing purchased in the United States is imported, often made under sweatshop conditions. 2. Sweatshop labor in the United States a. The Department of Labor estimates that more than ________ of the country's 22,000 sewing shops violate minimum wage and overtime laws and that 75% violate safety and health laws. b. Immigrant farm workers, who process _______ of the fruits and vegetables grown in the United States, also work under sweatshop conditions.

sweatshops 97% half 85%

_______-__________ measurement: the use of student achievement data to assess teacher effectiveness

value-added

Gender Stratification: Structural Sexism Politics and Structural Sexism 1. U.S. women received right to vote in 1920 with passage of _____________ Amendment, but women still play a rather minor role in the political arena. 2. In general, the more ___________ the political office, the lower the probability a woman will hold it. 3. Some countries have electoral quotas to increase the number of women in politics. 4. The relative absence of women in politics is a consequence of ____________ limitations. a. Running for office requires large sums of money, political backing of powerful individuals and interest groups, and a willingness of the voting public to elect women. b. Minority women have even greater structural barriers to election and represent an even smaller percentage of elected officials. 5. There is also evidence of gender ______________ against female candidates.

Nineteenth important structural discrimination

Immigrants in the United States Illegal Immigration 1. There are an estimated _____ million undocumented immigrants in the U.S.; more than half of undocumented immigrants (59%) are from Mexico. 2. Border crossing a. The U.S. __________ and _________ __________ is charged with deterring people from illegally crossing the border into the United States and apprehending those who do. b. Illegal border crossing occur every day despite efforts to seal the U.S.-Mexican border. i. Some people cross with a __________, a hired guide who typically charges $3000 to $5000 to lead people across the border. 3. Unauthorized immigrants in the workforce a. An estimated _________ million of U.S. workers are undocumented immigrants. b. Virtually all undocumented men are in the labor force. c. Undocumented workers often do work that U.S. workers are unwilling to do. 4. Policies regarding illegal immigration a. The ______ Immigration Reform and Control Act made hiring illegal aliens an illegal act punishable by fines and prison sentences. b. Terrorism and drug trafficking concerns have heightened fears. i. Public opposition to the building of a border fence has come from landowners who do not want to sell their land to the government; environmentalists who are concerned about the damage the fence project will do the environment. c. The ___________ Act introduced in Congress in 2009 would provide a path to legal status for undocumented immigrants who were brought to the U.S. as children. d. Some states have taken a hard line approach to immigration i. Arizona's ____ ______ makes failure to carry registration documents a state crime and requires police to verify the legal status of a person during traffic stops, detentions, or arrests if the police suspect that person is in the country illegally. ii. There is both fierce opposition to the bill and strong nationwide approval (6 in 10 adults approve) iii. Many legal challenges. e. The __________ Act introduced in Congress in 2009 would provide a path to legal status for undocumented immigrants who were brought to the U.S. as children.

11.5 Customs and Border Patrol coyote 8 1986 DREAM SB 1070 DREAM

Problems of Work and Unemployment Forced labor in the United States a. Each year, ______________ to ______________ people are trafficked into the United States and forced into slavery, mostly because of human trafficking for domestic work, migrant farm labor, or work in the sex industry.

14,000 to 17,000

Racial and Ethnic Group Diversity in the United States US Census Data on Race and Hispanic Origin 1. U.S. population is becoming increasingly diverse. a. From 2000-2010 non-Hispanic whites decreased from 69% of the population to 64%. b. ____% of population is Hispanic. 2. The current Census classification system does not allow people of mixed Hispanic or Latino ethnicity to identify themselves as such. a. Individuals with one Hispanic and one non-Hispanic parent still must say that they are either Hispanic or not Hispanic. 3. Hispanic is an __________ and not a ___________

16 ethnicity and not a race

Strategies for Action: Trends and Innovation in American Education __________ ____________ 1. Computers in the classroom enable students to access large amounts of information and learn at their own pace. 2. E-learning separates the student and the teacher by time and/or place but links them by some communication technology (e.g. videoconferencing, e-mail, chat room, etc.). a. Number of students enrolled in online classes continues to rise. b. Online education often serves a segment of the population that would not otherwise be able to attend school—older, married, full-time employees and persons from remote areas.

Distance Education

Racial and Ethnic Group Diversity in the United States Racial and Ethnic Diversity in the United States 1. Variations in U.S. census classification of people a. The first census in ______ divided the U.S. population into 4 groups: free white males, free white females, slaves, and other persons (including free blacks and Indians). b. To increase the size of the slave population, the "one ________ of ________ rule" specified that one drop of "Negroid" blood defined a person as black and, therefore, eligible for slavery. c. The _______ census recognized 2 categories: white and nonwhite. d. The ________ census categories were white, black, and "other." e. The ________ census categories were (1) white, (2) black, (3) American Indian, Aleut, or Eskimo, and (4) Asian or Pacific Islander, and included a category of "other." f. Beginning with __________ the Office of Management and Budget requires federal agencies to use a minimum of five race categories and give respondents the option of identifying as more than one race.

1790 drop of blood 1960 1970 1990 2000

Strategies for Action: Toward Gender Equality U.S. State and National Policies 1. Statutes passed to help reduce gender inequality include the 1963 Equal Pay Act, Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Title IX of the Educational Amendments Act of 1972, Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993, the Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000, the 2009 Ledbetter Fair Pay Act, and the Violence Against Women Reauthorization Act of 2013. 2. In 2009, Obama signed the Ledbetter Fair Pay Act which reversed the 2007 U.S. Supreme Court decision that gave victims of pay discrimination only ______ days to file a grievance; the Act now defines each paycheck as a separate act of discrimination. 3. Sexual harassment is a form of sex discrimination that violates Title VII of 1964 Civil Rights Act. a. The U.S. Equal Opportunity Commission (EEOC) defines sexual harassment as "unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature when this conduct affects an individual's employment, interferes with an individual's work performance, or creates an intimidating, hostile, or offensive work environment." b. Sexual harassment can be of 2 types: i. ______ _____ ______, in which an employer requires sexual favors in exchange for a promotion, salary increase, or other employee benefit. ii. The existence of a _______ environment that unreasonably interferes with job performance, as in the case of sexually explicit comments or insults made to an employee. c. The victim as well as the harasser may be a woman or a man although adult ________ are the most frequent targets of sexual harassment. 4. _________ __________ refers to a broad range of policies and practices in the workplace and educational institutions to promote equal opportunity as well as diversity. a. __________ ___________ policies developed in the 1960s from federal legislation that requires any employer that receives contracts from the federal government must make "good faith efforts" to increase the number of female and other minority applicants.

180 Quid pro quo hostile women Affirmative Action Affirmative Action

Problems of Work and Unemployment 7. Labor union struggles around the world a. In ________, the International Labor Office established the convention on the right to organize and collective bargaining i. About ____ of the world's workplace lives in countries that have not ratifies this convention b. In many less-developed countries and in countries undergoing economic transition, workers and labor unions struggle to have a voice in matters of wages and working conditions. c. _______________ is the most dangerous place in the world to be a trade unionist. d. Trade union rights are violated by both employers and governments.

1949 half Guatemala

Gender Stratification: Structural Sexism Civil Rights, the Law, and Structural Sexism 1. _______ Equal Pay Act and Title VII of _______ Civil Rights Act made it illegal for employers to discriminate on basis of sex; but sex discrimination still occurs. a. Thousands of grievances are filed each year with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC)—30,356 grievances in 2012. b. Employers use various techniques to justify their employment practices. i. _________, for example, stated that the stores were independently owned, thus supporting their contention that there was no company wide policy or practice of discrimination in place. 2. Other forms of discrimination take place in housing, the military, and in sexual and reproductive rights.

1963, 1964 Walmart

Discrimination Against Racial and Ethnic Minorities Housing Discrimination and Segregation 1. Before the ______ Federal Fair Housing Act and the ____ Equal Credit Opportunity Act, discrimination against minorities in housing and mortgage lending was common. a. Banks and mortgage companies commonly engaged in _________ —the practice of denying loans for the purchase of houses in minority neighborhoods on the premise that the financial risk was too great. b. Realtors practiced geographic ________, whereby they discourage minorities from moving into certain areas by showing them homes only in minority neighborhoods. 2. Housing discrimination today is illegal but not uncommon. 3. Home ownership rates among minorities and low-income groups increased substantially in the 1990s, reaching record rates in many central cities, but they still lag behind the overall home ownership rate. a. Many of the gains in minority and low-income home ownership rates are due to increases in subprime lending—higher-fee, higher- interest-rate loans offered to borrowers who have poor or nonexistent credit records. 4. Residential _________ of racial and ethnic groups persists. a. Almost ¼ of all census tracts within the largest U.S. metropolitan areas are more than 90% white and 12% are more than 90% minority.

1968, 1974 redlining steering segregation

Strategies for Action: Toward Gender Equality International Efforts 1. International efforts to address problems of gender date back to the 1979 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), often referred to as the International Women's Bill of Rights, was adopted by United Nations in _______. a. 187 countries have ratified the treaty, including every country in Europe and South and Central America. b. The ______ is the only industrialized country that has not ratified the document. 2.In _______, representatives from 189 countries adopted the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action at the Fourth World Conference on Women sponsored by the United Nations. a. The platform reflects an international commitment to the goals of equality, development, and peace for women everywhere. b. The platform identifies strategies to address critical areas of concern related to women and girls, including poverty, education, health, violence, armed conflict, and human rights. 3. In 2000, all members of the United Nations adopted the ____________ ____________, which defines one of its goals as the promotion of gender equality and women's empowerment by 2015.

1979 US 1995 Millenium Declaration

Discrimination Against Racial and Ethnic Minorities _________________ Discrimination 1. Despite laws against it, discrimination against minorities occurs today in all phases of the employment process, from recruitment to interview, job offer, salary, promotion, and firing decisions. 2. Discrimination in hiring may be unintended (e.g., relying on existing employees to refer new recruits when a position opens up). 3. Employment discrimination contributes to the higher rates of unemployment and lower incomes of blacks and Hispanics compared with whites. 4. Workplace discrimination also includes unfair treatment

Employment

Strategies for Action: Responses to Problems of Work and Unemployment E. Work-Life Policies and Programs 1. Federal and state Family and Medical Leave Initiatives a. In _______, President Clinton signed into law the Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA), which requires all companies with 50 or more employees to provide eligible workers with up to 12 weeks of job-protected, unpaid leave so they can care for a seriously ill child, spouse, or parent; stay home to care for their newborn, newly adopted, or newly placed child; or take time off when they are seriously ill. i. Nearly _____ of the workforce is not covered by the FMLA. ii. Some employers do not comply with FMLA. iii. Some eligible employees do not take advantage of FMLA due to lack of awareness. iv. Many eligible workers do not use FMLA benefits because they cannot afford to take unpaid leave and/or they fear losing their jobs. b. 2 states—__________ and _____________—offer paid leave programs that provide eligible workers a family leave benefit with a portion of their salary for up to 6 weeks. c. The Healthy Families Act proposes to establish a federally mandated paid sick day policy. 2. Employer-based work-family policies a. Some employers have "family-friendly" work policies and programs, including unpaid or paid family and medical leave, child-care assistance, assistance with elderly parent care, and flexible work options such as flextime, compressed workweek, and telework. i. __________ is a work arrangement that allows employees to begin and end the workday at different times so long as 40 hours per week are maintained. ii. __________ ____________ is a work arrangement that allows employees to condense their work into fewer days. iii. _______________ involves the use of technology that allows employees to work part or full-time at home or at a satellite office.

1993 41% California and New Jersey Flextime Compressed workweek Telecommuting

Problems in the American Educational System Crime, Violence, and School Discipline 1. Despite the horror recent school shootings, the chance of a student being killed at school is less than ___%. a. In 2008, _____% of students said they felt very or somewhat safe at school. 2. Prevalence and trends a. In 2011, ____% of students between 12 and 18 reported being a victim of nonviolent crime. b. The most common offense was that of _______. c. Discipline problems such as verbal abuse of teachers, disorder in classrooms, and disrespect for teachers, fighting, insubordination, and use of drugs or alcohol are also of concern. d. Increasingly those in education denounce suspensions and expulsions as __________ to students academically and socially. 3. _________—characterized by an imbalance of power that exists over a long period of time in which the more powerful intimidate or belittle others—is also a problem. a. In 2012, ______% of public schools reported bullying occurred either daily or weekly. b. Bullies often perform _________ academically

2 93 4 theft harmful Bullying 23 poorly

Problems in the American Educational System The Challenges of Higher Education 1. Higher education usually refers to 2 or 4 year, public or private, degree granting institutions. a. In 2012-2013, college student enrollment fell ____%. 2. The cost of getting a college degree is _____________. a. Annual expenses for tuition room and board are estimated at $8,655 for in-state students. b. Student debt now exceeds 1 trillion dollars 3. Access to and completion of higher education, particularly among minority and/or low income students is also problematic. 4. Community colleges: a. Enrollment continues to __________

2% increasing increase

Racial and Ethnic Group Diversity in the United States Mixed-race Identity 1. Mixed race population is small but growing. a. Only _____ percent of population identifies as more than one race. b. Mixed race population in U.S. has grown ____ percent between 2000 and 2010. 2. Mixed race marriages have increased over the years. a. Anti-miscegenation laws existed until _______. b. In 2010, 15% of new marriages were mixed race/ethnicity

2.9 32 1967

Who Succeeds? The Inequality of Educational Attainment Gender 1. Worldwide, women receive less education than men a. Women compromise _____ of the world's illiterate b. ____% of the 125 million children worldwide who are not in school are girls c. Of the 167 countries with data available, ______% have not achieved gender parity in primary school 2. Historically, US schools have discriminated against women; before 1830s US colleges only accepted male students. 3. ________ _____ of the Education Amendments of 1972 states that no person can be discriminated against based on sex in any education program that receives federal funding. 4. The push toward equality in the US has had some effect a. The gender gap in math and reading scores has decreased over the last few decades; where differences exist, boys outscore girls in ________ and girls outscore boys in __________. 5. Problems of boys in school a. _______ are more likely to lag behind ______ in the classroom, be diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, have learning disabilities, feel alienated from the learning process, and drop out or be expelled from school. b. Black and Latino males, compared to white males, score lower on the NAEP, are less likely to be in advanced placement classes, less likely to be in gifted programs, and less likely to graduate from high school or college.

2/3 70 68 Title IX math, reading Boys, girls

Strategies for Action: Responses to Problems of Work and Unemployment F. Efforts to Strengthen Labor 1. About ______ of U. S. adults agree that labor unions are necessary to protect working people. 2. In an effort to strengthen their power, some labor unions have merged with one another. 3. Strengthening labor unions requires combating the threats and violence against workers who attempt to organize or who join unions. 4. Proposed legislation called the ___________ __________ _________ ________ would allow workers to sign a card stating that they want to be represented by a union; if a majority sign such a card, the company would have to recognize the union and bargain over terms and conditions of employment.

2/3 Employee Free Choice Act

Gender Stratification: Structural Sexism Education and Structural Sexism 1. Nearly ______'s of illiterate adults are women. 2. In 2012, few differences existed between American men and women in their completion rates of high school and college degrees. 3. Trends still show women lagging behind in _______ areas. 4. Women may earn fewer advanced degrees than men due to socialization that encourages them to choose marriage and ____________ over long-term career preparation and structural limitations that discourage women from advancing in education.

2/3 STEM motherhood

Strategies for Action: Trends and Innovation in American Education Educational Policy across the States 1. The ______ ________ _________ __________ Act of 2001 (NCLB), signed into law in January 2002. 2. Common Core Standards (CCSS) is an initiative where states adopt a common set of academic standards. 3. Most Americans believe that CCSS will improve the quality of education a. There are many criticisms of high stakes test and their use 4. __________ ____________: Federal money is earmarked to meet state education needs. a. Four assurances must be met for states to receive federal stimulus aid: state commitment to improving teacher quality, raising academic standards, intervening in failing schools, and developing assessment databases in return for stimulus dollars.

No Child Left Behind Fiscal Stabilization

Strategies for Action: Responses to Problems of Work and Unemployment C. Efforts to End Slavery, Child Labor, and Sweatshop Labor 1. More than 50 years ago, the United Nations stated in Article __ of its Universal Declaration of Human Rights that "no one shall be held in slavery or servitude; slavery and the slave trade shall be prohibited in all their forms." a. Yet slavery persists throughout the world. b. The international community has drafted treaties on slavery, but many countries have yet to ratify and implement the different treaties. 2. One strategy to fight slavery is ____________. a. In at least 25 countries, slave trafficking is actively prosecuted and treated as a serious crime. b. In the United States the Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act, passed by Congress in ________, protects slaves against deportation if they testify against their former owners. 3. Efforts to end child labor include international agreements and education. 4. The _________ __________ ___________ (FLA), established in 1996, is a coalition of companies, universities, and nongovernmental organizations that works to promote adherence to international labor standards and improve working conditions worldwide. a. The FLA continues to be criticized for having low standards in allowing below-poverty wages and excessive overtime and for requiring that only a small percentage of a manufacturer's supplier factories be inspected each year. 5. Student Activism. a. United Students Against Sweatshops is a student activism group that is affiliated with The _________ _______ _________ (WRC)— a non-profit organization working to ensure that factories that produce clothing and other goods bearing school logos respect basic rights of workers, such as the right to unionize, living wages, and overtime pay. 6. Legislation a. Perhaps the most effective strategy against sweatshop work conditions is legislation.

4 punishment 2000 Fair Labor Association Workers Rights Consortium

Racial and Ethnic Group Diversity in the United States Race and Ethnic Group Relations in the United States D. Race and Ethnic Group Relations in the United States 1. ___ out of ______ polled U. S. adults polled in 2013 said race relations will always be a problem in the U. S.

4 out of 10

Who Succeeds? The Inequality of Educational Attainment Race and Ethnicity 1. It is projected by 2021 the percentage of racial or ethnic minorities in public schools will be _________ 2. In comparison to whites, Hispanics and blacks are less likely to succeed in school at almost every level. 3. Socioeconomic status interacts with race and ethnicity; race/ethnicity may have an ____________ effect on achievement, but the relationship is largely a result of socioeconomic status 4. Academic difficulty may result from some minorities being English language learners. a. Some educators advocate ___________ learning--teaching children in both English and their non-English native language b. Advocates claim bilingual education improves academic achievement in minority students, enriches all students by exposing them to other languages and cultures and enhances the _____-__________ of minority students c. Critics argue bilingual education limits minority students and places them at a disadvantage when competing outside the classroom, reduces the English skills of minorities, costs money, and leads to _________ between minorities competing for scarce resources. 5. Many tests used to assess academic achievement and ability are biased against minorities a. standardized test questions require knowledge specific to ______-______ class culture 6. Minority students in white school systems are disadvantaged by overt _______ and _______________ a. ___________ occurs in unequal funding, racial profiling and school segregation b. Black students may be victim of "________ while _______," which refers to disproportionately being disciplined at school 7. Racial desegregation a. Many schools today are racially segregated, despite the 1954 Supreme Court ruling in _________ v. __________ of _____________ that segregated education was unconstitutional and inherently unequal b. __________ ___________: A 1966 study found almost 80% of schools attended by whites contained 10% or fewer blacks and that whites outperformed minorities (excluding Asian Americans) on academic tests c. The Coleman Report advocated the __________ hypothesis--a theory that the only way to achieve quality education for all racial and ethnic groups is to desegregate the schools d. Public schools remain largely ____________; most black and Hispanic US student attend schools that are predominantly minority in enrollment e. Attending a black segregated school continues to have a ____________ influence on achievement; attending a desegregated school, while having no ___________ achievement effect on white students, has ____________ effects on black and Hispanic students in terms of learning and graduation rates. 8. Socioeconomic integration a. In 2007, the US Supreme Court held that public school systems "cannot seek to achieve or maintain integration through measures that take explicit account of a student's race." i. The court's decision reflect a general trend toward using __________-___________ integration rather than race-based integration variables ii. Advocates of this approach argue: (1) socioecomic integration more directly and effectively achieves the first aim of racial integration, which is raising student achievement; (2) socioeconomic integration achieves racial integration; (3) school assignments based on socioeconomic status are perfectly legal whereas assignment based on race may be subject to government scrutiny; (4) problem of low income students regardless of race, is growing as poverty spreads; and (5) SES integration is evidenced as having a more cost-effective means of raising student acheivement.

52% independent bilingual self-esteem hostilities white-middle racism and discrimination discrimination learning while black Brown v. Board of Education Coleman Report integration segregated negative negative positive socioeconomic

Problems in the American Educational System American schools are just average, according to public opinion and annual assessments conducted by the Educational Research Center 1. The Center assigned an overall score to the nation's schools _______%, a C.

53

Problems of Work and Unemployment A. Unemployment 1. In 2012, an estimated 97 million people worldwide-- ______% of the labor force--were unemployed 2. Measures of unemployment in the U.S. consider an individual _________________ if s/he is currently without employment, actively seeking employment, and available for employment. a. In ____________, the U.S. unemployment rate dipped to a 31-year low of 4%; it rose to 10% in _____________. 3. Causes of unemployment are varied and complex. a. A primary cause is lack of available __________; in May 2009 there were nearly 6 unemployed U.S. workers for every available job. b. Another cause is job _______________, the relocation of jobs to other countries where products can be produced more cheaply. c. _________________, which involves a business subcontracting with a third party to provide business services, saves companies money as they pay lower salaries and no benefits to those who provide outsourced services. d. ___________________, or the replacement of human labor with machinery and equipment, also contributes to unemployment. e. Other causes of unemployment are increased global and domestic _______________ and companies downsizing or going out of business. 4. Effects of Unemployment on Individuals, Families, and Societies. a. Unemployment is linked to depression, low-self esteem, and increased ___________, along with other health risks. i. Losing a job due to business closure increases the risk of a new health problem by _____%; common problems are hypertension, heart disease and arthritis. b. Unemployment is a risk factor for homelessness, substance abuse and ________. c. Long-term unemployment can have lasting effects, such as increased debt, diminished retirement and savings accounts, and/or relocation from secure housing and communities to unfamiliar places to find a job. d. In families, unemployment is a risk factor for child and spousal ___________ and marital instability. e. Plant closings and large-scale layoffs affect communities by lowering property values and depressing community living _________________-.

6% unemployed 2000, 2009 jobs exportation Outsourcing Automation competition mortality 85% crime abuse standards

Problems in the American Educational System School Dropouts 1. The status dropout rate is the percentage of 16-24 year olds that is not in school and has not earned a high school degree or its equivalent a. the 2011 status dropout rate for 16-24 year olds was ____%, down ____% from 1990 b. Dropout rates vary by race and ethnicity, nativity, socioeconomic status, and gender 2. Dropout rates are associated with increased costs of public assistance, crime, health care, and reduced tax revenues 3. Second chance initiatives, such as ______, allow students to complete their high school requirements

7% 12% GED

Social Problems and Traditional Gender Role Socialization Gender-Based Violence 1. Men are more likely to be involved in violence - to kill or be killed; to wage war; to take their own lives; to engage in violent crimes of all types; to bully, harass, and abuse. 2. Women and girls are often the victims of male violence. a. Worldwide, as many as ____% of women will be physically or sexually abused in their lifetime. b. Over ___________ women and girls are killed each year in honor killings—murders, often public, as a result of a female dishonoring, or perceived to have dishonored, her family or community.

70 5,000

Gender Stratification: Structural Sexism Income and Structural Sexism 1. In the U.S. in 2012 women earned ___% of what men earned. a. Racial differences also exist between genders. 2. Arguments for why the income gender gap exists: a. __________ __________ hypothesis: pay differences result from differences in women's and men's education, skills, training, and work experience. i. The ______-______ ________ _________ hypothesis argues that women have less incentive to invest in education and marketable skills because they know their careers will be interrupted by family responsibilities. ii. Human capital differences are a result of structural constraints and expectations that women should remain in the home. b. ___________ hypothesis: women are paid less because the work they do is socially defined as less valuable than the work performed by men. i. These jobs are undervalued in part because they include a significant amount of emotion work—work that involves caring, negotiating, and empathizing with people. ii. ___________ work is rarely specified in job descriptions or performance evaluations. c. Women also earn less than men as a result of discrimination in education, hiring, promotions, and salaries.

81 Human capital Life-cycle human hypothesis Devaluation Emotion

Gender Stratification: Structural Sexism Work and Structural Sexism 1. About ½ of women and 80% of men make up the world's total labor force. 2. Women have higher unemployment rates for a variety of reasons. 3. Women are disproportionately employed in vulnerable employment areas. 4. No matter what the job, if a woman does it, it is likely to be valued less than if a man does it. (e.g., clerks in the 1800s were ___% men and being a clerk was a prestigious position). 5. ___________ __________ ___________: the concentration of women in certain occupations and men in other occupations a. Although it remains high, it has decreased in certain occupations. b. Over the last 20 years, there has been a significant increase in the number of men in traditionally held female jobs. c. Men in traditionally held female jobs have an advantage in hiring, promotion, and salaries, called the __________ __________ effect. d. Women are still heavily represented in low-prestige, low-wage, pink-collar jobs that offer few benefits. 6. Reasons for occupational sex segregation: a. Cultural beliefs about what is an "_____________" job for a woman or man. b. Opportunity structures differ by gender. i. Women and men are often channeled by employers into gender-specific jobs that carry different wages and promotion opportunities. ii. Women in higher paying jobs may be victimized by a "_______ _________"—an often invisible barrier that prevents women and other minorities from moving into top corporate positions. iii. Working mothers experience a "__________ __________" in which they are evaluated as less competent and committed to work than non-mothers and feel pressured to choose professions that permit flexible hours and career paths. iv. Although the type of career pursued may be a woman's choice, it is a ____________ choice—a choice among limited options as a result of the structure of society. v. Low female labor participation may be due to the lack of female-friendly employment policies

90 Occupational Sex Segregation glass escalator appropriate glass ceiling motherhood penalty structured

Problems in the American Educational System Low levels of ________ ___________ 1. The educational research center uses 3 indicators to measure achievement: ________ levels of performance, improvement over _______, and achievement gap between ________ and ______-_________. 2. Results from the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP), a nationwide testing effort, show some improvement over time. a. Though varying by socio-economic status, race and ethnicity, math and reading scores of 9-13 year olds between 1971 and 2012, but remained stagnant for ____ year olds. b. Even statistically significant increases may mask poor performances i. In 2012, ____% of 11th graders performed below grade level in reading, a trend that has increased over time c. Blacks and Hispanics remain significantly behind their white counterparts in reading and math 3. American students are outperformed by many foreign counterparts a. America ranks ______ among OECD participating countries.

Academic Achievement current time poor and non-poor 17 73% 14th

Strategies for Action: Responding to Prejudice, Racism, and Discrimination B. ____________ ____________: policies and practices in the workplace and educational institutions to promote equal opportunity for as well as diversity. 1. Affirmative action is an attempt to compensate for the effects of past discrimination and prevent current discrimination against women and racial and ethnic minorities. a. Vietnam veterans and people with disabilities may also qualify under affirmative action policies. 2. ___________ Affirmative Action a. Affirmative action policies developed in the 1960s from federal legislation that required any employer receiving contracts from the federal government to make "good faith efforts" to increase the pool of qualified minorities and women, such as by expanding recruitment and training programs. 3. Affirmative Action in ________ ____________ a. The Supreme Court's 1978 ruling in University of California Board of Regents v. Bakke marked the beginning of the decline of affirmative action. b. In 2013, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that universities may seek racial diversity, but must demonstrate that _____ ________ alternatives for diversity are not sufficient. 4. Attitudes toward Affirmative Action a. Affirmative action remains a divisive issue among Americans: over half of the population polled is in favor of affirmative action for racial minorities. b. Public opinion on the issue depends on how the survey question is worded and framed.

Affirmative Action Federal Higher Education race neutral

Discrimination Against Racial and Ethnic Minorities 1. ___________ refers to prejudice or discrimination based on skin tone. a. One study found that whites are more likely to view African Americans and Hispanics with lighter skin as intelligent.

Colorism

Sociological Theories of Education ___________ Perspective 1. Argues education solidifies class position and allows elites to control the masses. 2. Quality education and educational opportunities are not equally __________ in society. 3. Education is a mechanism for cultural ______________, or indoctrination into the dominant culture. 4. Education perpetuates racial _______________ a. Schools in poorer districts with more minorities receive less funding and have inadequate facilities, books, materials, equipment and personnel.

Conflict distributed imperialism disparities

Strategies for Action: Responses to Problems of Work and Unemployment B. Worker _______________: An Alternative to Capitalism 1. One alternative is the _____________ workplace model that uses democratic methods in its business organization.

Cooperatives cooperative

The Social Construction of Gender Roles: Cultural Sexism _________ ___________: the ways the culture of society (norms, values, beliefs, symbols) perpetuates the subordination of an individual or group based on sex classifications of that group or individual.

Cultural Sexism

Strategies for Action: Responding to Prejudice, Racism, and Discrimination 1. The ___________ __________ __________ __________ (EEOC), a U.S. federal agency charged with ending employment discrimination in the United States, is responsible for enforcing laws against discrimination, including Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act that prohibits employment discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex or national origin. a. The EEOC investigates, mediates, and may file lawsuits against private employers on behalf of alleged victims of discrimination. 2. The most frequently filed claims with the EEOC are allegations of race discrimination, racial harassment, or retaliation from opposition to racial discrimination. 3. In 2007, the EEOC launched a national initiative to combat racial discrimination in the workplace a. The goals of this initiative are called __-______ (Eradicating Racism And Colorism from Employment) b. The goals are to: i. identify __________ that contribute to race and color discrimination. ii. explore ___________ to improve the administrative processing and litigation of race and color discrimination cases. iii. increase public ______________ of race and color discrimination in employment.

Equal Employment Opportunity Commission E-RACE factors strategies awareness

Strategies for Action: Toward Gender Equality Grassroots Movements 1. Feminism and the women's movement a. ____________: the belief that women and men should have equal rights and responsibilities b. The U.S. feminist movement began in Seneca, Falls, NY, in 1848 when a group of women wrote and adopted a women's rights ____________ modeled after the Declaration of Independence. i. Although many early feminists were primarily concerned with suffrage, feminism has it political origins in the abolitionist movement of the 1830s when women learned to question the assumption of "___________ ____________." ii. Their greatest success was the passing of the _________ __________ in 1920, which recognized women's right to vote. c. The rebirth of feminism almost 50 years later was facilitated by: An increase in the number of women in the labor force; Publication of Betty Friedan's book _____ __________ ___________; An escalating divorce rate; The socially and politically liberal climate of the 1960s; Student activism; The establishment of the Commission on the Status of Women by John F. Kennedy. i. The National Organization for Women (NOW) was established in 1966 and remains the largest feminist organization in U.S., with more than 500,000 members in 550 chapters. ii. One of NOW's hardest-fought battles is to win ratification of _______ __________ ____________ (ERA) to the U.S. Constitution, which states that "equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the U.S., or by any state, on account of sex;" Although the bill passed in the House and the Senate, it has yet to be ratified by the required 38 states. d. Today, a new wave of feminism is being led by young women and men who grew up with the benefits won by their mothers but who are shocked by the current conditions of women in the U.S. and worldwide.i. Today, young feminists are more inclusive than their predecessors, welcoming all who champion the cause of global equality.

Feminism manifesto natural superiority Nineteenth Amendment The Feminine Mystique Equal Rights Amendment

Social Problems and Traditional Gender Role Socialization The ___________ of ____________ 1. Women in the US make up a majority of minimum wage workers and are significantly more likely to live in poverty than men. a. The 2 groups most likely to be poor are female heads of households with dependent children and women over age ___ who have outlived their spouses. 2. It is often assumed that anti-poverty programs designed to address overall economic inequality will reduce the feminization of poverty, however an analysis of poverty in 18 affluent countries shows feminization of poverty is both ____________ and unique in its origins (tied to the percent of single mother families and the female/male ratio among the elderly).

Feminization of Poverty universal

Problems of Work and Unemployment C. Slavery 1. ___________ ___________ (slavery) is work performed under of punishment and is undertaken involuntarily. 2. Worldwide at least ______________ people are victims of forced labor. 3. Forms of slavery and forced labor a. The form of slavery most are familiar with is __________ slavery, in which slaves are considered property that can be bought and sold. b. The most common form of forced labor today is called _____________ labor. i. ___________ laborers are usually illiterate landless rural poor who take out a loan simply to survive or to pay for a wedding, funeral, medicines, fertilizer, or other necessities. ii. Debtors must work for the creditor to pay back the loan, but often they are unable to repay it. c. Another common form of forced labor involves ____ slavery. d. Migrant workers are particularly vulnerable because if they try to escape and report their abuse, they risk deportation.

Forced labor 27 million chattel bonded Bonded sex

Prejudice and Racism Learning to be Prejudiced: The Role of Socialization and the Media 1. Psychological theories of prejudice focus on forces within the individual that give rise to prejudice. a. __________-____________ theory (scapegoating theory) suggests prejudice is a form of hostility that results from frustration and minorities are convenient targets for displaced aggression. b. _________-_____________ theory: people with an authoritarian personality (who are highly conformist, intolerant, cynical, and preoccupied with power) are prone to being prejudiced. c. Sociologists focus on social rather than individual forces that contribute to prejudice. 2. Learning prejudice through _____________ a. In the socialization process, individuals adopt the values, beliefs, and perceptions of their family, peers, culture, and social groups. b. Prejudice is taught and learned through socialization, although it need not be taught directly and intentionally. 3. Prejudice and the media a. Media contribute to prejudice by portraying minorities in negative and stereotypical ways, or by not portraying them at all. b. Another way media contributes to prejudices is "_______ _________ _________".

Frustration-aggression Authoritarian-personality socialization white power music

The Global Context: Diversity Worldwide C. Patterns of Racial and Ethnic Group Interaction 1. ____________: the deliberate annihilation of an entire nation or people a. The European invasion of the Americas in the 16th century resulted in the decimation of most of the original inhabitants of North and South America. b. In the 20th century, Hitler led Nazi extermination of more than 12 million people, including over 6 million Jews, in what has come to be known as the Holocaust. c. More recently, in the early 1990s, ethnic Serbs attempted to eliminate Muslims from parts of Bosnia—a process they called "_____________ _____________." 2. _____________: a dominant group forces a subordinate group to leave the country or live only in designated areas of country a. The 1830 Indian Removal Act called for the relocation of eastern tribes to land west of the Mississippi River, referred to as the "Trail of Tears." b. After Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, 120,000 Japanese Americans were forced into evacuation camps surrounded by barbed wire. 3. _____________: physical separation of groups in residence, work, and social functions a. Segregation can be ____ ______ (by law) or ____ _______ (in fact). b. Jim Crow laws that separated blacks from whites, and were upheld by 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson Supreme Court decision. c. Although ___ _______ segregation is illegal in the U.S., ___ _______ segregation still exists in the tendency for racial and ethnic groups to live and go to school in segregated neighborhoods. 4. ___________: adopting the culture of a group different from the one in which a person was originally raised. a. May involve learning the dominant language, adopting new values and behaviors, and changing the spelling of the family name. 5. ____________: a state in which racial and ethnic groups maintain their distinctness, but respect each other and have equal access to social resources a. In _____________, four ethnic groups—French, Italians, Germans, and Swiss Germans—maintain their distinct cultural heritage and group identity in an atmosphere of mutual respect and social equality. 6. ______________: the process by which formerly distinct and separate groups merge and become integrated as one. a. __________ ____________: members of different groups are integrated in personal, intimate relationships, as with friends, family, spouses b. __________ ______________: different groups become integrated in public areas and social institutions, such as neighborhoods, schools, workplace, and government. c. Sometimes referred to as the "melting pot" whereby different groups come together and contribute equally to a new, common culture. i. Although the U.S. has been referred to as a melting pot, in reality, many minorities have been excluded or limited in their cultural contributions to the white Anglo-Saxon Protestant tradition.

Genocide ethnic cleansing Expulsion Segregation de jure, de facto de jure, de facto Acculturation Pluralism Switzerland Assimilation Primary assimilation Secondary assimilation

Strategies for Action: Responding to Prejudice, Racism, and Discrimination Retrospective Justice Initiatives: Apologies and Reparations 1. In 2003, Brown University President Ruth J. Simmons appointed a Steering Committee on Slavery and Justice to investigate and issue a public report on the University's historical relationship to slavery and the transatlantic slave trade. a. The committee's final report included various recommendations for ways that Brown University should acknowledge and make amends for its past ties to the slave trade. 2. Various governments around the world have issued official apologies for racial and ethnic oppression (e.g., West Germany after the Holocaust). 3. In the United States: a. President _______ _______ and Congress apologized to Japanese Americans for their internment during World War II, and reparations of $20,000 were granted to each surviving internee who was a U.S. citizen or legal resident alien at time of internment. b. In 1993, President _____ _________ apologized to native Hawaiians for overthrowing their nation. c. In 1994, the state of _______ offered monetary compensation to the survivors and descendents of the 1923 murders and destruction of a black town. d. In 1997, the U.S. government offered monetary reparations to surviving victims of the __________ Syphilis Study, in which Blacks suffering from syphilis were denied medical treatment. e. Various forms of reparations were offered to Indian tribes to compensate for land that had been taken by force or deception; however, the U.S. government has never issued an official apology to Native Americans for the atrocities committed against them. 4. The growing movement to redress past large-scale violations of human rights is based on moral principles of taking responsibility for and attempting to rectify past wrongdoings. a. Supporters of the ___________ justice movement believe that the granting of apologies and reparations to groups that have been mistreated promotes dialogue and healing, increases awareness of present inequalities, and stimulates political action to remedy current injustices. b. Some who are opposed to this movement argue that "the quest for historical redress, and for monetary reparations in particular, is just one more symptom of the '________ of__________,' of the elevation of victimhood and group grievance over self-reliance and common nationality," while others claim that preoccupation with past injustice is a distraction from the challenge of present injustice.

Gerald Ford Bill Clinton Florida Tuskegee reparative culture of complaint

Discrimination Against Racial and Ethnic Minorities 1. _________ _________: unlawful acts of violence motivated by prejudice or bias. a. These crimes are also known as bias-motivated crimes and ethnoviolence. b. They include intimidation (e.g. threats), destruction/damage of property, physical assault, and murder. 2. Since 1995, the majority of hate crimes have been based on racial bias. a. FBI hate crime data undercounts the actual number of hate crimes, because: i. Not all U.S. jurisdictions report hate crimes to the FBI. ii. It is difficult to prove that crimes are motivated by hate or prejudice. iii. Law enforcement agencies shy away from classifying crimes as hate crimes because it makes their community "look bad." iv. Victims are often reluctant to report hate crimes to the authorities. 3. After the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, hate crimes against individuals perceived to be Muslim or Middle Eastern increased significantly. a. _____________ - anti-Muslim and anti-Islam bias is largely based on ignorance and misunderstanding of Islam 4. Motivations for hate crimes are of three distinct types: thrill, defensive, and mission. a. _________ hate crime: most common hate crime; committed by offenders who are looking for excitement and attack victims for the "fun of it." b. ___________ hate crimes: offenders view their attacks as necessary to protect their community, workplace, or college campus from outsiders or to protect their racial and cultural purity from being contaminated by interracial marriage and childbearing. c. __________ hate crimes: perpetrated by white supremacist group members of other offenders who have committed their lives to bigotry. 5. According to the FBI, one in ten hate crimes occurs at schools or colleges

Hate Crimes Islamophobia Thrill Defensive Mission

Sociological Theories of Gender Inequality Conflict Perspective 1. Male dominance and female subordination are shaped by the relationship men and women have to production process. a. _________ and __________ societies: women and men were economic equals, each controlling their own labor and producing needed subsistence. b. _________ __________ developed and men gained control of production while women remained in home to bear and care for children. i. Male domination was furthered by ___________ laws that ensured that ownership would remain in their hands and laws that regarded women as property. c. As industrialization continued and the production of goods and services moved away from the home, the male-female gaps continued to grow. 2. Continued domination by males requires a belief system that supports gender ____________. a. Two such beliefs are that women are inferior outside the home and more valuable in the home. b. The subordinate position of women in society is a consequence of _________ ___________ rather than biological differences that led to the traditional division of labor.

Hunting and gathering Private property inheritance inequality social inducement

The Global Context: Diversity Worldwide A. ___________ ___________: a category of people who have unequal access to positions of power, prestige, and wealth in a society and who tend to be targets of prejudice and discrimination 1. Minority status is not based on numerical representation in society but rather on ___________ ___________.

Minority Group Social Status

Strategies for Action: Responses to Problems of Work and Unemployment D. Responses to Workplace Health and Safety Concerns 1. There have been federal legislative measures passed to strengthen worker health related policies a. Through _________ the government develops, monitors, and enforces health and safety regulations in the workplace. b. Legislation to strengthen _________ and worker safety is frequently introduced but often fails to pass. 2. Behavior-based safety programs a. A ________________ health and safety strategy used by business management is behavior-based safety programs. b. Instead of examining how work processes and conditions compromise health and safety on the job, behavior-based safety programs direct attention to workers as the problem. i. Behavior-based programs claim that most job injuries and illnesses are caused by workers' _______________ and unsafe acts. c. Critics contend that behavior-based safety programs divert attention away from the ___________ failure to provide safe working conditions. i. Workers whose employers have implemented behavior-based safety programs describe an atmosphere of fear in the workplace, such that workers are reluctant to report injuries and illnesses for fear of being labeled an "unsafe worker."

OSHA OSHA controversial carelessness employer's

Discrimination Against Racial and Ethnic Minorities Individual vs Institutional Discrimination 1. Individual discrimination occurs when individuals treat persons unfairly or unequally because of their group membership. a. ________ discrimination: individual discriminates because of his or her own prejudice b. ___________ discrimination: discrimination based on prejudice of others 2. Institutional discrimination occurs when normal operations and procedures of social institutions result in unequal treatment of minorities. a. Institutional discrimination is covert and insidious and maintains the ___________ position of minorities in society (e.g., the practice of businesses moving out of inner-city areas results in reduced employment opportunities for minority groups). b. Institututional discrimination also occurs in education (e.g., use of standard intelligence tests that are culturally biased; unequal school funding). c. Institutional discrimination is also found in the criminal justice system d. Institutional discrimination concern is found in voting rights.

Overt Adaptive subordinate

Strategies for Action: Trends and Innovation in American Education Advocacy and Grassroots Movements a. ______ ________ __________- - State legislation that allows parents to intervene in their children's education and schooling.

Parent Trigger Laws

The Global Context: Diversity Worldwide B. The Social Construction of Race and Ethnicity 1. _______: a category of people who are believed to share distinct physical characteristics that are deemed socially significant. 2. Race as a biological concept: Cultural definitions of race have taught us to view race as a scientific categorization based on biological differences; however, races are not biologically ______. a. no blood or genetic tests for race b. categories are __________ c. people more similar genetically than different 3. Race as a social concept a. race is socially _____________ b. systems of racial classification change over time 4. __________ as a social construction a. _____________ refers to a shared cultural heritage, or nationality b. involves language, family forms, food, art, religion and ancestral origin

Race real arbitrary constructed Ethnicity Ethnicity

Prejudice and Racism Introduction 1. ___________: the belief that race accounts for differences in human character and ability and that a particular race is superior to others. 2. ____________ _____________ refers to the systematic distribution of power, resources, and opportunity in ways that benefits whites and disadvantages minorities. 3. _____________: negative attitudes and feelings toward or about an entire category of people: a particular religion, sexual orientation, political affiliation, age, social class, sex, race, or ethnicity.

Racism Institutional Racism Prejudice

The Global Context: The Status of Women and Men Defining Sexism and Gender 1. ________: the belief that innate psychological, behavioral, and/or intellectual differences exist between women and men and that these differences connote the superiority of one group and the inferiority of the other. 2. Discerning the basis for discrimination is often difficult because the different types of minority status may intersect. a. _____ or ______ (multiple) jeopardy occurs when a person is a member of 2 or more minority groups. 3. Gender, the social definitions and expectations associated with being female or male, should be distinguished from sex, one's ________ identity. a. Most Western cultures take for granted that there are _____ categories of gender. b. In many other societies, three and four genders have been recognized. c. Recognition that gender is not ________ is increasing, as evidenced by Obama's proposal to bar discrimination against federal transgender—individuals whose sense of gender identity is inconsistent with their birth sex—employees.

Sexism Double or triple biological two binary

Sociological Theories of Education A. __________-_________ Perspective 1. Education serves important tasks for society such as instruction, socialization, sorting individuals into various statuses and custodial care. 2. Many social problems may be linked to the failure of the educational system to fulfill its basic ____________. 3. Structural functionalists also examine how educational affects and is affected by other __________. (e.g., family, politics, economy) 4. _______________ a. A major function of education is to teach students knowledge and skills necessary for future occupational roles, self-development, and social functioning. 5. _____________ a. Education teaches students to respect authority and socializes youth into the dominant culture (e.g., holidays, Standard English) b. As racial and ethnic minority groups have increased, schools have to decide whether to teach one common culture or emphasize cultural diversity c. Multicultural education: education that includes all racial and ethnic groups in the school curriculum 6. Sorting individuals into ____________ a. Schools sort individuals into ___________ by providing credentials based on achievement, and professional ____________ by awarding degrees in medicine, engineering, and law. 7. ___________ ______ a. Education provides custodial care by providing supervision and care for children and adolescents until they are 18.

Structural-Functionalist functions institutions Instruction Socialization statuses, statuses, status Custodial Care

Sociological Theories of Education ____________-____________ Perspective 1. Concerned with the ___________ and small-group issues in education, such as student-teacher-student interactions and the _____-_________ prophecy 2. Teacher-student interactions a. Middle and upper class students may elicit greater teacher approval due to their verbal and social skills, whereas disadvantaged children bring fewer social and verbal skills to middle-class teachers that are likely to elicit less approval and can result in lower self-esteem 3. The _______-____________ prophecy occurs when people act in a manner consistent with expectations of others a. A teacher who defines a student as "slow" may call on the student less, encourage them to pursue easier subjects, and assign them to lower ability groups or tracks, which can result in the student performing at a lower level.

Symbolic-Interactionist individual self-fulfilling self-fulfilling

Immigrants in the United States U.S. Immigration: a Historical Perspective 1. For the first 100 years of U.S. history, _____ immigrants were allowed to enter and become permanent residents. 2. The continuing influx of immigrants created fear and resentment among native-born Americans who competed with immigrants for jobs and held ______ views toward some racial and ethnic immigrant populations. a. Increasing pressure from U.S. citizens led to the end of the open door policy with the __________ __________ ___________ of 1882, which suspended for 10 years the entrance of Chinese to the U.S. and declared the Chinese ineligible for citizenship. b. The ____________ ______________ of 1917 required all immigrants to pass a literacy test before entering the U.S. c. In the 1920's legislation was passed that limed the number of immigrants who could enter the country in a single year, with stricter limitations for certain countries. d. The 1924 ___________ ___________ further limited the number of immigrants allowed into the U.S., and completely excluded the Japanese. 3. In 2011, about _____% were born in a foreign country.

all racist Chinese Exclusion Act Immigration Act Immigration Act 13%

Immigrants in the United States Myths about Immigration and Immigrants 1. Many foreign born U.S. residents work hard to succeed. a. The percentage of foreign born adults with a __________ degree matches that of native born U.S. adults. b. However, many myths remain. 2. Myth #1: Immigrants take jobs away from native workers. a. Immigrant employment is concentrated in a small number of sectors. b. Immigrants have modest negative effects on the employment of less educated U.S. workers, provide labor in sectors where shortages might otherwise occur, and reduce prices of some products and services. 3. Myth #2: Immigrants drain the public welfare system and our public schools. a. Unauthorized and temporary immigrants are ___________ for most Federal programs b. Children of unauthorized immigrants (73% are U.S. citizens) comprise _______% of students in elementary and secondary schools. c. States do bear costs of social services, education and medical services for immigrants, however research suggests that economic benefits of immigrants outweigh the costs of supporting them. d. Many immigrants pay Social Security taxes, even though the workers will not collect Social Security payments because they are not citizens. 4. Myth #3: Immigrants do not want to learn English. a. Only ___ in ____ foreign born people does not speak English at all. 5. Myth #4: Undocumented immigrants have children in the U.S. as a means of gaining legal status. a. Having U.S. citizen children does not provide a means of gaining legal status. b. Children under age ____ are not allowed to petition for parents' citizenship. 6. Myth #5: Immigrants have high rates of criminal behavior. a. Immigrants are _______ likely than natives to commit crimes

bachelor's ineligible 6.8% 1 in 10 less

The Global Context: The New Global Economy B. Capitalism and Socialism 1. Under capitalism, private individuals or groups invest ___________ (money, technology, machines) to produce goods and services to sell for a ___________ in a competitive market. a. Capitalism is characterized by economic motivation through profit, the determination of prices through _____________ and _____________, and the absence of government intervention in the economy. b. Critics of capitalism argue that it creates too many social evils, including __________ workers, ___________ working conditions, near-poverty wages, unemployment, a ____________ and depleted environment, and world conflict over _______________. 2. Socialism is an economic system characterized by ____________ ownership of the means of production and distribution of goods and services. a. Theoretically, goods and services are distributed based on the ____________ of the citizens b. Socialist economies emphasize collective ______-________ rather than individualistic pursuit of profit. 3. In reality there are no ___________ socialist or capitalistic economies; most countries, including the US, have mixed economies that incorporate elements of capitalism and socialism.

capital, profit supply and demand alienated, poor, polluted, resources state needs well-being pure

Strategies for Action: Trends and Innovation in American Education Character Education 1. Research indicates that ___________ is a fairly common event among students in the U.S. 2. To many, this signifies need for character education—education that emphasizes the ________ and __________ aspects of an individual.

cheating moral and ethical

Problems of Work and Unemployment B. Employment Concerns of Recent College Grads 1. Having a college ___________ is no guarantee of employment in a struggling economy. a. The unemployment rate for young recent college graduates was _______ % in 2013. 2. Many college graduates are moving back in with their parents. a. ________ of college grads are living with parents. Many graduates cannot find work in their field or that even requires a college degree.

degree 8.8% 45%

Problems of Work and Unemployment E. Child Labor 1. Child labor involves a child performing work that is hazardous, that interferes with a child's education, or that harms a child's health or physical, mental, social, or moral ______________. a. Child labor persists throughout the world even though virtually ________ country has laws that prohibit or limit the extent to which children can be employed. b. An estimated __________ school-age child laborers exist throughout the world. 2. Child laborers work in factories, workshops, construction sites, mines, quarries, and fields, and on fishing boat. 3. Illegal and oppressive employment of children also occurs in the U.S. in restaurants, grocery stores, meat- packing plants, garment factories and agriculture.

development every 215 million

Problems of Work and Unemployment I. Alienation 1. One form of job ____________ is a feeling of alienation. a. Work in industrialized societies is characterized by a high degree of division of labor and specialization of work roles, creating repetitive and monotonous tasks that involve little or no ___________; workers are unable to express and utilize their full potential—intellectual, emotional, and physical. b. According to Marx, when workers are merely cogs in a machine, they become alienated, or ____________ from their work, the product they create, other human beings, and themselves. c. Alienation usually has four components: powerlessness, meaninglessness, ______________, and self-estrangement. 2. McDonaldization of the workplace a. Sociologist ____________ _____________ coined the term McDonaldization to refer to the process by which the principles of the fast food industry are being applied to more and more sectors of society, particularly the workplace. b. McDonaldization involves four principles: i. ____________. Tasks are completed in the most efficient way possible by following prescribed steps in a process overseen by managers. ii. _______________. Quantitative aspects of products and services (such as portion size, cost, and the time it takes to serve the product) are emphasized over quality. iii. _______________. Products and services are uniform and standardized. iv. Control through ______________. Automation and mechanization are used in the workplace to replace human labor.

dissatisfaction creativity estranged normlessness George Ritzer Efficiency Calculability Predictability Technology

Strategies for Action: Trends and Innovation in American Education The Debate over School Choice 1. Traditionally children have gone to school in the _________ where they live; school vouchers, charter schools, home schooling, and private schools provide parents with alternative school choices for their children. 2. School ____________: tax credits used for public or private school parents select. a. Proponents argue vouchers reduce segregation and increase school quality as schools compete for students. b. Opponents argue that vouchers drain funds and the best students away from public schools; increase segregation as white parents use them to send their children to private schools with few minorities; and use of vouchers for religious schools violates separation of church and state. 3. ___________ __________: originate in contracts, or charters, which state a plan of instruction that must be approved by local or state authorities. a. Vouchers can also be used for charter schools. b. Charter schools may be funded by foundations, universities, private benefactors, or entrepreneurs, or tax dollars. c. Critics argue vouchers increase segregation, reduce public school resources, and "steal away" top students. d. Proponents argue charter schools encourage innovation and reform, and increase student learning outcomes. e. Charter school enrollment was 2.3 million in the 2012-2013 school year. 4. _____________ of schools a. 4.7 million of K-12 students are enrolled in private schools. b. Parents' reasons for private schooling include religious instruction and belief that private schools are superior in terms of academic achievement. c. Some evidence suggests public school students fair as well or better than private school students

district vouchers Charter schools Privatization of schools

Sociological Theories of Gender Inequality Structural-Functionalist Perspective 1. Pre-industrial society required a ___________ of ___________ based on gender. a. Women, out of biological necessity, remained at home performing such functions as bearing, nursing, and caring for children. b. Men, who were physically stronger and could be away from home for long periods of time, were responsible for providing food, clothing, and shelter. c. This _________ of ________ was functional and came to be defined as normal and natural. 2. Industrialized society rendered the traditional _______ of _________ less functional. a. Today, because of daycare facilities, lower fertility rates, and the less physically demanding and dangerous nature of jobs, the traditional division of labor is no longer as functional. b. Families have evolved from extended to nuclear, authority is more ___________, more women work outside the home, and greater role variation exists in the division of labor.

division of labor division of labor division of labor egalitarian

Social Problems and Traditional Gender Role Socialization Gender Role Socialization and Health Outcomes 1. Men are less likely to go to a _________, have poorer health, and a higher risk of mortality than females at every stage of life. a. Men in the U.S. die about ___ years earlier than women. b. Traditionally defined gender roles for men are linked to high rates of cirrhosis of the liver, many cancers, cardiovascular diseases, and self-destructive behaviors. 2. ____/_____ disproportionately affects women in many areas of the world, even though men have higher rates of the disease. a. Women's inequality contributes to the spread of the disease. i. In many countries, women lack the power in relationships to refuse sex or negotiate _________ sex. ii. Gender norms often dictate that men have more sexual partners than women, putting women at greater risk. iii. Women are often the victims of _____ and sexual assault with little social or legal recourse. b. Women and girls are also impacted by deaths from preventable complications during pregnancy and childbirth, exposure to pollutants while cooking, lung cancer and tobacco-related illnesses resulting from being targeted in developing nations, and illnesses related to being poor, being viewed as less worthy of care, and being forbidden to travel ______________ by a male.

doctor HIV/AIDS protected rape unaccompanied

The Global Context: The Status of Women and Men Inequality in the United States 1. In the U.S., women have had to fight for equality: the right to vote, equal pay for comparable work, quality education, entrance into male-dominated occupations, and legal equality. a. The World Economic Forum ranks the U.S. 22nd in the world in gender equality. b. Most citizens agree that U.S. society _____ ____ treat women and men equally: Women have lower incomes, likely to live in poverty. 2. Men are also victims of gender inequality. a. In 1963, sociologist Erving Goffman observed that any male who failed to qualify as young, married, white, urban, northern, heterosexual, Protestant, college educated, fully employed, of good complexion, weight and height, and a recent record in sports is likely to view himself as unworthy, incomplete, and ________. b. _________ is still based on "success"—at work, on the athletic field, on the streets, and at home—which must be maintained and proven, placing pressure on boys and men.

does not inferior Masculinity

Sociological Theories of Race and Ethnic Relations Structural-Functionalist Perspective 1. Racial and ethnic inequality is _____________ for society. a. A society that practices discrimination fails to develop and utilized the resources of minority members. b. Prejudice and discrimination aggravate social problems, such as crime and violence, war, unemployment and poverty, health problems, family problems, urban decay, and drug use—problems that cause human suffering as well as impose financial burdens on individuals and society. 2. A ____________ function of 1960s civil rights legislation was to improve conditions for minorities; latent _______________ are that whites became more likely to blame blacks for social disadvantages because civil rights legislation supposedly ended racial discrimination.

dysfunctional manifest dysfunctions

Problems in the American Educational System Lack of ____________ support

financial

I. THE GLOBAL CONTEXT: CROSS-CULTURAL VARIATIONS IN EDUCATION A. Many societies have no __________ education system. 1. U.S. has 142,000 schools, 5.2 million primary and secondary teachers and college faculty, 5.6 million administrators and support staff, and 76.3 million students. 1. __ in ___ adults cannot read or write, mostly women. B. Education statistics on 35 countries show: 1. In general, educational levels are _______. 2. There is a clear line between education and ____________, and education and employment. a. The more education one has, the higher their income and greater likelihood of employment. 3. Spending varies widely by country. a. The average is $7,637 per student each year. b. Mexico, Argentina and Brazil spend less than ______________ per student each year. c. The U.S. spends over ____________ per student each year. 4. Average student-teacher ratio is __:__ but increases as grade level increases. a. Teacher salaries have increased over the last decade in almost all countries. b. U.S. teachers earn average salaries ($56,069 in 2011) but work more _______ than any of the other countries. 5. Educational attainment is __________. 6. Students in 65 countries took a test to measure proficiency in various subjects.

formal 1 in 5 rising income $4,000 $10,000 22:1 hours increasing

Strategies for Action: Responding to Prejudice, Racism, and Discrimination Educational Strategies 1. One way to improve the educational system is to reduce or eliminate disparities in school __________. 2. Multicultural education in schools and communities a. Multicultural education encompasses a broad range of programs and strategies that work to dispel myths, stereotypes, and ignorance about minorities; promote tolerance and appreciation of diversity; and include minorities in the school curriculum. b. With multicultural education the school curriculum reflects the diversity of U.S. society and fosters an awareness and appreciation of the contributions of different racial and ethnic groups to U.S. culture. c. Many colleges and universities offer courses and degree programs in racial and ethnic studies, and multicultural events and student organizations. 3. ___________ studies a. Courses in ____________ Studies, which are being offered in many colleges and universities, focus on increasing awareness of white privilege—an awareness that is limited among white students .4. Diversification of college student populations a. Recruiting and admitting racial and ethnic minorities in institutions of higher education can foster positive relationships among diverse groups and enriches the education of all students—minority and nonminority alike. b. Gordon Allport's "_____________ ___________" suggests that contact between groups is necessary for the reduction of prejudice between group members.

funding Whiteness whiteness contact hypothesis

Strategies for Action: Trends and Innovation in American Education Introduction 1. Americans consistently rank improving education as one of their top priorities. 2. Recent attempts to improve schools include raising graduation requirements, barring failing students from participating in extracurricular activities, lengthening the school year, and prohibiting dropouts from obtaining driver's licenses. 3. Education reformers are calling for changes that go beyond _____-_________ policies that maintain the status quo.

get tough

Social Problems and Traditional Gender Role Socialization The Social-Psychological Costs of Gender Socialization 1. A study of 10-17 year olds found higher levels of depression, stress and rumination (worrying) among _____ than ______. 2. Transgender individuals also suffer from self-esteem issues and depression. i. 41% reported attempted _________. 3. Traditional male socialization discourages males from expressing emotion and asking for help which is sometimes called '_____ ______'. 4. Adolescent girls compared to adolescent boys are also more likely to be dissatisfied with their looks, including physical attractiveness, appearance, and body weight. i. According to Mnet, media messages perpetuate women's insecurities for economic purposes. 5. Boys are also concerned about body image and as adults their self-esteem is linked to body shape and weight.

girls than boys suicide boy code

The Global Context: The New Global Economy A. Introduction 1. Innovations in communication and information technology have spawned the emergence of a ___________ ___________--an interconnected network of economic activity that transcends national borders and spans the world a. The global financial ___________ of 2007-2009, which originated in the US and spread throughout the world, illustrates the globalization of the economic institution b. The economic institution refers to the structure and means by which a society ____________, ________________, and _____________ goods and services. d. The US financial crisis triggered a huge ____________ in world trade. e. The global economic crisis re-ignited debate between those who view _____________ as the cause of economic problems in the world, and whose who hail ____________ as "the greatest engine of economic progress and prosperity known to mankind.

global economy crisis produces, distributes, and consumes drop capitalism, capitalism

Problems in the American Educational System Inadequate School Facilities 1. National spending on school construction is about _______ of what it was before the recession. a. It is estimated that state governments need over $_____ billion for school infrastructure repairs, renovations, etc. b. Because of development patterns, many of the most disadvantaged schools are in large ________ areas. c. Research documents a relationship between school environment and academic achievement; particularly lighting, air quality, humidity and temperature, overcrowding and acoustics are linked to school performance and the health of students and teachers.

half 270 urban

Problems of Work and Unemployment F. Health and Safety in the U.S. Workplace 1. In 2013, 4,585 U.S. workers—most of whom were men— died of fatal work-related injuries. 2. Incidence of job-related illness and injury is probably much __________ than statistics show: longterm latent illnesses are difficult to relate to the workplace and are not recognized and reported; employees don't report injuries for fear of losing their job or being deported; companies don't always maintain accurate records to avoid scrutiny and fines for possible violations.

higher

Sociological Theories of Work and the Economy A. Structural-Functionalist Perspective 1. The economic ________________ is one of the most important social ________________ a. It provides basic _____________, including food, clothing, and shelter; by providing basic survival needs it contributes to social stability 2. The economic institution may be ___________________ when it fails to provide members with needed goods and services, when distribution is grossly unequal, and when production, distribution and consumption of goods and services depletes and pollutes the environment 3. The structural-functionalist perspective is also concerned with how ______________ in one aspect of society affect other aspects a. For example, when unemployment rises, college enrollment increases, crime increases, and tax revenues decrease, which hurts the government's ability to pay for ______________ (e.g., education, police, etc.).

institution, institutions necessities dysfunctional changes services

Understanding Race, Ethnicity, and Immigration A. Achieving racial and ethnic equality requires alterations in the structure of society 1. See how discrimination is ___________ in the structure of society. 2. Opportunities must be ____________. 3. Wealth gap must be___________. 4. Issues of race and ethnic inequality must not obscure the larger issue of _________ ___________.

institutionalized increased decreased social class

Understanding Problems in Education All can agree that significant reform is needed to meet the needs of a global economy in the 21st century and more importantly to equalize social differences among members of a nation. 1. To combat the problems that remain we must do the following: a. _________ in teacher education and empirically documented techniques b. savage inequalities based on race, ethnicity and _______ must be addressed c. the general public needs to become involved d. be wary of _________ principles in schools e. early childhood development must be ____________

invest SES market emphasized

The Social Construction of Gender Roles: Cultural Sexism Family Relations and Cultural Sexism 1. From birth, males and females are treated differently, 2. The toys that male and female children receive convey different messages about gender. 3. Household division of labor a. Globally, women and girls continue to be responsible for household ______________, and women are responsible for the majority of hours of unpaid labor. b. Boys and girls work within the home in approximately ________ amounts until the age of 18, when the sex-ratio begins to change. c. The fact that women, even when working full-time, contribute significantly more hours to home care than men is known as the "______ ________." d. Three explanations for continued traditional division of labor (not mutually exclusive): i. "________-__________ ___________," consistent with structural- functionalism, claims that role performance is a function of who has time to complete the task. ii. "__________ ___________ __________," consistent with conflict theory, argues the spouse with the least power is relegated the most unrewarding tasks. iii. "____________ ________ _________," consistent with symbolic interactionism, argues that the division of labor results from traditional socialization and accompanying attitudes and beliefs.

maintenance equal second shift Time-availability approach Relative resources approach Gender role ideology

Sociological Theories of Race and Ethnic Relations Symbolic-Interactionist Perspective 1. Focuses on the social construction of race and ethnicity—how we learn conceptions and meanings of racial and ethnic distinctions through interaction with others. 2. Concerned with how ___________ and ____________ affect racial and ethnic groups and intergroup interaction. 3. The labeling perspective considers the role of negative _____________ in race and ethnicity. a. _____________ are exaggerations or generalizations about the characteristics and behavior of a particular group. b. Negative stereotypes of racial and ethnic groups lead to _____-________ _____________. c. Even stereotypes that appear to be positive can have negative effects (e.g., the view of Asian-Americans as a "________ ___________" masks discrimination and creates high expectations). 4. Individuals learn negative stereotypes and prejudicial attitudes through language (e.g., negative terms associated with black and positive terms associated with white).

meanings and definitions stereotypes Stereotypes self-fulfilling prophecy model minority

The Global Context: The New Global Economy D. Transnational Corporations 1. Free trade agreements have opened markets to ______________ (and higher prices) by facilitating development of large-scale transnational corporations. 2. Transnational corporations (multinational corporations) have a _________ ___________ in one country and branches, or affiliates, in other countries. 3. Transnational corporations provide _________ for U.S. managers, secure ___________ for U.S. investors, and help the U.S. ___________ in the global economy; benefit from increased access to raw materials, cheap foreign labor, and avoidance of government regulations (e.g., labor laws, working conditions, environmental regulations, etc.) 4. Transnational companies can also avoid or reduce tax liabilities by moving their headquarters to a "________ ________." 5. The savings that transnational corporations reap from cheap labor abroad are used to increase ___________ rather than lower ___________ of products. a. Transnational corporations contribute to the trade deficit (more goods are produced and exported from outside the U.S.); contribute to the budget deficit by not paying taxes yet pressuring government to protect their interests through military spending; contribute to U.S. unemployment; and are implicated in other social problems, such as poverty resulting from fewer jobs, urban decline resulting from factories moving away, and racial and ethnic tensions resulting from competition for jobs.

monopolies home base jobs, profits, compete tax haven profits, products

Discrimination Against Racial and Ethnic Minorities Educational Discrimination and Segregation 1. Both institutional and individual discrimination in education negatively affect racial and ethnic minorities and help to explain why minorities (with the exception of Asian Americans) tend to achieve lower levels of academic attainment and success. 2. Inequality in school funding disproportionately hurts minority student. 3. Policies that give preference to college applicants whose parents or grandparents are alumni is advantageous to whites. 4. Minorities also experience individual discrimination in schools as a result of continuing prejudice among teachers. 5. Educational materials (e.g. textbooks) distort the history and heritages of people of color. 6. Racial and ethnic minorities are largely isolated from whites in an increasingly segregated school system. a. A study found that U.S. schools in the 2000-2001 school year were _________ segregated than they were in 1970.

more

Strategies for Action: Toward Gender Equality The men's movement a. As a consequence of the women's right movement, men began to reevaluate their own gender status. b. The men's movement has a variety of factions. i. The _____________- men's movement is one of the early branches of the movement, which began after the publication of Robert Bly's ______ ______—a fairy tale about men's wounded masculinity that was on the New York Times bestseller list for more than 60 weeks. ii. Some men's organizations advocate gender equality and work to make men more accountable for sexism, violence, and homophobia (e.g., The National Organization of Men Against Sexism (NOMAS) and the national network of Men's Resource Centers). iii. Some men's groups focus on issues concerning children and fathers' rights. iv. Other concerns on the agenda of some men's rights groups include the domestic violence committed against men by women, false allegations of child sexual abuse, wrongful paternity suits, and the oppressive nature of restrictive masculine gender norms.

mythopoetic Iron John

The Global Context: The New Global Economy C. The Globalization of Trade and Free Trade Agreements 1. The globalization of trade--the expansion of trade of raw materials, manufactured goods, and agricultural products across _____________ and _______________ borders--has also changed the nature of economic life 2. The first set of global trade rules were adopted through the _____________ ______________ on ___________ and ____________ (GATT) in 1947. a. In 1995, the ___________ ___________ ___________ (WTO) replaced GATT to oversee trade 3. In the 1980s and early 1990s, U.S. officials began negotiating _______________ free trade agreements that would open doors to U.S. goods in neighboring countries and reduce the massive U.S. trade deficit. a. Free trade agreements are ____________ between two or more countries that make trade easier. 4. Free trade agreements also undermine the ability of national, state, and local governments to implement _____________ and ___________ or ____________ safety policies. 5. Free trade agreements have also made it easier for U. S. companies to move jobs ______________, usually to countries with lower wages and few environmental, health or safety regulations.

national and hemispheric General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade World Trade Organization regional pacts environmental and food or product offshore

Immigrants in the United States Becoming a US citizen 1. In 2010, 40 million of all foreign-born U.S. residents were ________________ citizens. 2. To become a U.S. citizen: a. They have resided continuously as a lawful permanent U.S. resident for at least ____ years. b. They must be able to read, write, speak, and understand basic English (certain exemptions apply). c. They must show that they have "good moral character." d. To become a U.S. citizen, one must take the oath of allegiance and swear to support the Constitution and obey U.S. laws, renounce any foreign allegiance, and bear arms for the U.S. military or perform services for the U.S. government when required. e. Applicants for U.S. citizenship must pass an __________ on U.S. government and history administered by the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services.

naturalized 5 examination

The Global Context: The Status of Women and Men 1. There is ____ country in the world in which women and men have equal status. 2. The World Economic Forum assessed the gender gap in 132 countries by measuring the extent to which women have achieved equality within four areas: economic participation, education, health and survival, and political empowerment. a. The U.S. ranked ____ out of the 128 countries studied. 3. Gender inequality varies across cultures in extent, degree and form. 4. A ________ perspective on gender inequality must take into account the different ways in which such inequality is viewed (e.g., practices of Muslim women wearing a headscarf in public and female genital cutting are viewed differently to different people).

no 22 global

Problems in the American Educational System Recruitment and Retention of Quality Teachers 1. School districts with inadequate funding and facilities, low salaries, lack of community support, and minimal professional development often have difficulty attracting and retaining ___________ school personnel. a. The number of schoolteachers leaving the field is ____________. b. High teacher ___________ is problematic because newer teachers are less experienced and often less effective, teacher turnover contributes to lack of continuity in programs, and replacing teachers requires recruiting and training expenses, time and effort. 2. Poorer districts are also faced with the demand for talented teachers who can meet the needs of children from diverse backgrounds and of varying abilities. a. The number of __________ teachers who can serve as role models, have similar life experiences, and have similar language and cultural backgrounds is far too few for the number of minority students. b. Recruiting and retaining quality teachers in poverty level schools is critical to the success of its students: researchers report that if a child from a poor family has a good teacher for _______ consecutive years it would close the achievement gap between that child and a child from a higher income family. c. High minority districts are likely to employ __________ teachers and to assign these teachers to areas outside their specialty. d. Minority students are _______ as likely as white students to be taught by substitute teachers. 3. Those who remain in the teaching profession are not necessarily competent or effective. a. Those who go into teaching have ________ college entrance scores than the average college student. 4. Many states have mandatory competency testing in effort to place quality teachers in the classroom and meet federal mandates of "highly qualified" teachers. 5. In an effort to meet the demands for teachers while facing teacher shortages, states are now allowing skilled professionals who do not have teaching degrees to teach. a. Called ________ _________ by some states, the program allows the person to obtain a lateral entry teaching license while teaching in the classroom. b. More than half of the states adopted alternative certification programs, where college graduates with degrees in fields other than education can become certified if they have life experience in industry, the military, or relevant jobs.

qualified increasing turnover minority five beginning twice lower lateral entry

Sociological Theories of Race and Ethnic Relations Conflict Perspective 1. Examines how competition over wealth, power, and prestige contributes to racial and ethnic group tensions. a. The "_______ _______" hypothesis views white racism as a response to perceived or actual threats to whites' economic well-being or cultural dominance by minorities. 2. __________ profit by maintaining a surplus labor force. a. A surplus labor force ensures that wages will remain low, because someone is always available to take a disgruntled worker's place. b. __________ who are disproportionately unemployed serve interests of business owners by providing surplus labor and keeping wages low. 3. Wealthy/powerful elites foster ________ attitudes toward minorities to maintain racial and ethnic tensions among workers. a. As long as workers are divided, they are less likely to join forces to advance their own interests at the expense of the capitalists. b. The "haves" also perpetuate the racial and ethnic tensions among the "have-nots" to deflect attention away from their own greed and exploitation of workers.

racial threat Capitalists Minorities negative

Problems of Work and Unemployment H. Work/Life Conflict 1. 56% of female and 50% of male workers report some interference between work and nonwork ____________. 2. Employed parents with _________ _________ must find and manage child care arrangements, and negotiate time off to care for a sick child or attend school events. 3. Employees with elderly and/or ill parents worry about how they will provide care: __ in __ workers are caregivers for someone over 50. 4. _____________ tend to experience their jobs as interfering with family more than ________; however the level of work- family conflict experienced by women has remained stable over the past 3 decades while men's work-family conflict has increased, probably due to increased male involvement in childcare.

responsibilities young children 2 in 10 Women, men

Sociological Theories of Work and the Economy C. Symbolic-Interactionist Perspective 1. The work _________ is a central part of a person's identity. a. One of the first questions we usually ask new acquaintances is "__________ ________ you ________?" The answer largely defines for us who that person is. b. For many, occupation represents a "___________ __________"--the most significant status in a person's social identity 2. Symbolic interactionism emphasizes that attitudes and behavior are influenced by _________________ with others. a. Employers and managers use interaction techniques that elicit _____________ and _______________ they want from their employees. b. Union organizers are concerned with using _________________ interaction techniques that persuade workers to unionize. c. Parents teach children important lessons about ___________ and ____________________.

role What do you do master status attitudes and behaviors interpersonal work and unemployment

Sociological Theories of Work and the Economy B. Conflict Perspective 1. The ____________ class controls the economic system for its own benefit and exploits and oppresses the __________ masses. 2. The conflict perspective is critical of ways _______________ caters to the interests of big business at the expense of workers, consumers, and the public interest. a. This system of government that serves the interests of corporations—known as __________________—involves ties between government and business. b. Corporate interests find their way into politics through _______________ and _______________. c. The pervasive influence of _______________ power in government exists not only in the United States but also throughout the world.

ruling government corporatocracy lobbying and donations corporate

The Social Construction of Gender Roles: Cultural Sexism Media, Language, and Cultural Sexism 1. Media portray females and males in a limited and stereotypical fashion. a. The documentary So Sexy So Soon documents the sexualizing of young girls and boys. b. Advertising, books, cartoons, songs, toys and television shows create a narrow definition of femininity and sexuality that encourages girls to focus on appearance and __________ _______. c. Men are victimized by media images. i. A recent study of 1,000 adults found that two-thirds of the respondents thought that __________ in television advertisements were pictured as intelligent, assertive and caring, whereas _____ were portrayed as pathetic and silly. ii. A study shows present-day __________ ads portray young men as bumblers and losers and women as hotties and bitches. 2. Words and the way we use them reflect gender inequality. i. The term nurse carries the meaning of "a woman who..." and the term engineer carries the meaning of "a man who." ii. Terms like "broad," "old maid," and "spinster" have no male counterpart. iii. __________ active teenage females are described by terms carrying negative connotations, whereas terms for equally sexually active male teenagers are considered complimentary. iv. Language is so gender stereotyped that the placement of sex before titles is sometimes ____________ (e.g., "female police officer" and "male prostitute").

sex appeal women, men beer Sexually necessary

The Social Construction of Gender Roles: Cultural Sexism The School Experience and Cultural Sexism 1. Textbooks and other instructional materials portray males and females stereotypically. 2. Sexism is also reflected in the way teachers treat students. a. Millions of young girls are subjected to _______ __________ by male teachers. b. Elementary and secondary school teachers pay more attention to ______ than _______. 3. Differing expectations and encouragement that females and males receive contribute to their varying abilities, as measured by ______________ tests, in disciplines such as reading, math, and science. a. Research also shows that gender stereotypes impact science achievement. 4. _________ ________ of the 1972 Educational Amendments Act prohibits sex discrimination, however an evaluation suggests that sex discrimination continues at many levels, including women's underrepresentation in administrative positions; less participation and resources in athletic programs; lower performance in science and math; and sex segregated career and technical education.

sexual harassment boys than girls standardized Title IX

Sociological Theories of Gender Inequality Symbolic-Interactionist Perspective 1. Through the lifelong ____________ process, females and males are taught meanings associated with being feminine and masculine. 2. Gender ______ are taught by the family, school, peer groups, and media. 3. _________ theory a. Conceptions of gender are socially constructed as societal expectations dictate what it means to be female or what it means to be male. i. Women are socialized into _____________ roles (nurturing and emotionally supportive roles); men are socialized into ____________ (task-oriented) roles. ii. These roles are then acted out in daily interactions as boss and secretary, doctor and nurse, football player and cheerleader "do gender." b. ___________ is a central organizing factor in the social world and so must be included as a fundamental category of analysis in sociological research. i. The impact of the structure and culture of society is not the same for different groups of women and men. ii. Research should thus take into consideration the differential effects of class, race and ethnicity, and sexual orientation.

socialization roles Feminist expressive instrumental Gender

Who Succeeds? The Inequality of Educational Attainment Social Class and Family Background 1. _____________ status is one of the best predictors of educational success and attainment a. Children whose families are in middle-and upper brackets are more likely to perform better in schools and complete more years of education than children from lower class families. b. Students from higher backgrounds are more likely to enroll in advanced mathematics courses, graduate from high school, and graduate with a bachelor's degree in five years. 2. ______-__________ families have less money for books, computers, tutors or educational extracurricular activities and are less likely to be involved in school-related activities 3. In 1965, __________ ______ _________ began to help preschool children from low-income families. a. _______ _________ provides an integrated program of health care, parental involvement, education, and social services 4. _____________ funding in the US local schools depend on local taxes, usually property taxes, which make up ____% of school funding, and varies by the socioeconomic status of the district. a. States provide additional funding to supplement local taxes, but it is not enough to lift schools in poorer districts to a level that even approximates the funding available in wealthy districts.

socioeconomic Low-income Project Head Start Head Start Decentralized 43

Prejudice and Racism Forms of Racism and Prejudice 1. Compared to traditional, "old fashioned" prejudice, which is blatant, direct, and conscious, contemporary forms of prejudice are often subtle, indirect, and unconscious. 2. Aversive racism represents a subtle, often ____________ form of prejudice exhibited by many well-intentioned white Americans who possess strong egalitarian values and who view themselves as unprejudiced. a. Aversive racists' feelings toward blacks and other minority groups are not hostile or hateful but rather feelings of discomfort, uneasiness, disgust, and sometimes fear. b. Aversive racists may not be fully aware they have these attitudes, and disapprove of individuals who are prejudiced. c. One aspect of aversive racism is the presence of ____-_______ attitudes, as opposed to anti-black attitudes. 3. ____________ racism, like aversive racism, involves the rejection of traditional racist beliefs, but a modern racist displaces negative racial feelings onto more abstract social and political issues. a. The modern racist believes serious discrimination no longer exists in U.S., any continuing racial inequality is the fault of minority group members, and affirmative action for minorities is unfair and unjustified. b. Like aversive racists, modern racists tend to be unaware of their negative racial feelings and do not view themselves as prejudiced. 4. ________-__________ racism is based on the belief that paying attention to race itself is racism.

unintentional pro-white Modern Color-blind

Strategies for Action: Responses to Problems of Work and Unemployment A. Strategies for Reducing Unemployment 1. Workforce development a. Efforts to prepare high school students for work include the establishment of technical and _________ high schools and high school programs and school-to- work programs. b. The ________ Workforce Investment Act provides an array of programs and services designed to assist individuals prepare for and find employment. c. Services include assessment of skills and abilities, access to job vacancy listings, job search and placement assistance, career planning and counseling, __________ preparation, and more. 2. Job creation and preservation a. Some strategies on job creation and preservation are: keep manufacturing jobs in the U.S., reduce taxes, limit government involvement, and government involvement thorough infrastructure projects. 3. The global jobs pact a. In 2009, the ___________ ____________ ______________ adopted a Global Jobs Pact to guide national and international policies i. goal is to retain workers, create jobs, sustain businesses, and provide social protections ii. stringent supervision and regulation of financial industry. b. Recommendations i. shift to a low-carbon, environmentally __________ economy ii. _____________ in public infrastructure iii. _____________ in social protection and minimum wage

vocational 1998 resume International Labour Organization friendly investment increases

Strategies for Action: Toward Gender Equality Gender roles and inequality are ingrained 1. Traditional gender roles are __________ 2. Eliminating ____________ liberates men as well as women 3. People are increasingly embracing _____________-the blending of traditionally defined masculine and feminine characteristics. 4. Gender ____________ is becoming increasingly popular.

weakening stereotypes androgyny mainstreaming

The Social Construction of Gender Roles: Cultural Sexism Religion and Cultural Sexism 1. Research indicates that _________ attend religious services more often, rate religion as more important to their lives, and are more likely to believe in an afterlife than are _____. 2. In general, religious teachings have tended to promote traditional conceptions of gender. a. For example, Evangelicals continue to believe that the male is the ______ of the household, and Orthodox Jewish women are not counted as part of the _______, or quorum, required at prayer services, are not allowed to read from the Torah, and are required to sit separately from men at religious services. b. Women cannot serve as ________ religious leaders in the Catholic Church, in Orthodox Jewish synagogues, or in Islamic temples across the nation. c. Even among mainline religious denominations that allow for the ordination of women, these female clergy often do not hold the same status as their male counterparts and are often limited in their duties. 3. Religious teachings are not all traditional in their beliefs about women and men. a. __________ women have been referred to as the "mothers of feminism" because of their active role in the early feminist movement.

women, men head minyan ordained Quaker