SOC 100: Chapter 7
A registered nurse leaves nursing to become a high school teacher.
horizontal social mobility
Which terms represent measurements of intragenerational mobility?
horizontal social mobility vertical social mobility
Place the professions in descending order of social prestige, from most to least prestigious, as measured by the National Opinion Research Center.
architect, veterinarian, firefighter, social worker, auto-body repair person
Members must marry within their own group.
caste
Which of the following terms have been used to describe the racial hierarchy in Brazil?
racial democracy, polite racism
This is prohibited by every nation in the world.
slavery
Maxine comes from a working-class background. Her father worked in construction his whole life and her mother was a stay-at-home mom who dropped out of high school but later got her GED. Maxine becomes interested in computer programming at a young age and spends many hours in the school library teaching herself. Maxine attends the state university on a scholarship. While there, she develops a valuable algorithm for identifying neurological diseases that makes her a multi-millionaire. She drops out of college to continue her work. Which term related to social class best describes the example of Maxine?
status inconsistency
Social stratification in one form or another is present in all societies.
true
includes individuals whose work doesn't make full use of their skills
underemployment
The American achievement ideology suggests that people who are not successful did not work hard enough.
Social stratification is maintained through beliefs that are widely shared by members of society.
Status within the hierarchy is inherited and cannot be changed.
caste
a social system with very little opportunity to move from one class to another
closed system
Often comprised of individuals in the upper-middle class.
creative class
a social system with ample opportunities to move from one class to another
open system
Includes contract labor, temporary work, or part-time work
precarious work
Which social class category is comprised of people who live in poverty conditions and typically earn $15,000 or less per year?
underclass
Workers in the lower-middle and lower class often find themselves engaged in this.
underemployment, precarious work
includes writers and artists
creative class
The current federal minimum wage is $7.25 per hour and has been since 2009. How much would the minimum wage need to be to constitute a living wage?
$11-$18 per hour
A homeless man sets up on a street corner every day to scrape together whatever he can but often goes hungry and cannot find a place to stay when the local homeless shelter is at capacity. An underclass family lives paycheck to paycheck and often runs out of money near the end of the week and must seek additional assistance from food banks and churches.
Absolute Deprivation
Place each category of the Hindu caste system in order from top to bottom stratum.
Brahman ksatriya or chhetri vaisya sudra the untouchables
True statements about the wealth gap in the US.
In the United States, the share of the country's wealth belonging to the top 0.1 percent of households jumped from 7 percent in 1978 to 22 percent in 2012. The super-rich are super-consumers.
How much social mobility is there in the modern United States compared to fifty years ago?
Mobility is about the same in the United States now as it was fifty years ago.
Place each major poverty policy enacted in the United States in order from first to last.
Social Security Medicaid Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act
True statements about the federal poverty line.
The percentage of people living below the federal poverty line has never dipped below 10%. The federal poverty line is an absolute measure.
Regardless of age, race, or gender, people with more education are more likely to have health insurance.
True
Why does the ideology of equal opportunity resonate with most Americans?
We live in a bourgeois society, in which the maximization of profit is the primary business incentive. Americans tend to believe that unequal opportunities restrict meritocracy.
A social scientist argues that inner-city families cannot escape a cycle of poverty because they see the lack of opportunities around them, decide that the world of the middle class is permanently closed to them, and do not try to maintain steady employment or send their children to college. What concept does this example highlight?
culture of poverty theory
French sociologist and postmodernist Pierre Bourdieu suggested that social reproduction, or the tendency of social classes remaining relatively stable as class status is passed down from one generation to the next, occurs in part through the acquisition of what?
cultural capital
The average age for first marriage women with a high school diploma
25%
True statements about the Indian caste system.
Caste-related segregation and discrimination were prohibited in 1949 by India's constitution. The caste system is a reflection of what Hindus call karma, the complex moral law of cause and effect that governs the universe.
Identify each trait as being characteristic of either the proletariat or the bourgeoisie in Marx's economic theory.
Proletariat: - want to see wages go up - earn money by selling their labor Bourgeoisie: - control the assets used for production - earn money by taking a share of profits - want to see wages go down
Because people living in poverty are less likely to vote or participate in political life, we suggest they are politically __________ .
disenfranchised
What is the name of the stratification system that dominated Europe for centuries but was breaking down by the 1800s?
feudal system
This is a system primarily based on economics.
social class, slavery
What term describes the division of society into groups arranged in a social hierarchy?
social stratification
The top tax rate in this country is 60 percent
Sweden
Gender is the most important characteristic of stratification in more traditional societies.
Different societies use different criteria for ranking their members.
Max Weber suggests that wealth, power, and prestige must all be attained to reach upper-class status and any individual aspect of social class cannot be converted into another.
False
This country was transformed from a constitutional monarchy to a theocracy in 1979.
Iran
A lower-middle class family owns a house at the edge of a county where many rich people live. They have many highly educated neighbors nearby and cannot afford to shop at the multitude of upper-middle class stores in the area. A low-income student earns a scholarship to a highly prestigious university. Her peers wear expensive clothes to class and drive nice cars. She wear clothes she bought at the thrift store and has to ride the bus to go anywhere.
Relative Deprivation
Mark Zuckerburg is likely to pass down his wealth to his children.
Social stratification persists over generations.
In terms of annual income for a family of four, what is the poverty line in the United States, as defined by the Department of Health and Human Services?
about $24,000
What American system does law professor and civil rights attorney Michelle Alexander suggest is a type of caste system in her book The New Jim Crow?
criminal justice
The average age of first marriage for women with a graduate degree.
30%
The percentage of new mothers with a high school diploma or less.
34%
What is the estimated number of people trapped in modern-day slavery?
40,000,000
In 2016, how many Americans lived below the poverty line?
41 million
Identify the true statements about the trends of ollege enrollment by income level from 1975 to 2014.
Approximately the same percentage of middle-income high school graduates enrolled in college in 2014 as in the late 1990s. The college enrollment gap between low-income and high-income high school grads narrowed from 1975 to 2014. A larger percentage of all high school graduates, regardless of income, have been enrolling in college over time.
Intermarriage has eliminated clearly defined racial groups, but skin color still largely defines an individual's place in society in this country.
Brazil
Slaves were imported to this country through the mid-1800s.
Brazil
Religion is a primary factor for maintaining social and economic positions in this country.
Iran
Barack Obama was able to become president of the United States even though African Americans are generally lower status than whites in the United States.
Social stratification is a characteristic of society.
A great number of social services are provided by the government in this country.
Sweden
The movement between social classes that occurs during the course of an individual's lifetime
intergenerational mobility
movement between social classes that occurs from one generation to the next
intergenerational mobility
A researcher discovers that, in the labor market, blacks face discrimination compared to whites, but black men are much more likely to face discrimination than black women. What concept does this highlight?
intersectionality
What is the practice of banks and mortgage lenders identifying high-risk areas (usually low-income or minority neighborhoods) and either refusing mortgages to applicants from those neighborhoods or offering loans at prohibitively high rates?
redlining
During the course of a lifetime, individuals can move up or down levels in the strata.
social class
What term describes the unequal distribution of wealth, power, or prestige among members of a society?
social inequality
A ________ approach suggests that social inequality is a necessary part of society. A ________ approach suggests that the poor and rich have different interests and may find themselves at odds as they attempt to secure and protect these interests. A ________ approach suggests that we develop everyday class consciousness as a way to distinguish the status of others.
structural functionalism, conflict theory, symbolic interactionism
If researchers find that the Great Recession of 2008 led to large numbers of middle-class people experiencing downward mobility to the lower-middle class, it would be an example of what?
structural mobility
Most individuals from which social class category generally depend on income from salaried work but often are financially stable?
upper-middle class
A paramedic gets a job as a receptionist.
vertical social mobility
A retail store cashier gets a job as a manager.
vertical social mobility