SOC 101 Final

________ was the system of social stratification in the final stages of breaking down when Karl Marx developed his ideas.

Feudalism

Which sociologist conducted work on intersectionality among workers in nail salons?

Miliann Kang

In the United States, the federal poverty line is calculated using food costs based on the cheapest possible diet that can still provide basic nutrition. What sort of measure of poverty is this?

a measure of absolute deprivation

A transgender woman, a person who does not identify as male or female, and a person who usually identifies as a man but sometimes identifies as a woman are all

gender nonconforming.

Mother Teresa was a person with tremendous power and prestige, yet she was very poor. Which sociological term best describes her situation?

status inconsistency

A woman is married to another woman. She is attracted to her wife, but she is also attracted to men. In the past, she dated both women and men. How would this woman most likely identify?

bisexual

Babies become aware of their own gender

by age two.

What is it called when members of a minority group adopt the cultural practices of the dominant group?

cultural assimilation

Sociologists define a minority group as a group

with members who are denied access to power and resources.

Luciana was a trauma surgeon, but she became a professor at the university medical school after deciding she wanted to spend more time working with students. Which sociological term describes when an individual changes their career but remains within the same social class?

horizontal social mobility

Banks often offer customers with low credit scores subprime loans that have higher-than-normal interest rates. What is the bank guilty of if it gives three times as many subprime loans to Black Americans than to white Americans, even when they have the same credit scores?

institutional discrimination

From a symbolic interactionist perspective, the most important way that schools socialize children into their gender identities is

through interactions between teachers and students.

Aggressive men are often described as "go-getters" in the workplace, but aggressive women are often described as "bitches." This is an example of

a microaggression.

Several members of the Indian government have argued that poverty in India should be calculated according to how many calories per day people consume, not in relation to their incomes. What sort of measure of poverty would this be?

absolute

White nationalism is the belief that a nation should be based on white identity, which would be found in religion, politics, economics, and culture.

true

You are observing children on an elementary school playground. Why might you find some girls playing sports with boys, but almost no boys playing jump rope with girls?

Children are mocked by their peers for crossing gender lines, and boys are mocked more than girls.

Gender is biologically natural.

false

The middle class is made up of mostly blue collar workers.

false

The point in children's school careers by which gender norms become firmly established is

fifth grade.

Although "like usually marries like," ________ is more common for heterosexual women, whereas ________ is more common for heterosexual men when class boundaries are crossed in marriage.

hypergamy; hypogamy

What sort of jobs can support a middle-class lifestyle in America today?

jobs in the information and technology sectors

How does your textbook debunk the idea that white people can be victims of "reverse racism"?

White people do not suffer from the widespread cumulative disadvantages in almost every sphere of social life that are perpetuated within a historically and pervasively racist society.

According to diversity training studies, which of the following leads to increases in managerial diversity?

efforts to establish responsibility for diversity

Some conservative groups have organized to campaign for crackdowns on illegal immigration and limits on legal immigration because they are concerned about how the United States will be changed by nonwhite immigrants. This means that they are against

pluralism

In the nineteenth century, those American Indians who survived clashes with the U.S. Army were forcibly removed to reservations. This is an example of

population transfer

The fact that so many people are asked, "What are you?" in reference to their race is evidence that

race must be established interactionally.

What is it called when individuals live as if they were members of a different racial category than the one into which they were born?

racial passing

A man is found guilty of rape, and despite the prosecutors asking for a sentence of six years in prison, the judge handed down a sentence of just six months in county jail. Many felt that, by handing down a light sentence for a serious crime, the judge was normalizing

rape culture.

An example of discrimination is

refusing to sell someone a house because of their race.

Pierre Bourdieu studied ________, which is the tendency of social class to be passed down from one generation to the next and consequently remain relatively stable over time.

social reproduction

The tendency of social classes to remain relatively stable as social class status is passed down from one generation to the next is called

social reproduction

If researchers find that the Great Recession of 2008 led to large numbers of middle-class people experiencing downward mobility to the lower-middle class, it would be an example of

structural mobility

According to a study, Black defendants on trial for murder in Pennsylvania were 40 percent more likely to receive the death penalty than white people convicted of similar crimes. This indicates that

the criminal justice system has a racial bias.

Oscar Lewis was the first to suggest that the poor develop a way of life with fundamentally different values and goals because they are excluded from mainstream social life. Consequently, they are much less likely to join the middle class. This way of life is usually called

the culture of poverty

In House of Yes, a play by Wendy MacLeod, the character Marty brings his fiancée Lesly to meet his family. She comes from a different social class, which leads to miscommunication and difficult interactions among Lesly, Marty, and Marty's two siblings. According to Pierre Bourdieu, Lesly not having enough ________ could cause the strained relations.

cultural capital

In the United States, __________ would have the most freedom in choosing whether to display their race or ethnicity.

Irish Americans

Brazilians employ many racial categories, such as moreno, mulato, neguinho, and pretinho. Most of these terms do not have an equivalent in the United States. What does this tell you?

Race is a social construct.

Plantation owners in early America often argued that enslaved Africans were better off because they did not have the mental capacity to run their own lives. Today, this seems ridiculous and racist. How could such racist beliefs flourish?

Such beliefs justify social arrangements between dominant and minority groups that benefit those who accept them.

According to theorists like Edna Bonacich, what is the effect of a split labor market in which workers belonging to one race are paid less than those of a different race?

The effects of racism are compounded by poverty.

Race is defined by sociologists

as a social category based on real or perceived biological differences.

What is it called when a minority group is absorbed into the dominant group?

assimilation

A social scientist argues that inner-city families cannot escape a cycle of poverty because they see the lack of opportunities around them, decide that the world of the middle class is permanently closed to them, and do not try to maintain steady employment or send their children to college. What concept does this example highlight?

culture of poverty theory

Karl Marx spent much of his life attempting to understand and describe how capitalism works. In one particularly vivid passage, he described the turbulence he saw as inherent in capitalism: "All that is solid melts into air, all that is holy is profaned, and man is at last compelled to face with sober senses his real condition of life and his relations with his kind." What sort of relationships did he think his readers had with other people?

economic relationships

What term describes the tendency to choose romantic partners based on similarities in background and group membership?

homogamy

The exploitation of a minority group within the dominant group's political borders is called

internal colonialism

The criteria used by a social class system to stratify its members include

property, power, and prestige.

In 2009, South African track star Caster Semenya broke the world record in the 800-meter race. Subsequently, she was asked to prove to the world that she was a woman. The International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) subjected her to a complex series of tests that included physical and medical examinations. The controversy over Semenya's gender raises which of the following issues?

The IAAF's response assumes an essentialist idea of gender.

In the 1940s and 1950s, Alfred Kinsey surveyed Americans to find out about their sexual behavior. His findings were important because they

challenged the view that Americans were either exclusively heterosexual or homosexual.

In the 1960s, many sociologists noticed that economic obstacles alone were insufficient in explaining disparities in the educational attainment of children from different social classes. Which concept was introduced to explain these disparities?

cultural capital

In 1848, Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott organized the Seneca Falls Convention to address the issue of equal rights for women. The convention produced a Declaration of Sentiments, which laid out a list of injustices done to women by men. Which of the following do you think was first on their list given your knowledge of the first wave of the women's movement?

"He has never permitted her to exercise her inalienable right to the elective franchise."

In what year did the first states in the United States begin legalizing same-sex marriages?

2006

One cost-of-living indicator shows that a salary of $40,000 in Santa Barbara, California, is equivalent to $14,000 in Wichita, Kansas. This is primarily because of the cost of housing, which is much less expensive in Wichita. What does this difference say about how the federal government calculates poverty?

It points to a flaw in the way the government calculates the poverty line, as the standard is uniformly applied without regard to regional differences.

American anthropologist Margaret Mead spent much of her career documenting the ways in which other cultures had gender roles that differed, sometimes radically, from those of twentieth-century America. Why does this matter?

It shows the meaning of masculinity and femininity differs in different societies.

"Welfare queen" is an insulting term for a woman who is accused of cheating the government by collecting welfare payments. There is no "welfare king" insult. What sociological truth is contained in the phrase "welfare queen"?

The use of the word "queen" reminds us that women are more likely than men to live in poverty.

How do we decide when to display situational ethnicity?

We do a cost-benefit analysis.

The process of gender socialization tends to emphasize heteronormativity.

true

A math teacher writes problems featuring male characters who are always given an occupation, like Bob the janitor or James the lawyer, but the female characters are always given carework jobs, like nanny, or have no occupation. This is an example of the

ways schools socialize children into gender roles.