SOC 101

social control

Enforcing of norms through sanctions/internalization

narcissism

Extreme self-centeredness

bureaucracy

Ranked authority structure that operates according to specific rules

Compliance Conformity

mildest type of conformity

Taboo

norm engrained so deeply that even thinking about violating it evokes strong feelings of disgust and horror

More

norm that carries a greater moral significance ~ severe reprecussions for violations

Material Culture

objects associated with culture

Influential Power

persuasion

Multiculturalism

policy that values diverse racial, ethnic, national, and linguistic backgrounds and encourages the retention of cultural differences within society, rather than assimilation

Sanction

positive or negative reactions to the way that people follow or disobey norms ~ rewards for conformity and punishments for violations

Group Think

in very cohesive groups, the tendency to enforce a high degree of conformity among members ~ creating a demand for unanimous agreement

Identification Conformity

inbetween ~ desire to maintain a relationship

Ethnocentrism

the principle of using one's own culture as a means of standard by which to evaluate another group of individuals ~ leading to the view that other cultures are abnormal ~ suspend it through sociological imagination, culture shock, and beginners mind

McDonaldization

the spread of rationalization and the accompany increases in efficiency and dehumanization

Real Culture

what actually exists

Ideal Culture

what members believe it should be

Folkway

loosely enforced norm that ensures smooth social interaction

white collar crime

Crime committed by someone from high status

Social Darwinism

Perspective that says societies evolve toward stability and perfection

cultural relativism

Belief that cultures should be judged by their own standards

Sociological imagination

Ability to see connection btw larger world and personal lives

Hogemony

Antonio Gramsii ~ describes the cultural aspects of social control, whereby the ideas of the dominant social group are accepted by all of society

crime

Any act labeled as such by authority, prohibited by law

Symbol

Anything that stands for something else

racial profiling

Assuming nonwhites are more likely to commit crime

role

Behavior expected of someone in certain status

deviance

Behavior that violates significant social norms

aptitude

Capacity to learn a skill or acquire certain knowledge

Self-fulfillment

Commitment 2 full development of one's personalities/talents

cultural universals

Common features found in all human cultures

urbanization

Concentration of the population in cities

self

Conscious awareness of possessing a distinct identity that separates us from others in society

secondary group

Group in which interaction is impersonal and temporary

Society

Group of interdependent people who have organized in such a way to have unity

counterculture

Group that rejects values of larger society and replace it with their own cultural patterns

subculture

Group with its own unique values, norms, behaviors that exists within a larger culture

Social interaction

How ppl relate 2 1 another & influence each other's behavior

reciprocity

If you do something for someone, they owe you

exchange

Individual interaction assumed in effort to receive reward in return for actions

Manifest function

Intended & recognized consequence of element of society

socialization

Interactive process in which individuals learn basic skills of society

generalized other

Internalized attitudes of society we used to guide our behavior and reinforced our sense of self

formal organization

Large secondary group established to achieve certain goals

plea bargaining

Legal negotiation that allows accused person to plead guilty to a lesser charge

social movement

Long term effort to promote social change

stigma

Mark of social disgrace that sets deviant from rest of society

social structure

Network of interrelated statuses/roles that guides human interaction

folkways

Norms that don't have moral significance attached to them

mores

Norms that have moral significance

recidivism

Repeated criminal behavior

formal sanction

Rewards/punishments given by formal society (gov, cops)

sanctions

Rewards/punishments used to enforce conformity to norms

Norm

Rule/guideline regarding what kinds of behaviors are acceptable and appropriate within a culture

group

Set of 2+ who interact on the basis of shared expectations

total institution

Setting in which ppl are isolated from the rest of society for a set period of time (prisons)

values

Shared beliefs about what is good or bad

Culture

Shared products of human groups (beliefs)

norms

Shared rules of conduct that tell people how to act in specific situations

primary group

Small group who interact over a long time personally

Sociology

Social science that studies human society and social behavior

status

Socially defines position in group or society

significant others

Specific ppl who have direct influence on our socialization

informal sanction

Spontaneous expression of approval/disapproval given by individual

Values

ideas about what is desirable or contemptible and right an wrong in a particular group ~ articulates the essence of everything a group cherishes and honors

Symbolic Culture

ideas associated with culture (beliefs, values, assumptions, ways of behavior, norms, interactions, communication)

personality

Sum total of behaviors that are characteristics of someone

ideology

System of belief/ideas that justifies social interest by society

Theory

Systematic explanation of the relationship among phenomena

ethnocentrism

Tendency to view one's own culture as superior to others'

criminal justice system

The system of police, courts, and corrections

labeling theory

Theory that focuses on how individuals come to be labeled as deviant

heredity

Transmission of genetic characteristics from parents to kids

instinct

Unchanging biologically inherited behavior patterns

Latent Function

Unintended & unrecognized consequence of element of society

social network

Web of relationships formed by total of individuals' interaction with other people

feral children

Wild or untamed children

laws

Written rules of conduct enforce by government

Functionalist Theory on Deviance

argue that deviance serves as a positive social function by clarifying moral boundaries and promoting social cohesion

Social Loafing

as more individuals are added to a task each individual contributes a little less

High Culture

associated with the elite

Deviance

behavior, trait, belief that violates a norm and causes a negative reaction (social - not moral - judgement)

Prescriptions

behaviors approved by group

Proscription

behaviors to avoid

Conflict Theory on Deviance

believe that a society's inequalities are reproduced in its definitions of deviance, so the less powerful are more likely to be criminalized

Culture Wars

clashes within the society as to what the norms should be

Coercive Power

force

Law

formally defined norm ~ what is legal/illegal in a society

Social Identity Theory

group formation that stress the need of the individual members to feel a sense of belonging

Reference Group

group that provides a standard of comparison against which we evaluate ourselves

Subculture

group within a society that is differentiated by its distinctive values, norms and lifestyles

Dominant Culture

group within society that is most powerful

Counter Culture

group within society that openly rejects and opposes society's values and norms

Polysemy

having many interpretations/meanings

Popular Culture

high culture of elite groups ~ usually associated with the masses, consumer goods and commercial products

Group Cohesion

sense of solidarity or loyalty that individuals feel toward a group to which they belong

Internalization Conformity

strongest type of conformity, makes a groups beliefs their own

Culture

the entire way of life a group of people that acts as a lens through which one views the world and is passed from one generation to the next (material and symbolic) ex: language, gestures, style, beauty, custmos/rituals, tools/artifacts, music, family practices, the way we do things/think. all societies have it. it is not innnate. everything we do has to do with it.

Social Control

the formal and informal mechanism used to increase conformity to values and norms and they increase social cohesion

Sapir Whorf Hypothesis

the idea that language structures thoughts and that ways of looking at the world are embedded in language

Cultural Relativism

the principle of understand other cultures on their own terms, rather than judging them by ones own culture