Soc 1010
A researcher is interested in measuring Wayne State University students' attitudes toward binge drinking. Wayne State University students, therefore, comprise the study's
population
Avi is disappointed that his daughter is marrying a Latino immigrant because he thinks Latinos oppose women having successful careers. This is an example of
prejudice
According to Weber's multidimensional view of social class, fame, respect, honor, and esteem are examples of what
prestige
Jean-Jacques Rousseau argued that if we stripped away all elements of society that result from the institution of private property, only _____ would remain.
social equality
Social institutions often appear monolithic and unchanging. The sociological perspective sees that:
social institutions are socially constructed and changeable.
When fears of contagious diseases such as avian flu and Ebola arise, public health officials encourage people to replace greetings involving close contact (handshakes, hugs) with an elbow bump. This change in greetings represents a shift in
social norms
_________ the complex framework of societal institutions and the social practices that make up a society and organize and establish limits on people's behavior
social structure
___________ is the complex framework of societal institutions and the social practices that make up a society and organize and establish limits on people's behavior.
social structure
A recognizable social position that an individual occupies.
status
Following the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, the United States undertook the internment of all people of Japanese ancestry living in the United States. The government stated that this action was to protect national security. Many of those sent to these internment camps were US citizens, with parents or grandparents born in Japan. This action relied on the use of
sterotypes
"spoiled identity"
stigma
Devah Pager (2001) found, in her study of job applications and criminal recods, that a negative social label affects people's life chances. this label is called a _____ by sociologists.
stigma
Devah Pager (2001) found, in her study of job applications and criminal records, that a negative social label affects people's chances in life. This label is called a ____________ by sociologists.
stigma
Devah Pager's research on how criminal records affect hiring illustrates the consequences of
stigma
In her interview with Dalton Conley, Devah Pager discusses her field work in Milwaukee and New York, in which she sent out job applicants, both black and white, with half of them pretending to have prison records. Pager found that having a criminal record negatively affected an applicant's ability to be offered a job. In addition, she found that black applicants were far less likely to be called back for an interview than white applicants. This racial disparity in hiring indicates unconscious stereotypes in the minds of the hirers, in addition to the challenge of a criminal record's
stigma
All of the following are advantages of ethnographic research except
?? it is possible to have completely controlled experiment to delineate cause and effect relations
A correlation is:
???
Expresses the idea that different language gives rise to different social realities
???
The ____________ the concept of class, a researcher might choose to measure variables like income, occupation, and level of education
????
When a sample of survey respondents has the same mis of people as the larger population and in the sake proportions, its representativeness permits:
?????
Resocialization would be most likely to occur in which situation?
An American woman who takes a full-time job in Saudi Arabia after graduating from college ends up marrying a local man.
which of the following is the best example of an achieved status?
a newly ordained minister in the Pentecostal Church
In today's society, Randall Collins might suggest that getting a "piece of paper" is more important than actually having the knowledge to do a job. He calls the priority placed on formal education:
credentalism
According to social theorist Randall Collins, getting a "piece of paper" is more important to many than actually having the knowledge to do a job. He calls the undue priority placed on formal education:
credentialism.
Robert Cornelius took a self-portrait on a daguerreotype in 1839, which is believed to be the first American portrait, but it wasn't until the 2000s that "selfie" became a word. It was the Oxford English Dictionary's word of the year in 2013. The gap between the first instance of self-portraiture by camera and the proliferation of the term "selfie" more than a century later is an (extreme) example of
cultural lag
Every year, as many as 20,000 devotees of Harley Davidson motorcycles convene in Sturgis, South Dakota. Their numbers frequently overwhelm nearby towns and cities, including the Mt. Rushmore National Monument. For some tourists visiting the monument at that time, the cultural collision with tattooed and long-haired bikers might be jarring. For the tourist who thinks like a sociologist, such an encounter is an opportunity to observe a different group of people by applying
cultural relativism
Prejudice is to discrimination as thinking is to:
doing
West & Zimmerman "Doing Gender" suggests that
doing gender reproduces gender inequality
North Korea has been ruled for more than 50 years by a single powerful family. The citizenry, as best as can be determined, is highly regimented in daily life, without access to outside information, and suffering frequent famine. Sociologically speaking, the leadership of North Korea is
dominating
A white woman goes into an upscale shop to look at clothes. She is excited to see that there is a sale and gathers a huge pile of clothes to take into the dressing room. An African American woman goes into the store and is also excited about the sale but hesitates to take too many clothes into the dressing room because she is afraid the staff will think she might shoplift. W. E. B. Du Bois would say that the African American woman has:
double consciousness
Gransci's concept for the historical process in which a dominant group exercises moral and intellectual leadership by receiving the approval and voluntary 'consent' of the masses is known as:
hegemony
The American Psychological Association's classification of homosexuality as a deviant personality type, which was only changed in 1973, as well as the US Supreme Court ruling in 2003 decriminalizing homosexual sex both reflect Michel Foucault's assertion that
homosexuality appears as the result of the state and the medical profession's interest in asserting their power.
Hypothesis: Children in families that eat dinner together at least four times per week experience fewer behavioral problems in school. In this hypothesis, what is the dependent variable?
how often children misbehave in school
States that we learn society's expected goals and means to achieve them, and when we can't achieve them, we may adapt in a variety of ways.
strain theory
What is Merton's theory, which states that we learn society's expected goals and means to achieve them, and when we can't achieve them, we may adapt in a variety of ways
strain theory
the examination of how race and ethnicity affect the relative property, power, and prestige of different racial and ethnic groups is really an example of
stratification
One lesson of sociology & social change is that social problems have ____________ foundations
structural
Your introductory sociology professor believes that gender roles serve a purpose in society to fulfill certain functions. What type of theoretical background is your professor espousing?
structural functionalism
While they are difficult to define, ____________ are smaller subgroups within a larger dominant society united by sets of concepts, values, symbols, and shared meanings specific to the members of that group.
subcultures
The functionalist paradigm went largely unchallenged in the United States until the 1950's, when some sociologists began criticizing functionalists for:
supporting the dominant class structure and the inequalities associated with it.
In psychology, the focus is on the individual. In sociology, the focus is on group-level dynamics and social structures above and beyond the individual. Sociology's focus is:
supra-individual.
Which of the following factors is needed to establish causality?
time order
The word culture derives from the Latin word colere, which means:
to cultivate
Which of the following is more difficult to do in social science research?
to establish that something is the cause of something else
According to dramaturgical theory, the primary goal of every social interaction is to:
to make a good impression
After facing persecution by the Nazis in Poland, many Jews left the country for good. Which group response to domination is this an example of?
withdrawl
Social deviance is a breach of ________; crime is a breach of ________.
Norms; law
This expectation that girls play with barbie dolls and boys play with G.I Joe dolls are examples of
gender rolls
Karl Marx asserted that culture:
is a reflection of the means of production of a particular time.
From emile durkheims functional perspective, deviance in a society
is necessary for a society's survival
West and Zimmerman, the sociologists who coined the phrase "doing gender," suggest that:
"doing gender" reproduces gender inequality.
In the discipline of history, focusing on historical figures such as Adolf Hitler is known as:
"great man" research
Fausto-Sterling reports that for every 1000 children born, approximately ____________ are intersexual in some form.
17
Who is Charles Horton Cooley?
A University of Michigan professor best known for his concept of the "looking glass self."
Which scenario is an example of the free-rider problem?
A group of six teenagers is trying to get 100 signatures for a petition. They meet three days before their deadline to see how they are doing. Two of the teens have collected 25 signatures each, totaling 50. But the other four teenagers have only collected 25 signatures between the four of them, so the group is still 25 signatures short. The two teens who collected the most signatures are irritated about the poor results from the other four group members.
Social institution
A group of social positions, connected by social relations, that perform important social roles and exert significant influence on our behaviors. Examples include family, media, education, and economy.
Each society has a type of social stratification. How does the United states (ideologically) justify its class system?
A person is in complete control over the class he or she is in. Hard work (or lack of it) determines class.
What is positivism?
A philosophical position maintaining that the social world can be described and predicted by certain observable relationships. (Think Durkheim.)
Inductive approach
A research approach that starts with empirical observations and then works to form a theory.
Which of the following scenerios involves the use of peer pressure
A student decides to go out of drinks after her friends make her feel guilty for studying too much
Physical characteristics such as skin color, hair texture, and eye shape:
A&B: are referred to as an individual's phenotype. are used to differentiate and rank people in society.
Sometimes individuals seek to assert or increase their status, not just through occupation but also through:
A&B: driving fancy cars, wearing stylish clothes
Identify the dependent variable for the hypothesis: People in the upper class will be more likely than middle and lower class individuals to have access to good nutrition
Access to nutrition
Juggler, drug dealer, peace activist, and reality television junkie are all examples of this type of status
Achieved status
which is the objective of Devah Pager's study, "The mark of a criminal record"
All of the above: To understand the extent to which employees use criminal records to make hiring decisions, why employers have discriminatory practices, having a criminal record is a greater barrier than being black when it comes to finding employment.
She studied and compared middle class and working class families and found that middle class parents were more likely to engage in what she calls "concerted cultivation."
Annette Lareau
What is mass media ?
Any vehicle that carries, presents, or communicates information
If your professor asked you to do a "breaching experiment" you might do which of the following?
Ask a stranger to tie your shoes
According to Michelle Alexander, author of The New Jim Crow, the U.S. must end its "Ware on Drugs" because:
B&C: the "War on Drugs" disproportionately harms people of color and communities of color the mass incarceration of black Americans is contributing to their second-class status.
Prior to the 1800s, it was believed that both male and female orgasms were required to ensure successful conception. When the female could not achieve orgasm, a midwife was sometimes called to assist the woman in achieving orgasm by use of genital massage with essential oils. The idea that both male and female orgasm was needed challenges our current model of a
Binary sex system
Reflection theory
The idea that culture is a projection of social structures and relationships into the public sphere (via media, in particular).
Why are Asian Americans sometimes labeled a "model minority"?
Compared to other minorities, most Asian Americans have achieved educational and financial success in the United States.
An experiment that seeks to examine people's reactions to violations of commonly accepted social rules or norms.
Breaching experiment
This theory explains how social context and social cues impact the way individuals act; specifically, whether local, informal social norms allow such acts.
Broken Window Theory
There was an empty lot in a middle-class neighborhood, maintained by a nearby resident. That man moved away, and within a few weeks several bags of garbage and some old furniture were sitting in the lot. Then an old car was parked in the lot and teenagers started to gather there to drink beer and hang out. Within a few months, there was a mugging by the lot and the police made a handful of arrests for drug dealing there. This series of events is an illustration of __________ theory.
Broken Windows
Exists when we can prove that a change in one factor causes the change in the other factor.
Causation
While you're riding a crowded city bus, a woman sits on the seat next to you. Rather than strike up a conversation, she briefly rifles through her purse, then puts in earbuds, turns on some music, and stares past you out the bus window. The woman is exercising
Civil Inattention
Annette Lareau, author of Unequal Childhoods (2003), makes a compelling case for the existence of different parenting values and practices between working-class and middle-class families. Which of the following statements best summarizes what she found?
Class differences, played out in the daily routines of parenting, have a powerful impact on children's life chances.
In his interview with Dalton Conley, Jeffery Sachs highlights many social, structural, ecological, and historical aspects of global inequality, with a focus on Africa. For many countries, the way out of poverty, disease, and economic stagnation is through development of natural resources. As a result, what issue might be least likely to be embraced by African nations
Climate change
Which of the following is an example of a quantitative research method?
Conducting a survey about how often people attend church
In the "Sociological Conversations" video, Allison Pugh discusses how parents in very different socioeconomic strata decide whether or not to purchase the current popular toy for their children. She introduces us to the ideas of symbolic indulgence and deprivation. Families choosing which toys to purchase for children are participating in
Consumer Culture
Theory of collective action claiming that collective action arises because of people's tendency to conform to the behavior of others with whom they are in close contact.
Contagion Theory
Which of the following crimes has the most financial impact in the United states today?
Corporate crime
The three factors needed to establish causality are:
Correlation, time order, and ruling out alternative explanations
Josie comes up with an idea to create and distribute satirical advertisements that expose the hypocrisy of a large tech company that promotes itself as a force for good in the world while exploiting factory workers in poor countries. This would be an example of
Cultural jamming
When your friend returns from a study abroad, he reports back to you on the very different foods that people in his host country ate. He explains that to them it's normal, that people in different cultures do things differently, and that he learned not to make value judgments. This is known as:
Cultural relativism
This theory views social life as a theatrical performance in which we are all actors on metaphysical stages with roles, scripts, costumes, and sets.
Dramaturgical Theory
Theoretical Paradigm
Determines what ?'s a sociologist will ask, assumptions about world, what methods a sociologist will use
To combat rising crime rates, a state introduces tough new sentencing laws. The hopes of politicians and law enforcement officials for a subsequent decrease in crime are based on
Deterrence theory
A requirement to evaluating and reflecting upon one's values and intentionally choosing actions that support these values in the world.
Discursive Consiousness
Contributing to, reaffirming, and reproducing masculine dominance and feminine submissiveness and other aspects of gender roles.
Doing gender
Which of the following is a disadvantage of survey research?
Don't assess cause and effect, rely on honesty, and limited response options
Consider outgoing president Dwight D. Eisenhower's 1961 farewell address, in which he forewarned of the rise of the "military-industrial complex" which had the potential for a "disastrous rise of misplaced power." Eisenhower's position critiques the __________ system.
Eilte mass dichotomy
What is material culture?
Encompasses everything that is part of our constructed environment, such as books, fashion, and monuments.
In 2014, the US Supreme Court upheld the state of Michigan's ban on affirmative action. In a passionate dissent, Justice Sonya Sotomayor argued that the law placed an undue burden on racial and ethnic minority students not faced by other applicants. What type of equality was Justice Sotomayor arguing in favor of?
Equality of condition
Gender structures social relationships between people unequally, which group supports this ;
Feminists
An economic or social relationship in which some organization or institution treats human beings as a resource with little or no consideration for their well-being.
Exploitation
Within Marxist thought, ______ refers to an economic or social relationship in which some organization or institution treats human beings as a resource with little or no consideration for their well-being
Exploitation
A crime such as burglary is also known as which type of deviance?
Formal
Which modern sociological theory states that the best way to analyze society is to identify the purpose that different aspects or phenomena serve in society?
Functionalism
In her interview with Dalton Conley, C. J. Pascoe talks about the ways in which boys in high school police the boundaries of masculinity, specifically by using the term "fag." What is at stake is not sexual orientation, but gender norms regarding what is perceived as "masculine." In 2010, Billy Lucas, a 15-year-old high-school student, hanged himself after repeatedly being called a "fag" by his peers for "looking different." Lucas's peers were enforcing norms based on
Gender-role socialization
All of the following are advantages of ethnographic research except:
Generalizability (Adv: human behaviors are observed in natural setting, intricate social phenomena are not reduced to variables, social phenomena can be observed overtime)
Talib was starving as he got on the crowded bus with a greasy cheeseburger he had just purchased. As tempting as it was to eat his messy meal right then and there, he worried what the other passengers might think of him if he did so, and decided to wait until he got home. As illustrated here, Talib is fully socialized because he has developed a concept of
Generalized other
In 2014, the top 10 models in the fashion industry all had earnings well over $1 million, with a few - Kate Moss and Heidi Klum - earning over $10 million. In her interview with Dalton Conley, Ashley Mears points out that top male fashion models quickly hit a limit as to how far they can go in modeling work, whereas a small number of women can continue on to be top, obviously well-paid, models. According to Mears, this particular career is an example of what in reverse?
Glass escalator
How did the economic boom that followed World War II contribute to a blurring of the lines between the middle class and the working class?
Higher wages for working-class whites gave these individuals greater access to markers of a middle-class lifestyle, such as home ownership, a college education for their children, and more leisure activities.
How does the United States (ideologically) justify its class system
Hard work (or the lack of it) determines class
The condition in which men are dominant and privileged, and this dominance and priviledge is invisible.
Hegemonic masculinity
Part of what we learn in elementary school is to obey authority, follow the rules, and learn the importance of being on time. Because these values are important to the functioning of the capitalist system, Gramsci would call this:
Hegemony
Serena williams is one of the top women's tennis players in the world. This status overriders all of her other statuses and is known as her
Master status
Which job could be described as a "pink-collar" job in the United States?
Hotel maid
Which of the following would not be asked by a researcher working within the functionalist paradigm?
How does this societal element perpetuate the status quo?
Social identity
How individuals define themselves in relationship to groups they are a part of (or in relationship to groups they choose not to be a part of).
The story of the abused child named Genie teachers lessons about the importance of which of the following influences on human development?
Human interactions
According to Mead, the part of the self that initiates action; the spontaneous self.
I
According to George Herbert Mead's stages of development, children first start to learn to recognize an "other" through
Imitation
According to Merton, this is a person who achieves their goals and obtains their desires through means that are not socially acceptable. For example, a person who desires a large house with a pool selling drugs to obtain those things.
Innovator
Joey grew up in an impoverished rural community in the Appalachian Mountains with a high joblessness rate. He learned early on that to be successful meant achieving financial wealth, but without any hope of landing a lucrative career in his hometown, he turned to selling stolen opioid painkillers and became relatively wealthy. According to Merton's strain theory, Joey is a(n)
Innovator
In "The egg and the Sperm" the author's main point is
In so-called "hard" sciences like biology and physiology, reality is not only observed, but it is also constructed.
In "The Egg and the Sperm," the author's main point is:
In so-called "hard" sciences like biology and physiology, reality is not only observed,but it is also constructed.
What has the pattern in income growth among low-, middle-, and high-income earners in the United States over the past 30 years looked like?
Income growth for high-income individuals has far outpaced that of middle- and low-income individuals.
Andy hypothesized that the stress created during economic downturns would increase the probability of spousal abuse. Stress would be considered the ____________ variable, and spousal abuse would be considered the ____________ variable.
Independent; dependent
Which of the following statements provides a functionalist perspective on inequality
Inequality is necessary because it creates competition which serves as an incentive for people to aspire to difficult, but necessary in society.
Which of the following statements provides a functionalist perspective on inequality?
Inequality is necessary because it creates competition which serves as an incentive for people to aspire to difficult, but necessary occupations in society.
In an interview with Dalton Conley, Mitchell Duneier describes his desire to conduct research that adheres to the ethical guidelines of social research. If Duneier had interviewed street vendors by secretly recording their interactions, what ethical guideline would he have violated?
Informed consent
Research subjects in The Tuskegee Study did not know they were participating in a study documenting the natural progression of untreated syphilis. As such, the HEW final report listed ___________ as an ethical issue with the study.
Informed consent
Which of the following is the study of social meanings, emphasizing subjectivity in understanding human behavior?
Interpretative sociology
Which statement represents a sociological view on the value of high versus low culture?
It is fruitless to debate the worth of high and low culture
What is conflict theory?
The idea that discord between competing interests is the basic, animating force of social change and society in general.
He developed the concept "historical materialism."
Marx
A sociologist's subject matter presents some difficult research problems of a kind that natural scientists rarely have to deal with. Which of the following does NOT describe such a problem?
It is possible to have completely controlled experiments to delineate cause and effect relationships
You are interested in investigating how honest Facebook users can be on the site. You have added several family members as your Facebook friends. You plan to interview them as part of your investigation. How does this approach create a problem for you as a researcher?
It will result in a challenge for reflexivity because of the ways your prior relationships will influence your family members' responses in the interviews.
Of the following social theorists, whose ideas about private property and social conflict could be said to align most closely with those of Karl Marx?
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
A status that that overrides all other statuses.
Master
Despite being a business executive and competitive athlete, Jorge is often treated as helpless by people he encounters in his daily life because he is paraplegic and uses a wheelchair. Jorge's disability is a(n)
Master status
Expresses the idea that different languages give rise to different social realities
Linguistic relativity hypothesis
Which of the following focuses its analyses on larger social dynamics at the societal and structural levels?
Macrosociology
The recognized and intended consequences of any social pattern.
Manifest Functions
According to George Herbert Mead, the ___ is the part of the self that is aware of societal expectations and consequently reflects on actions taken. In contrast the _____ is the subjective self that spontaneously initiates action.
Me; I
Which of the following is NOT a reason why sociologists view gender as a social construction
Men and womens different personalities are innate
Which statement is most closely associated with a conflict theory approach to gender studies?
Men benefit economically from women's inferior position in the family and the workplace.
Government based status
Meritocracy
What is feminist methodology?
Methodology that treats women's experiences as legitimate empirical and theoretical resources, promotes social science that may bring about policy change to help women, and is as conscious of the role of the researcher as that of the subjects being studied.
What is an accurate statement regarding recent trends and patterns in teen sexuality?
Most adolescents with a sexually transmitted disease don't know they are infected.
Which of the following focuses its analyses on face-to-face encounters and interactions?
Microsociology
Factors that affect the relationship between the independent and dependent variables.
Moderating variables
According to Charles Cooley's looking glass theory, which of the following statements is true?
Our interpretations of how others see us are more important than the reality of how others see us.
Brown vs. Board of Education (1954)
Outlawed racial segregation in schools, has effectively desegregated schools.
According to Durkheim, why is a society predominantly bound by mechanical solidarity more likely to apply punitive justice rather than rehabilitative justice to a person who violates a law or social norm?
People in such a society are bound by sameness, and any violation of social norms must be punished severely to reinforce the boundaries of acceptable behavior.
________ sociology makes a prediction about homelessness rates. ________ sociology seeks to understand the experience of homelessness.
Positivist; Interpretive
Comprised of people who must sell their labor because they have no other means to earn a livelihood.
Proletariat
To Karl Marx, conflict between a small number of capitalists and a large number of workers would divide society. He referred to these workers as:
Proletariat
Which of the following is not a step in the scientific method?
Prove theories
Culture
Provides framework for understanding and acting, it is learned, shared, and passed on by generations, is comprised of both material and nonmaterial things
Qualitative
Research methods that attempt to collect information about the social world that cannot be readily converted to numeric form.
The "conventional path"
The path of least resistance
The formation of a new racial identity by drawing ideological boundaries of difference around a formerly unnoticed group of people.
Racialization
Devah Pager's research on employment prospects for individuals with a prior criminal record exemplifies the serious consequences for certain stigmas. If an individual with a criminal record cannot easily find a job and decides to return to committing crimes to support his or her family, what sociological idea is this an example of?
Recividism
Looking glass self
Refers to the idea that people tend to see themselves as they think other people see them.
To treat social constructions as if they are "natural" and unchanging.
Reification
The likelihood of obtaining consistent results using the same measure.
Reliability
A sociologist finds a strong relationship between education and income. If he only assumes that the amount of education people receive directly causes them to earn a certain income, and not that a family's income can determine educational attainment, he is forgetting to consider:
Reverse causality
Who developed role theory as a way to examine social interaction
Robert Merton
Roberto works as regional sales manager, a job that requires him to travel frequently for long periods of time. He often dreams of quitting his job so that he can spend more time with his daughters and be a better father. Roberto is experiencing
Role conflict
The decision to marry is a major life step. Contemporary Americans do so with certain cultural expectations: that our partner will love and care for us, will share the duties of managing a household (nowadays, fairly equally and regardless of gender), and will support us in our lives when problems arise at work or with other family members. These expectations of a spouse are an example of
Roles
Which of the following scenarios provides an example of front-stage behavior?
Sally discovers her mother-in-law is dropping by shortly, so sally rushes to tidy up the house
A classmate has been talking for weeks about trying out for the school dance team. The day after the tryouts, you ask her how it went, and she answers that she couldn't go because she was sick. (In reality, however, she did try out but wasn't selected.) The way your classmate reported the situation to you is an example of what?
Saving face
This 19 th century way of thinking sought to make sense of people who were different from white Europeans and legitimize race by scientific mandate.
Scientific racism
Suppose a teenage girl caught smoking marijuana in her car in the high-school parking lot is suspended. As a result, she gains a reputation around school as a "druggie." After that, she begins using cocaine and eventually tries heroin. The girl's actions following the initial suspension are an example of
Secondary deviance
The legal or social practice of separating people on the basis of their race or ethnicity is referred to as:
Segregation
The model family in the 1950s in America was a happy, simple one. Mom stayed home and raised the kids. Dad went to work and made a good living. Even the dog was happy. In this Father Knows Best model, we can clearly see the structure of
Sex role theory
According to Haunani-Kay Trasks, all of the following are traditional Hawaiian values except:
Sexual freedom
The term that refers to desire, sexual preference, sexual identity, and behavior.
Sexuality
What is public sociology?
The practice of using sociological research, teaching, and service to reach a wider (not solely academic) audience and to influence society.
What is operationalization?
The process by which a researcher transforms an abstract concept into a measurable variable.
What sociologists refer to as the set of mechanisms that create normative compliance, the act of abiding by society's norms or simply following the rules of group life.
Social control
In government, many social actors such as senators, legislative aides, and voters work together as a complex group of interdependent parts to influence society. Seen in this light, government is a:
Social institution
Collective behavior that is purposeful, organized, and institutionalized but not ritualized.
Social movement
________ is the complex framework of societal institutions and the social practices that make up a society and organize and establish limits on people's behavior
Social structure
At a friend's housewarming, you meet a young engaged couple from India. They tell you that their relationship was arranged when they both very young (she was 12, he was 14). They seem happy with this arrangement, but you're taken aback. The couple's comfort with the arrangement, as well as your initial discomfort, are examples of
Socialization
The process through which individuals internalize the values, beliefs, and norms aof a society and learn to function as its members.
Socialization
The process through which individuals internalize the values, beliefs, and norms of a society and learn to function as its members.
Socialization
A sociological measure of class that refers to a particular social location, defined with reference to education, occupation, and financial resources.
Socioeconomic status
Suppose that the following information is known about Asa: He earns $126,000 in annual income, has a net worth of $324,000, has a master's degree, and works as a civil engineer. A sociologist could use this information to classify Asa in terms of his ____.
Socioeconomic status
A female manager is attempting to climb her way to the top of the corporate ladder. She works as hard as, if not harder than, her male colleagues, but nothing she does seems to help her advance. She begins to notice a pattern: Men are often promoted, but women are often overlooked for advancement. The realization that many women in her circumstance are experiencing the same discrimination is an example of:
Sociological imagination
If we place nature and nurture at opposite ends on a continuum, most sociologists would fall toward the nurture end of the continuum. Which statement best explains this tendency?
Sociologists focus on and as a result give primary weight to the social environment in explaining how people think, feel, and behave.
One of your closest friends works as a repair technician for an elevator company, and she earns a six-figure salary. While at a social event together, you overhear a conversation in which your friend is jokingly dismissed as a "common laborer" and a "member of the proletariat." The people making these remarks are rudely evaluating your friend based on what?
Status hierarchy
Which of the following ideas help us distinguish stereotypes from generalizations about people
Stereotypes tend to be judgmental, generalizations tend to be absolute categories
Tina believes that inequality is necessary to keep the world population in check. Her view is most consistent with the views of which theorist?
Thomas Malthus
Illegal drug dealing is an example of which of the following types of crimes, as defined by sociologists?
Street Crimes
Johnnie's father worked his entire career in the automotive manufacturing industry in Michigan. When Johnnie entered the workforce, the auto industry was in decline, so he instead found a professional career in the booming information technology sector, an industry that did not exist when his father began his career. This is an example of
Structural mobility
Skateboarding is a popular youth pastime. Within the activity, there are distinct variations on how it's done, and the skating vocabulary can vary by place. In addition, skateboarders have distinctive gear, such as skate shoes designed to provide grip and durability. All this sets skaters apart as a kind of
Subculture
The functionalist paradigm went largely unchallenged in the United States until about the 1950's when some sociologists began criticizing functionalists for:
Supporting the dominant class structure and the inequalities associated with it
A woman whose maternal grandparents came to the United States from Norway participates in a Norwegian folk dance group and bakes Norwegian pastries for special occasions. This is an example of
Symbolic ethnicity
The theoretical paradigm that explores how people create meaning in social interactions.
Symbolic interactionism
Traditional weddings in the dominant U.S. culture include a number of things that individuals imbue with significance and meaning, such as white wedding gowns, rings, flowers, music, etc. This issue is most likely to be the focus of sociologists working within which paradigm? Group of answer choices
Symbolic interactionist
Which of the following is a major difference between symbolic interactionist and functionalist perspective on deviance
Symbolic takes a micro or close-up look at individuals; functionalism looks at macro-level social system
What is the sociological imagination?
The ability to connect one's personal experiences to the broader society and historical forces.
Why would three partners who own a small graphic design business fit into what Erik Olin Wright calls contradictory class locations?
The fact that they own their own business puts them in the capitalist class, but they do not control the labor of others.
Who are Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim, and Max Weber?
The founding fathers of sociology
George H. Mead described how the "self" internalizes the views of society as a whole, transcending the individual and particular situations. He calls this larger society:
The generalized other
"If we define situations as real, they are real in their consequences
The Thomas Theorem
Functionalism
The theoretical paradigm that assumes that various social institutions and processes in society exist to serve some important (or necessary) function to keep society running.
Which of the following statements provides a conflict perspective on the Iraq war?
The war in Iraq which began in 2003, was fought to extend the power and dominance of the US and to create a US empire in the non-white, non-Christian world
A group of people is waiting to be helped at a customer service desk in a store. A woman in the waiting area suddenly clears her throat and spits on the floor. Everyone else in the room is taken aback and gives her horrified looks. How can this reaction be explained in sociological terms?
The woman who spit on the floor is not conforming to social norms that are shared by the other people in the room.
How was racism expressed in Ancient Greece?
There is no evidence that racism, as we know it today, was a part of Ancient Greek culture.
What is double consciousness?
This concept, coined by Du Bois, refers to an individual's constant awareness of how others perceive them and how those perceptions alter their own behaviors .
Which of the following is more difficult to do in social science research
To establish something is the cause of something else
What is a moderating variable?
a factor that affects the relationship between the independent and dependent variables
To truly understand why people act the way they do, we must understand the meanings they attach to their behaviors. Max Weber called this:
Verstehen.
What is an example of a negative relationship between an independent and a dependent variable?
Wealthier individuals tend to be less concerned about environmental problems.
What is causality?
When a change in one variable is the direct result of a change in another variable, this (difficult to obtain) condition exists.
Which statement offers an essentialist explanation for gender differences?
Women are overrepresented in professions such as nursing, teaching, and social work because they are inherently more nurturing and caring than men.
What is an example of using cultural relativism to think about cultural differences?
You see a news story about a country where people often eat spicy seafood dishes in the morning, and you reason that their long coastline and hot climate provide easy access to both seafood and hot peppers.
Which of the following would be the best example of a total institution?
a convent
One of the classes you are enrolled in fills up every semester it is offered, and students rave about it. There's something about it beyond the topic and the instructor, which makes you curious. You have an idea about why this is so, so you decide to test your theory by jotting down a hypothesis, asking other students a few questions, and then seeing if the results fit your theory. You are employing what kind of research in your sociological search for answers?
a deductive approach
There has been a significant increase in the number of men joining the nursing profession. Since 1970, the US Census Bureau reports that there has been about an 8 percent jump in the number of male nurses. The pay disparity also exists, with male nurses being paid about 20 percent more than their female counterparts. This change in gender balance in this profession seems counter to the idea that
a female-dominated profession is the result of fewer men entering the field, with the corresponding increase in women in that field.
Think about your own experience of going to school. More than simply "what you learned in school today," much of our lives in the United States are shaped by that entire experience: what we choose to wear, with whom we make friends, whom we avoid, and how we respond to authority figures, whether teachers or preachers or police. Overall, our experience of school is
a major part of socialization.
What is the collective conscience?
a set of norms by which members of society abide
A correlation is:
a simultaneous change in two variables
When you board an airplane, the boarding order generally starts with first-class passengers, and then makes its way down to the coach class. Imagine you are boarding an aircraft, and you are in coach class. As you search for a place to store your luggage, you notice that the people in first class are already being served free wine and snacks. This an example of
a status hierarchy.
What is an example of a panel survey?
a survey of 1,000 high-school seniors who are then contacted every two years for a 10-year period to participate in a follow-up survey
Professor Chang has spent years studying human history and social change and developed an abstract, systematic model that explains how as countries become wealthier their cultures shift to become more tolerant and open. This would be an example of
a theory.
Marissa Mayer was appointed the chief executive officer (CEO) of Yahoo Corporation in July 2012. Mayer is not the highest paid CEO in the United States, but her position suggests that more women are
able to break the glass ceiling.
At his predominantly white boarding school, DeMarcus pretends not to care when his classmates ask to touch his hair or assume stereotypical things about him because he is black, but when he is at home in his predominantly black neighborhood he complains to his friends about these experiences. What is this an example of?
acceptance
juggler, drug dealer, peace activist, and reality television junkie are all examples of this type of status.
achieved status
From Emile Durkheim's functional perspective, deviance in a society: Group of answer choices
is necessary for a society's survival.
According to Dalton Conley, Herbert gans (1979) studied television new outlets' decisions on what to include (or not to include) in the news. What did he find?
all news outlets are biased
Betty Friedan's The Feminine Mystique championed women's right to work in the early 1960s. For many black feminists, Freidan's book ignored thousands of working women and instead suggested that
all women experience oppression in the same way.
A sense of aimlessness or despair that arises when we can no longer reasonably expect life to be more or less meaningful.
anomie
According to Durkheim's Suicide, rapid social change causes people to experience normlessness, an uncomfortable state that sometimes leads to suicide. This state of normlessness is called:
anomie
In his interview with Dalton Conley, Victor Rios shares his own experience as a gang member in Oakland, California. His description of watching his best friend die in his arms, how police randomly upended his own and his friends' daily lives, and the sense of despair, chaos, and disconnection from society that resulted are a powerful reflection on what Durkheim called
anomie
The term media refers to
any format or vehicle used to carry, present, or communicate information.
Asha Rangappa, dean of admissions at Yale Law School, explained that most students who apply to Yale Law School have already benefited from opportunities that make them appear to be stronger candidates than those from less advantaged backgrounds. In the sociological perspective, this implies that:
as a social institution, education tends to reinforce existing inequalities.
Age, race, and sex are all examples of this type of status.
ascribed status
In traditional societies, the village in which a person grew up shaped their identity and how others treated them. This is an example of
ascribed status
Which ethnic group has a higher median family income than whites in the United States?
asian americans
Suppose you are part of a research team stationed in Uganda to do sociological surveys. You are there with your same-sex spouse of eight years. In Uganda, homosexuality was criminalized in 2009 and is currently punishable by life imprisonment. Attitudes in the country are not favorable toward homosexuality, but you have not experienced difficulties in daily life. As you begin the write-up of your research, you are especially aware of the scholarly need to
avoid letting your own beliefs about same-sex relationships enter your writing.
Norms are to _______ as values are to ____________
behavior; attitudes
Your good friend Judy comes to you in a state of exasperation and tells you that she just left the girl's bathroom and saw what she swears was a man dressed in women's clothing walking in. "Men need to use their own bathroom. There's a reason we have different restrooms for different sexes!" Judy is expressing what many people feel, reflecting ideas about
biological determinism.
The case of a young girl named Genie is the most carefully documented and well-studied instance of what happens to a child who does not experience adequate contact with other people during infancy and childhood. Genie was locked in a room alone for nearly 13 years and never developed language skills the way most children do. Obviously, this is a story in part of severe parental neglect, but it also provides insight into whether such abilities as language are innate. Fundamentally, this case about a feral child is about whether
biology or socialization shapes human behavior.
The one drop role asserts you just have one drop of black blood makes a person:
black
This chapter concludes with a look at the criminal justice system of the United States, noting that incarceration rates have risen significantly. A close look at current prison populations in America shows that the largest percentage of prison inmates are
black
While today the phrase "mass media" might bring to mind a cable TV network or a print publication with hundreds of thousands of subscribers, the earliest mass media were
books
which theory explains how social context and social cues impact the way individuals acts, specifically, whether or not local, informal norms allow acts such as vandalizing an abandoned car?
broken windows theory
Material culture includes
buildings, artworks, and technological devices.
Race has no biological basis
but still impacts life chances
A stratification system that is religious in nature and is based on hereditary notions of religious and theological purity.
caste system
United Sates often boast about having an open system of stratification based on achieved rather than ascribed characteristics. Such as system of stratification is called
caste system
Both quantitative and qualitative methods (the way sociologists can gather data about a social issue or problem) are approaches that ideally attempt to establish a __________ between social elements.
causal relationship
Definitions of deviant behavior tend to
change over time and vary from one context to another.
An identity in which an individual's experience of his or her own gender match the sex he or she was assigned at birth.
cisgender
Under what system is your societal position related to your position in the economic market?
class
An economically based hierarchical system characterized by cohesive, oppositional groups and somewhat loose social mobility.
class system
When children who speak languages other than English at home attend public schools in the United States, they not only are expected to learn and use academic English, they also are exposed to and expected to act in accordance with rules such as waiting in line to go through the lunch line and sitting in the cafeteria to eat lunch. When these children go home, they speak with their family in their shared language and follow different practices regarding shared meals. Moving between these different settings, these children grow adept at
code switching
Charles believes that racial equality has already been achieved and therefore there is no need for programs like affirmative action. He argues that the best way to improve the conditions of poor African Americans is to encourage them to change their values regarding work, marriage, and family. Charles's beliefs are an example of
color-blind racism.
Two words that might describe the difference between conflict theory and functionalism are:
competition vs consensus
Kalani has busy summers planned for her daughters. They take music lessons, play on soccer and basketball teams, and attend summer school classes. This summer schedule is an example of
concerted cultivation.
In the United States, media ownership is
consolidated in the hands of a few big companies.
As discussed in the text, President Barack Obama, the son of a white Kansan mother and black Kenyan father, is widely perceived as a black man despite being biracial. This is illustrative of the
continued significance of the one-drop rule.
You've noticed that when you sleep less, your grades suffer. At the same time, you realize that lower grades could also lead to a lack of sleep: that worrying about a possible dip in your grade point average could keep you up at night. What kind of relationship between the two variables, lack of sleep and lower grades, are you noticing here?
correlation
What three factors are needed to establish causation?
correlation, time order, and ruling out alternative explanations
Robert Park's model of how immigrants adapted to a new setting was called straight-line assimilation. Milton Gordon refined this theory and suggested that an immigrant population can pass through seven stages of assimilation. Harold Isaacs then observed that, despite what seemed to be full assimilation, ethnic identity persisted. His findings led Clifford Geertz to conclude that because it was not biological, ethnicity must be the result of
culture
One major concern with restricted ownership of major media outlets is that:
de facto censorship may occur because it becomes easier to suppress messages that media owners don't support
In the book, we are presented with a mobility table (Table 7.2). As you look at this table, you can begin to see what happens to the sons. The rate of occupational change is surprisingly low. The sons largely wind up in the same occupational category as the fathers. One of the conclusions from the mobility table analysis suggests that
despite the American belief that we live in the land of opportunity, mobility rates have declined significantly in the past decades.
Which theory suggests that "crime results from a rational calculation of the costs and benefits of criminal activity"?
deterrence theory
Erving Goffman used the language of theater to describe how people present themselves in everyday social life. This is known as:
dramaturgical theory.
In responding to surveys asking them to rank various occupations by status, people place more emphasis on the __________ of the position than the position's __________.
educational requirements; income level
A stratification system with a governing elite--that is, few leaders who broadly hold the power in society-- is called an
elite-mass dichotomy system
Which of the following is NOT a positive trait for a man due to hegemonic masculinity
emotional sensitivity
Which description captures a feature of feminist approaches to social research?
engaging in research that may bring about policy changes to help improve women's lives
Identify the independent variable for the hypothesis: Students taking sociology classes are more likely to enjoy college.
enrollment in sociology courses
In an effort to understand how group dynamics change under duress, a research team gathers 100 people at a remote mountain location, bringing them all in by helicopter. Using carefully designed interviews, the researchers begin the lengthy process of interviewing the participants. After the second day, however, there are a dozen participants who express unhappiness and want to leave. The research team reminds them that they signed an agreement to be interviewed knowing what it entailed, that leaving is not practical, and that they need to continue with the process. The research team is failing to fulfill what golden rule of research?
ensuring voluntary participation
What standard of equality was key to the arguments of civil rights leaders in the 1960s?
equality of opportunity
The tenet that human behavior is natural and predetermined by biological mechanisms is:
essentialism
Sociologists are skeptical of ____ arguments that explain social phenomena in terms of natural ones and often rely on biological determinism.
essentialist
The belief that one's own culture or group is superior to others, and the tendency to view all other cultures from the perspective of one's own.
ethnocentrism
Between 1924 and 1979, the state of Virginia performed sterilizations on individuals deemed "unfit." This included people with epilepsy, which today is recognized and treated as a medical condition. These cases represent a manifestation of
eugenics.
In classical experimental design, the _____ group experiences the independent variable
experimental
In classical experimental design, the _______ group experiences the independent variable.
experimental
The basic idea that men and women be given equal opportunities and respect.
feminism
Native Americans have been the target of racial and ethnic abuses since Europeans arrived. In Indian Bureau boarding schools and schools provided on reservations, English was mandatory and children were severely punished if they spoke or wrote their native language, resulting in the gradual erosion of culture. This policy was an attempt at
forced assimilation
What was Jane Addams best known for?
founding the first American settlement house to help the poor
The most age-segregated social institution in our society is a:
four-year college.
When a sample of survey respondents has the same mix of people as the larger population and in the same proportions, its representativeness permits:
generalizability
When a sample of survey respondents has the same mix of people as the larger population and in the same proportions, its representativeness permits: Group of answer choices
generalizability
Mead would probably argue that if your four-year-old daughter picks her nose and keeps pulling up her dress while you are out at a fancy restaurant, it is because:
has not internalized the generalized other
Facebook surpassed 1 billion monthly active users in 2012, and that number has continued to climb. Facebook wasn't the first social media site, of course; it had to compete with earlier sites, such as Friendster and MySpace. Today, though, Facebook is many people's default way of staying in touch with family, friends, and colleagues through messages, posts, likes, and event invitations. Widespread reliance on the site is a good example of
hegemony
Gramsci's concept for the historical process in which a dominant group exercises moral and intellectual leadership by voluntarily receiving the approval and consent of the masses is known as:
hegemony
"Social physics" or "positivism" is best defined as the:
idea that we can scientifically and logically study social institutions and the individuals within them
An element of nonmaterial culture known as ____________ is a system of concepts and relationships sometimes used to understand cause and effect.
ideology
elevator etiquette (standing quietly while facing the door and avoiding eye contact) is a
implicit norm
What is an example of a given-off gesture?
inadvertently glancing at the clock during a boring lecture
Suppose you have a good friend who has done well after college. His work in telecommunications helped him land him a job with a six-figure salary last year. He lives in a tiny apartment in the suburbs and keeps his money in a checking account. In addition, he lives off a credit card, and he still has $50,000 in college loans. Your friend is in the category of people considered to have high
income
The __________ variable is the "change agent," or cause of an effect in the __________ variable.
independent and dependent, respectively.
A researcher observes that most teens entering a café choose to sit near other occupied tables, whereas most retirees choose a table that is farther away from other customers. The researcher then theorizes that youth like to feel that they are part of a larger group of people, whereas the elderly are more comfortable being alone. This is an example of which kind of research approach?
inductive
Paula begins to notice that there are patterns to where people sit on the bus, and these patterns differ depending on whether the rider is male or female. Based on these observations, she generates larger ideas (theories) about the behaviors of men and women. This is an example of which kind of research approach?
inductive
Suppose you are a participant in an online forum where people review online games, and one participant recently posted an angry rant in all caps, which elicited a harsh rebuke from several other users. Such a reprimand is a kind of
informal social sanction.
Research subjects in Tuskegee Study did not know they were participating in a study documenting the natural p untreated syphilis. As such, the HEW final report listed __________ as an ethical issues with the study.
informed consent
A person who desires a big mansion and the perfect "American Dream" lifestyle, but sells illegal drugs to achieve this, is known by Merton as a(n):
innovator
Institutions and social dynamics that may seem race-neutral but actually disadvantage minority groups.
institutional racism
Internalizing sterotypical notions about the group to which one belong is referred to as
internalized operation
The most significant division within the discipline of sociology exists between:
interpretive and positivist sociology.
Feminists argue that gender matters because
it structures social relations between people.
David Rosenhan (1973) sent some of his students to a psychiatric hospital saying they were "hearing voices" Each prseudo-patient was admitted and diagnosed with a mental disorder. He was illustrating _____ theory.
labeling
Chad is the captain of the high-school golf team and son of a prominent business owner in town. Orhan is a refugee from Syria who attends the same school and lives with his single mother on the poor side of town. Both Chad and Orhan were caught cheating on a recent biology exam, but only Orhan was punished, which led him to drop out of school due to the shame he felt and to become involved in the illicit economy of street crime. Chad, on the other hand, went on to become a successful corporate executive after attending a prestigious college. This is an example of which theory of deviance?
labeling theory
Individuals subconsciously notice how others see or label them and their reactions to those labels over time form the basis of their self- identity.
labeling theory
Which of the following is an example of a symbolic interactionist theory of deviance
labeling theory
The intended purpose of school desegregation in the 1950's was to make education equal for everyone. What was not intended was that many racial minority teachers and principals lost their jobs. This unintended purpose is an example of an _____ function.
latent
you have decided to conduct an interview-based study on your campus that examines sexual assault with the hope of offering recommendations to the administration for policy changes. You have selected as your sample the members of all the campus fraternities, as this is a subpopulation of the entire campus and seems often to be at the center of the cases. Although this is an interesting approach, your results will likely be
limited in generalizability because of your sampling decision.
Charles cooley said that interactions with others have a profound impact on our personality development. He coined this concept to refer to the idea that people see themselves as they think others see them
looking glass self
In 2011, a Toronto police officer, during a crime prevention talk, said "women should avoid dressing like sluts in order not to be victimized." The remark prompted formation of a protest movement dubbed SlutWalk, whose stated objective was to stop oppression by slut-shaming and "of being judged by our sexuality and feeling unsafe." Although controversial in many respects, the effort sparked a larger debate on rape culture, socially acceptable dress and appearance, and the idea of slut shaming. The idea that women are supposed to dress within a particular set of largely unspoken social boundaries, and thereby avoid being called sluts, speaks to the
maintenance of a gender order.
Three Strikes Law
may impose life sentences on non-violent offenders
A strong study establishes validity because it is important that the researcher:
measure what he or she intends to measure
In her interview with Dalton Conley, Paula England highlights the changing gender dynamics of relationships for college students. England's research found that students hook up rather than date, and that when they did, "something sexual happens" (which may or may not be intercourse). Furthermore, the whole idea of a relationship is very tenuous. Dating has a very different meaning, with an expectation that it might mean a relationship, and that it is
monogamous.
Sociologists believe that dichotomous sex categories are
more of an ideal than an absolute
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel's concept of the master-slave dialectic highlighted the fact that there is a(n) _______ between master and slave.
mutual dependency
Comparison between Burakumin and Japanese shows race is
not just about physical or biological differences
The Nazi regime's belief that it had to protect a superior race from contamination by inferior races stemmed in part from
notion of Social Darwinism
To __________ the concept of class, a researcher might choose to measure variables like income, occupation, and level of education
operationalize
Following the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, the US government decreed that all people of Japanese descent living in the United States, whether or not they were citizens, were subject to internment in concentration camps. At the time, enclaves of Japanese Americans thrived in several American cities. The fear and rejection of anyone with Japanese ancestry following the attacks reflected a decline in
pluralism
According to Marx, the ___ is comprised of people who must sell their labor because they have no other means to earn a livelihood
proletariat
Suppose you're at a party at a friend's apartment. One of the guests strikes up a conversation with you about voter apathy and claims he has a pretty good idea as to why it is so high, calling it a "well-educated hypothesis." You point out (much to his annoyance) that his idea is really nothing more than a guess. In order to accurately call his idea a hypothesis, he would need to
propose a relationship between two variables.
Since 9/11 muslims have a new racial identity. This process is
racialization
The text discusses the plight of Irish immigrants in the United States in the late 1800s, when vicious, racially motivated attacks were directed toward them. In 2014, there was a series of angry demonstrations in Waterford, a town in Ireland, directed against the Roma (formerly referred to as gypsies). The irony of the attacks on the Roma in Waterford is that, like the anti-Irish attacks in the United States, they are an example of
racism
Charles is a 41-year-old man who recently got caught committing a crime after serving a long prison sentence. This is an example of:
recidivism
Although some criticize rap music for its violent lyrics, many rappers defend it by saying it emerges directly from their experiences. Those rappers who make these claims are invoking:
reflection theory
Juanita is a graduate student studying male prisoners. She carefully considers how her gender, age, and education may affect the prisoners and their responses to her. Juanita is practicing:
reflexivity
Some businesses in the United States, especially food-service establishments, will post signs that read, "No shirt, no shoes, no service." These signs
reinforce a cultural norm.
The more consistent the results given by repeated measurements, the higher the __________ of the measurement procedure.
reliable
After consistently burning dinner for a month, John found out that his oven's temperature gauge was giving readings that were 50 degrees cooler than the oven's actual temperature. John's oven thermometer can be said to be:
reliable but not valid
Suppose that researchers find that if they ask respondents to report their happiness twice over the course of an interview, the respondents nearly always give identical responses. However, they also find that respondents are generally unwilling to report feeling unhappy because they think they will be judged negatively by the interviewer. This measure of happiness would be
reliable but not valid.
As a budding sociologist, you decide to study American politics by attending presidential caucuses. You identify as a liberal independent, but you are interested in the process from different perspectives. Your first stop is at a caucus for Republican candidates. Everyone in the audience is passionate about their beliefs, and you find yourself swept up in the process, reacting against ideas that you see as extreme. In developing the paper discussing your study results, what is one of the challenges you in particular must overcome to produce an unbiased study?
remembering that everyone, including you, is inculcated into systems of beliefs that influence thinking and perceptions
Zayvon has conducted a study in which he found that college students with more friends tend to have higher GPAs. He concluded that as a person makes more friends, she has more social support and that helps her do better academically. However, when he collected longitudinal data in a follow-up study and was able to take into account time order, Zayvon found that, actually, as a person increases her GPA, she gains status on campus and attracts more friends. This is a case of
reverse causality.
Tracy rejects the goals of owning a big house and earning lots of money, which she feels are defined by society. However, she still works hard and follows the rules. Robert Merton would classify Tracy as a(n):
ritualist
Sandra's boss asked her to work this weekend, but Sandra feels obligated to attend a family reunion and she has to study for an exam. She is having trouble deciding which "activity" to let go. Sandra is experiencing:
role conflict
The duties and behaviors associated with a particular status.
roles
In some urban neighborhoods, buying food staples requires a lengthy journey to another (more white) part of the city. "Food deserts" are a significant problem for people whose resources are limited. According to the text, a food desert is a possible marker of
segregation
At a party, you listen in on a conversation about sex. One person states that he has had sex in some pretty far-out places. He is referring to
sexuality
What do symbolic interactionists study?
shared meaning
The brief review of Peggy McIntosh's essay on white privilege lists just a few of the 50 privileges that McIntosh identified in her original work, which included not being asked to represent your entire race and not having to educate children to be aware of systematic racism for their own protection. Which of the following could also be considered white privilege?
shopping in a store without fear that security guards will scrutinize your behavior
A television ad campaign for a new toy starts playing nationwide in late October. Within weeks, big box retailers are selling out of the toy as parents prepare for the holidays. This response is an example of a
short-term, intended media effect.
A correlation is:
simultaneous change in two variables
In the United States, six major companies including Disney and Time Warner, own what percentage of the media?
slightly more than 90%
which of the following is Durkheim's concept for how people form social bonds and relate to each other on a daily basis?
social cohesion
Why do parents and surgeons push to assign a sex to a genitally ambiguous child?
social discomfort and fear of difference
The basic premise of the Chicago School was that human behaviors and personalities are shaped by social and physical environments. This is known as:
social ecology.
A sociologist studying the meaning of bicycle theft finds that the young men in her neighborhood who steal bicycles do so as a way of proving that they are more clever than the owners of expensive bicycles, since they can get away with rifling through unlocked or poorly secured garages, porches, and basements unnoticed. In a way, stealing these pieces of sports equipment is a sport in itself for the thieves. This researcher's focus on how those who steal bicycles think of their actions is an example of
symbolic interactionist
Gesters, facial expressions, words, numbers represent something to humans. They are examples of
symbols
Gestures, facial expressions, words, numbers, and the U.S. flag all meaningfully represent something to humans. Thus, they are examples of:
symbols
For a research project in an introductory sociology course, a student decides to compare how women's magazines cover health and beauty topics versus career and professional topics. This student is conducting
textual evidence
In her interview with Dalton Conley, Annette Lareau discusses the work found in her book, Unequal Childhoods, and gives numerous examples of the ways in which different parenting strategies play out in the home, and the results of those different strategies. Socioeconomic class differences (middle-class, working-class, and poor) figure prominently into the results, and she notes that the success of the child often hinges upon the knowledge and acceptance that what matters is
that children enter institutions, and institutions have rules
When a child is born, doctors make a decision about what sex they are. Usually, this is very straightforward. However, when a baby is born with atypical or ambiguous genitalia, most doctors recommend sex-reassignment surgery during infancy to make them conform to typical male or female genitalia. While this decision may or may not be a good choice, a sociologist might view the doctor's rationale as resulting from
the belief in a binary sex system.
One of the consequences of mass incarceration in the United States has been
the disenfranchisement of millions of former felons.
The gender wage gap generates considerable discussion. As defined by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), this gap is the "difference between male and female earnings expressed as a percentage of male earnings." Critics of the pay gap note that women do not work as many hours as men, that children necessitate women as primary caregivers (as the sole persons able to bear children), and that the entire problem "can be explained away by simply taking account of college majors." All of this debate underscores what basic idea?
the extent of male dominance in society
Average household net worth is much higher for white families than for black and Latino families. This "equity inequality" is BEST explained as a result of
the historical disadvantage of minority groups.
The conventional path is also referred to as
the path of least resistance
In Pulp Fiction, two characters discuss how in Holland people put mayonnaise on their french fries instead of ketchup, which the author uses to illustrate the concept of:
the sociological imagination
Sociology can be thought of as:
the systematic study of human social behavior, groups, and societies and how these change over time
Because military boot camps and prisons are places that control all of the basics of people's day-to-day lives, they are known as:
total institution
Goffman (1961) called situations where "all aspects of life are conducted in the same place and under the same single authority":
total institutions
Comparative research usually involves studying
two or more units of analysis that have a number of things in common but differ on a dimension (or dimensions) of interest.
Though both may study the past, historians more often focus on ________ cases while sociologists more often focus on ________ cases.
unique; comparative
Siying's mother and father both lacked any formal education and supported their family by working as shoe shiners in a New York City subway station. Siying got a scholarship to attend an Ivy League university, went to medical school, and is now a neurosurgeon at a hospital in Boston. This is an example of
vertical social mobility
The rise or fall of an individual (or group) from one social stratum to another is called
vertical social mobility
All of the following are outcomes of sexual dichotomization EXCEPT:
viewing sexual variation as a part of diversity as a species
If you were to tell someone that you were conducting breaching experiments, you would be telling them that you were intentionally
violating social norms to see what happens.
Which of the following is a cultural behavior
waving goodbye
In her interview with Dalton Conley, Jennifer Lee observes that the black-white divide is now the black-nonblack divide. Her argument is based on the experiences of first- and second-generation Asians and Latinos, a group in which each successive generation's outcomes improve. Among black Americans this is not the case, however. Disparities are apparent between blacks and all other groups in
wealth and educational attainment.
Give aways of publicly funded research and development to private, for-profit companies and tax breaks for wealthy individuals are examples of
wealthfare
You would like to understand why some high-school students in a private religious school are prone to being cyberbullied. After thoroughly operationalizing the terms, developing well-honed variables, and identifying a sample, you must apply to an institutional review board in order to conduct the research. One of the main concerns is that
you are dealing with a protected population group.