Soc 1101 Final Exam

Inequality in health outcomes by groups

* Higher income = live longer ***lower class is more stress = die faster *Higher education = live longer *Married = live longer *WHITE = live longer *Woman = live longer *Large family = DIE faster *Kids all aged close together = die faster Black men have lowest life expectancy obviously. Life Expectancy (long to short) 1. White women 2.All Women 3.Black women (barely above wht men) 4. White men 5.All men 6.black men diff btwn 1 and 6 is 9.2 yrs

Mandatory Sentencing ("truth in sentencing laws", "3 strikes and you're out" laws)

**** *Mandatory sentencing requires that offenders serve a predefined term for certain crimes, commonly serious and violent offenses. Judges are bound by law; these sentences are produced through the legislature, not the judicial system. They are instituted to expedite the sentencing process and limit the possibility of irregularity of outcomes due to judicial discretion. *Truth in sentencing (TIS) is a collection of different but related public policy stances on sentencing of those convicted of crimes in the justice system. In most contexts, it refers to policies and legislation that aim to abolish or curb parole so that convicts serve the period to which they have been sentenced. Truth in sentencing advocates relate such policies in terms of the public's right to know; they argue, for example, that it is deceptive to sentence an individual to "seven to nine years" and then release the individual after he or she has served only six years. *In the United States, habitual offender laws[1] (commonly referred to as three-strikes laws) were first implemented on March 7, 1994[2] and are part of the United States Justice Department's Anti-Violence Strategy.The three-strikes law significantly increases the prison sentences of persons convicted of a felony who have been previously convicted of two or more violent crimes or serious felonies, and limits the ability of these offenders to receive a punishment other than a life sentence. -Mandatory sentencing was pushed by Democrats and was intended to reduce the amount of blacks incarcerated (IRONIC) -Drug sentencing, mandatory sentence guidelines/rates, and sentencing guidelines all appear/become stricter 3 strikes and you're out - show up in front of a judge 3 times and get automatic life sentences A bunch of people locked up for life for drugs, a nonviolent crime Incarceration increased 430% in 2 decades //////Obviously this law has a negative affect on the black and impoverished community. Because of the drugs and stuff

'personal trouble' vs 'public issues'

***sociological imagination concept works to understand the distinction btwn a person's troubles and public issues -1 person = personal problem - ---ex: obesity can be deemed as a personal trouble because we choose what and how much we eat BUT society also has a big effect on our diets

The Great Compression/The New Gilded Age (their causes and consequences)

**early 1940 -Banking regulations -Progressive taxation -Strong Unions -Industrial regulation -Social safety (net) -Culture -The Cold War -Decimated competitors During that time economic inequality as shown by wealth distribution and income distribution between the rich and poor became much smaller than it had been in preceding time periods. ******new gilded age: 1980s period in which the financial sector began to take off; marked by tax cuts, deunionization and deregulation of banks

US gun death rates

++++Not sure where to get this info so I will gather from multiple sources ---Class PPT -Gun homicide rates are 25.2 times higher in the US than in other high-income countries -worldwide it is fairly low compared to somewhere like El Salvador but it is up there with a lot of poor Caribbean/ central american countries that all have drug/cartel/gang issues. We in the US don't have those probs but still our gun death rate is so high -WE HAVE MORE GUNS THAN PEOPLE.... - ----NPR -The United States has the 28th-highest rate of deaths from gun violence in the world: 4.43 deaths per 100,000 people in 2017 — far greater than what is seen in other wealthy countries. -Basically our gun deaths are in the range of a country that is poor

Neoliberalism (Hayek & Friedman)

-"government is the problem and the market must be set free" -markets are inherently good, the very foundation of human liberty; government is merely there to set up, establish, and break down market barriers -def'n: emphasizes the value of free market competition -neoliberalism is often characterized in terms of its belief in sustained economic growth as the means to achieve human progress, its confidence in free markets as the most-efficient allocation of resources, its emphasis on minimal state intervention in economic and social affairs, and its commitment to the freedom of trade and capital. HAYEK: markets guaranteed individual liberty and the interference of the state in markets was bad -Markets are inherently good, the very foundation of human liberty -government is merely there to set up, establish, and break down market barriers

The Enlightenment

-A philosophical movement which started in Europe in the 1700's and spread to the colonies. It emphasized reason and the scientific method. Writers of the enlightenment tended to focus on government, ethics, and science, rather than on imagination, emotions, or religion. Many members of the Enlightenment rejected traditional religious beliefs in favor of Deism, which holds that the world is run by natural laws without the direct intervention of God. -In the past people's identity was defined by their role in society. Their identity was their relationship to their ruler. Roles were clearly defined and you could not see society because society was everything. Now people are focused on the individual and people's individual identity. Modernity bigets (to create) the individual.

Karl Marx (conflict)

-Changes in society come from conflict within. -Change has to come from the outside though -Groups are constantly fighting and conflicting each other, this is why we change. -Marx was a philosopher, social scientist, historian and revolutionary in the 1800s "how can people be free" organization of labor -the working class can only sell their labor while bourgeoise owns production of labor -Conflict theory states that tensions and conflicts arise when resources, status, and power are unevenly distributed between groups in society and that these conflicts become the engine for social change. -society is in a state of perpetual conflict because of competition for limited resources -A basic premise of conflict theory is that individuals and groups within society will work to maximize their own benefits. -Marx, believed that inherent societal conflict drives change and development in society

prisons as a new Jim Crow

-Creates stigma that a racial group(blacks) are 'criminal' even if they aren't -The New Jim Crow: mass incarceration in the age of colorblindness - So Green Box Shop knowledge time. Basically a lot of the plantations that were in the south have turned into prisons. People are yet again profiting off the backs on the enslaved (incarcerated) black men. Furthermore incarcerated ppl have no working rights, no voting , and a lot of other rights . What does that sound like ... Slavery. Also when these ppl get out life is like 20 times harder -So as it turns out The New Jim Crow is the name of a book, so thats fun -The New Jim Crow is a stunning account of the rebirth of a caste-like system in the United States, one that has resulted in millions of African Americans locked behind bars and then relegated to a permanent second-class status—denied the very rights supposedly won in the Civil Rights Movement. -Jim Crow laws were wiped off the books decades ago, but today an extraordinary percentage of the African American community is warehoused in prisons or trapped in a parallel social universe, denied basic civil and human rights—including the right to vote; the right to serve on juries; and the right to be free of legal discrimination in employment, housing, access to education and public benefits. Today, it is no longer socially permissible to use race explicitly as a justification for discrimination, exclusion, and social contempt -it is perfectly legal to discriminate against convicted criminals in nearly all the ways in which it was once legal to discriminate against African Americans. Once labeled a felon, even for a minor drug crime, the old forms of discrimination are suddenly legal again. In her words, "we have not ended racial caste in America; we have merely redesigned it." -Alexander [the author]shows that, by targeting black men through the War on Drugs and decimating communities of color, the U.S. criminal justice system functions as a contemporary system of racial control, even as it formally adheres to the principle of colorblindness.

Racial Inequality in police surveillance and sentencing

-Drug arrests are not random! It has to do with who is being watched and stopped. Blacks aren't more likely to do drugs than others Whites do more drugs - especially weed but is deemed as a 'black.' drug Black poverty is seen in cities while white poverty is seen in rural areas. Urban areas are easier to watch and police which is why there is a higher percentage of poor blacks in jail than poor whites. -When the well-off commit crimes, they are punished differently White-collared crimes (ie: companies violating safety regulations, environmental standards, etc) - argued to be more severe than "drug crimes", yet, those people were not prosecuted → they jus pay fines Enron - insider trading of books -- left 4,000 + people unemployed The stock market fell by ~ $6 billion Crack + Cocaine - during the bulk of the Prison Boom: Minimum sentence of 5,000 grams of cocaine was == to that of 5 grams of crack (100 times greater) Cocaine = used by the rich/elite Crack = used by poor people Mandatory sentencing was pushed by Democrats and was intended to reduce the amount of blacks incarcerated (IRONIC) Until Johnson and the Great Society, welfare wasn't really available → it became very racialized The New Jim Crow: mass incarceration in the age of colorblindness Black males make up 14% of drug users However, blacks make up 56% of drug crimes Whites use more marijuana than blacks + latinos combined

Paul Ehrlic

-Neo-Malthusian -Ecology -Author of The Population Bomb Loser of the bet, kinda a psycho -Started Zero Population Growth which was a little on the side of eugenics... - Used to study butterflies and applied the behaviors he saw in them to humans Biocentrism Studied interaction btwn species Basically he thought that with rapid pop growth, humans would eventually run out of resources and we would all perish -wanted for pop control -Paul Ehrlich studies butterflies and finds that they eat up all their resources then die off; once resources come back then butterflies thrive again then die again -an American biologist, best known for his warnings about the consequences of population growth and limited resources. -Ehrlich became well known for his controversial 1968 book The Population Bomb, in which he famously stated that in 1970s hundreds of millions of people will starve to death in spite of any crash programs embarked upon now." Among the solutions he suggested in that book was population control, including "various forms of coercion" such as eliminating "tax benefits for having additional children," to be used if voluntary methods were to fail Ecological Humans are animals (like any other) Don't really study people much No winners or losers, tototalies & relationships Derive knowledge of/ the ecosystem as a whole State of being: We are a small part of a big picture → Biocentrism

class

-based on wages -Some mobility to move classes -The class you are born into does not completely define you -five social classes: upper, upper-middle, middle, working and lower -a group of individuals who occupy a similar position in the economic system of production. Within that system occupation is very important because it provides financial rewards, stability and benefits like healthcare --combine ascribed status and personal achievement in a way that allows for some social mobility

privatized prisons

-increase in govt spending on prisons but oh no too many ppl not enough prisons. -like in riverdale non govt orgs build prisons to make $$$$ off of the inmates. -According to the 13th amendment you cannot be a slave... unless you are incarcerated... prisoners work for 3.45/day $3.45 A DAY. THAT IS HOW MUCH THEY MAKE DOING WORK FOR THE PRISON GOD KNOWS HOW MANY HOUR IN ONE Flippin DAY -Encounter hella problems because since they are for profit they out here cutting costs. On v important things such as MEDICAL, REHABILITATION, AND OTHER ESSENTIALS A PRISONER NEEDS **there is also a lot of shady stuff happening, prisons will pay judges to give out max sentences **There are private prison corporations, due to the fact that the gov't was running out of $$$$ to fund them: Costs include prison guards (who aren't as well trained), food, health care, etc Private prisons get paid by the amount of prisoners in it There's higher % of prisoners who come back b/c of the lack of rehabilitation + job placement programs There's lots of corruption in privatized prisons Since the amount of prisoners have been decreasing, there is an increase in the detention of ILLEGAL IMMIGRANTS 80% of holding immigrants are in private prisons

white privilege

-the benefits people receive simply by being part of the dominant group --Shown through resume studies. Two identical resumes sent to places, one with a white sounding name and another with an ethnic sounding name. 8 times more likely to hire the white sounding name. ** Whiteness defines a problematic social identity that confronts whites with two threats: The possibility that their accomplishments in life were not fully earned (MERITOCRATIC THREAT) The association with a group that benefits from unfair social advantages (GROUP-IMAGE THREAT) In response to a problematic identity, you can: 1) deny the existence of privilege 2) distance their own self-concepts from the white category 3) dismantle systems of privilege * the societal privilege that benefits white people over non-white people, particularly if they are otherwise under the same social, political, or economic circumstances. -whites in Western societies enjoy advantages that non-whites do not experience, as "an invisible package of unearned assets -These include cultural affirmations of one's own worth; presumed greater social status; and freedom to move, buy, work, play, and speak freely. The effects can be seen in professional, educational, and personal contexts. The concept of white privilege also implies the right to assume the universality of one's own experiences, marking others as different or exceptional while perceiving oneself as normal.

Social Institutions

///Social Institutions Education Media Legal system Religion Family Work Health Social institutions breed established, patterned rule-governed behaviors that relate to each other. Social institutions are social institutions because we have constructed them, they are places of socialization and we learn how to interact with people. One form of these rules are laws- written instructions We also use norms and mores **Social institutions are mechanisms or patterns of social order focused on meeting social needs, such as government, economy, education, family, healthcare, and religion. Some sociological methods focus on examining social institutions over time, or compare them to social institutions in other parts of the world.

The three conflicts in Environmental Sociology

1. Nature vs. People Biocentrism vs. people 2. Nature v. Economy Treadmill of production vs ecological modernization Allen Schnaiberg = coined the term 'treadmill of production' T.O.P - the cycles caused by the consumption of a good which provides jobs for every individual involved in production process as well as their tax contribution??? 3. Haves and Have nots (env justice) In the 1980s risk was moved from companies to the individuals who many have benefitted from the company previously Idea of vertically integrated companies is gone, now we outsource like crazy so we don't have to solve every problem or continuously innovate every aspect of a product Borneo rainforest is being harvested Rainforest destruction in the amazon is up 30% Species are dying because of us. We are killing them with deforestation/ habitat loss, and pesticide use

Environmental Justice - distribution of pollution, distribution of resource use

? Environmental justice is the fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, color, national origin, or income, with respect to the development, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies. This goal will be achieved when everyone enjoys: the same degree of protection from environmental and health hazards, and equal access to the decision-making process to have a healthy environment in which to live, learn, and work. Environmental justice is an important part of the struggle to improve and maintain a clean and healthful environment, especially for those who have traditionally lived, worked and played closest to the sources of pollution. Championed primarily by African-Americans, Latinos, Asians and Pacific Islanders and Native Americans, the environmental justice movement addresses a statistical fact: people who live, work and play in America's most polluted environments are commonly people of color and the poor. Environmental justice advocates have shown that this is no accident. Communities of color, which are often poor, are routinely targeted to host facilities that have negative environmental impacts -- say, a landfill, dirty industrial plant or truck depot. The statistics provide clear evidence of what the movement rightly calls "environmental racism." Communities of color have been battling this injustice for decades. Haves and Have nots (env justice) In the 1980s risk was moved from companies to the individuals who many have benefitted from the company previously Idea of vertically integrated companies is gone, now we outsource like crazy so we don't have to solve every problem or continuously innovate every aspect of a product Borneo rainforest is being harvested Rainforest destruction in the amazon is up 30% Species are dying because of us. We are killing them with deforestation/ habitat loss, and pesticide use

Industries vs. Disruptors

? To be a disrupter is to create a product, service, or way of doing things which displaces the existing market leaders and eventually replaces them at the helm of the sector. Disruptors are generally entrepreneurs, outsiders, and idealists rather than industry insiders or market specialists. Disruptors are often linked to the fast moving technology industry but can be found in almost any area of business.

Urbanization and the Consolidation and Industrialization of Agriculture

????? oelwein Big agriculture because Monsanto is destroying the world with all of their buffoonery basically all the things that happened in oelwein with gillete and stuff

John Rawls

A Theory of Justice: the veil of ignorance A Theory of Justice is a 1971 work of political philosophy and ethics by John Rawls, in which the author addresses the problem of distributive justice (the socially just distribution of goods in a society). -The "veil of ignorance" is a method of determining the morality of issues. It asks a decision-maker to make a choice about a social or moral issue and assumes that they have enough information to know the consequences of their possible decisions for everyone but would not know, or would not take into account, which person they are. The theory contends that not knowing one's ultimate position in society would lead to the creation of a just system, as the decision-maker would not want to make decisions which benefit a certain group at the expense of another, because the decision-maker could theoretically end up in either group. The idea has been present in moral philosophy at least since the eighteenth century. RAWLS VERSION people making political decisions imagine that they know nothing about the particular talents, abilities, tastes, social class, and positions they will have within a social order. When such parties are selecting the principles for distribution of rights, positions, and resources in the society in which they will live, this "veil of ignorance" prevents them from knowing who will receive a given distribution of rights, positions, and resources in that society. For example, for a proposed society in which 50% of the population is kept in slavery, it follows that on entering the new society there is a 50% likelihood that the participant would be a slave. The idea is that parties subject to the veil of ignorance will make choices based upon moral considerations, since they will not be able to act on their class interest. As Rawls put it, "no one knows his place in society, his class position or social status; nor does he know his fortune in the distribution of natural assets and abilities, his intelligence and strength, and the like".[3] The idea of the thought experiment is to render obsolete those personal considerations that are morally irrelevant to the justice or injustice of principles meant to allocate the benefits of social cooperation. Behind this veil, you know nothing of yourself and your natural abilities, or your position in society. You know nothing of your sex, race, nationality, or individual tastes.

the glass ceiling

A metaphor alluding to the invisible barriers that prevent minorities and women from being promoted to top corporate positions. * invisible barrier that prevents someone from achieving further success. It is most often used in the context of someone's age, gender, or ethnicity keeping them from advancing to a certain point in a business or when he or she cannot or will not be promoted to a higher level of position or power

Socialization

A process in which we learn and internalize the attitudes, values, beliefs, and norms of our culture and develop a sense of self. -process by which we learn symbolic languages -The social process through which we develop our personalities and human potential and learn about our society and culture. -we are socialized by interaction with other people Who: -Family is the source of primary socialization, ur first experience with language, values, beliefs, behaviors, and norms of society --gender socialization: learning the psychological and social traits associated with a person's sex --race socialization --class socialization ---all of this is anticipatory socialization: the social process where ppl learn to take on the values and standards of groups they plan to join -secondary socialization, kids become socialized outside of home usually starts at school --social prescriptions: behaviors expected of ppl in diff social groups (peers)

Fundamental Cause Theory

A theoretical perspective that argues that, in each time and place, those with greater access to resources will experience better health because they will be better able to use whatever resources are available to protect their health Social networks, money, power Poverty exaggerated disease: people who are poor have a harder time sticking with long terms treatments (it causes drug resistant diseases) Weather protects no matter the disease Poverty and being disadvantaged makes illness much worse

Experimental audit:

A type of field experiment used in economics, sociology, political science, and psychology, an audit study is one in which trained employees of the researcher ("auditors") are matched on all characteristics except the one being tested for discrimination. An audit study is a specific type of field experiment primarily used to test for discriminatory behavior when survey and interview questions induce social desirability bias.

Racism vs. Discrimination

ANYONE can be racist However: not everyone can discriminate because people who discriminate usually hold power Preferential treatment, there's racial resentment regardless When you have a racial hierarchy, the people at the top set the "norm" 3/4th of those who are black perceive/ realize their identities as being black However: for whites, only 15% say they don't perceive/realize their race as white (many of them take it for granted) **Racism includes the beliefs, thoughts, and actions based on the idea that one race is innately superior to another race -explicit bias: consciously aware of this implicit bias:unconscious biases **discrimination is any unequal treatment of diff groups of ppl

Implicit bias

An implicit bias, or implicit stereotype, is the unconscious attribution of particular qualities to a member of a certain social group. Ex: assuming a doctor is male and caretaker is female Women are often left out when in "male" spaces

The stress theory of health inequality

Being African American in the United States causes stress and worse health. It is the experience of being black in the united states that changes the babys weight social stress from occupying a lower rank in the hierarchy of social class led directly to poorer health outcomes for those at the bottom. blacks have worse health than whites regardless of education and income. racism is the cause of black ppl having so much stress and dying faster

Biocentrism vs. Anthropocentrism

Biocentrism is looking at humans as a part of a broader ecological picture. Focused on the earth and symbolic interactions btwn all species. We are just one part of the ecosystem. Anthropocentrism is looking at humans as the most important thing in the ecological web because we are smart and have markets. humans are the central focus; we care about how humans are affected

relationship between mass incarceration and the crime rate

CRIME RATE DOES NOT EQUAL THE NUMBER OF PEOPLE LOCKED UP -essentailly it has an opposite affect than what is desired More incarceration will not make us safer, a new report by the Vera Institute of Justice concludes, because increased incarceration rates have no demonstrated effect on violent crime and in some instances may increase crime. -The Prison Paradox summarizes research about the relationship between incarceration rates and crime rates, finding that since 2000, the increased use of jails and prisons accounted for nearly zero percent of the overall reduction in crime. Instead, between 75 and 100 percent of the drop in crime rates since the 1990s is explained by other factors, including the aging population, increased wages, increased employment, increased graduation rates, increased consumer confidence, increased law enforcement personnel, and changes in policing strategies. Research shows that any crime reduction benefits from increased incarceration apply only to property crimes. Higher incarceration rates are not associated with lower violent crime rates, because expanding incarceration primarily means that more people convicted of nonviolent, "marginal" offenses (like drug offenses and low-level property offenses) and "infrequent" offenses are imprisoned.

the black-white achievement gap (trends over time)

Caused by deliberate discrimination and perpetuation of those racist beliefs. Has been steadily decreasing over the years with lowest point in the 70s gone a lil back up but once again on the downward curve

Busing (causes and effects)

Caused by the desegregation movement after brown v board. It worked brilliantly and everyone hated it. It lead to a dramatic change in the black white achievement gap. angered whites white flight bc of it ppl protested against

Sociological Imagination

Coined by C. Wright Mills history + biography "the awareness of the relationship between personal experience and the wider society" -the ability to see things socially and how they interact and influence each other. To have a sociological imagination, a person must be able to pull away from the situation and think from an alternative point of view -the understanding that social outcomes are based on what we do -in sociology to understand one's own self we must understand the relationship btwn self and society --example (exercise) has both individual health benefits but also social benefits, work benefits and community benefits

Creative Destruction (how markets beget efficiency and abundance)

Creative destruction can be described as the dismantling of long-standing practices in order to make way for innovation. Creative destruction describes the deliberate dismantling of established processes in order to make way for improved methods of production. The term is most often used to describe disruptive technologies such as the railroads or, in our own time, the Internet. Schumpeter describes creative destruction as the "process of industrial mutation that incessantly revolutionizes the economic structure from within, incessantly destroying the old one, incessantly creating a new one." The theory of creative destruction assumes that long-standing arrangements and assumptions must be destroyed to free up resources and energy to be deployed for innovation.

The Discovery of Society/ the Individual (Individualism)

Culture puts a cage around our possibilities so we do not go crazy with all of our options. -emphasizes the moral worth of the individual. Individualists promote the exercise of one's goals and desires and so value independence and self-reliance and advocate that interests of the individual should achieve precedence over the state or a social group, while opposing external interference upon one's own interests by society or institutions such as the government. --Individualism holds that a person taking part in society attempts to learn and discover what his or her own interests are on a personal basis, without a presumed following of the interests of a societal structure --Societies and groups can differ in the extent to which they are based upon predominantly "self-regarding" (individualistic, and/or self-interested) behaviors, rather than "other-regarding" (group-oriented, and group, or society-minded) behaviors

Ecological Modernization theory - As we develop, we can figure out technologically how to decrease pollution. (But political freedom and social mobilization is critical.)

Ecological Modernization - recognizes the role of the market Maybe we need to cycle through these thing.s so that we can have the technologies to have better solutions a school of thought in the social sciences that argues that the economy benefits from moves towards environmentalism.

Keynesian economics

Economic theory based on the principles of John Maynard Keynes stating that government spending should increase during business slumps and be curbed during booms. *got us out of great depression *invented GDP

Thomas Malthus

Eighteenth-century English intellectual who warned that population growth threatened future generations because, in his view, population growth would always outstrip increases in agricultural production. Malthus said that population increases exponentially while food supply only grows linearly. Eventually we will run out of food. His solution was to stop feeding the poor and stop giving to charities. "Malthusianism" population increases exponentially, but supply increases linearly, disparity, population control Wrote this at very beginning of industrial revolution Don't procreate Don't feed the poor ^mitigation methods

Elijah Anderson

Elijah Anderson - author of the Code of the Street Studied norms and morés in ghettos Currency of code on the street: Respect Inner cities with no economic development form their own codes an Both subcultures (police and inner city) use violence in their dailely lives and both use/see disreepct as a soruce of violence. d ways of life Currency of the code of the street is RESPECT Both subcultures of inner city and police use violence -Explained that in poor urban neighborhoods, most people manage to conform to conventional values.

Ethnography

Ethnography is defined as an illuminative account of social life and culture in a particular social system based on multiple detailed observations of what people actually do in the social setting being observed *Meaning behind your actions and what they really mean *Semiotics: the study of symbols and symbolic interpretation *"Writing culture" *Study an environment *Methods: 1) Participant/Non-Participant observation 2) Copious field notes 3) Coding and analysis Inductive: looks at data and seeks patterns to draw out general claims; from the ground up (Qualitative) Deductive: begins with a theory and looks at data for confirmation (Quantitative) *Usually people develop theories with inductive reasoning and then test and prove them with deductive reasoning. ***Examples: *Open coding: reading over notes and assigning certain phrases/ themes different codes. Developing categories from the data and finding info from that data. (inductive) *Thematic coding: search for something specific. (deductive Triangulation: looking at multiple sources of data to confirm your conclusion that you have made. *Doing Ethnography: Fieldwork 1) Gaining Access 2) Establishing rapport (trust) 3) Finding "key informants" *People within the society that you study who are very important in getting you an inside view of society *Ex: in dealing in desire the author did not start as a sex worker, she needed to work as a clinet to get into the feild. The guy she worked for was a key informant. ***Potential Pitfalls *"Going Native": becoming so socialized into the culture being studied that you lose "critical distance" from your informants and cannot take the scholarly analytic views of the subject at hand. *You start to believe that everything your informants say is right when usually that is not the case. *Finding what you're looking for *Only seeing things you want to see // limiting your perspective to reality *Predisposed to a particular outcome

feminization of labor (two parts)

Feminization of Labor: 1. Employers in Industry liked to hire women because they are less demanding and more docile 2. Most jobs in the united states for people without college degrees are female, low skill and services and care work. Employers preference for female employees: they cost less and are considered docile AND They increasing proportion of jobs traditionally associated with women term used to describe the generally observed phenomenon of women's increased participation in labor markets worldwide since the 1980s.

Gender Roles

Gender roles are behaviors, attitudes, and activities that are socially defined as appropriate for each sex to exhibit. Men are expected to present themselves in one manner and women are expected to act in a different manner. For example, men are expected to be strong, rational, aggressive, independent, competitive and insensitive. Women, in contrast traditionally have been expected to be weak, emotional, receptive, dependent, cooperative, and emotional. -- change btwn diff societies

Herbert Blumer (group position)

Group Threat Theory: also known as group position theory, is a sociological theory which proposes that the larger the size of an outgroup, the more the corresponding ingroup perceives it to threaten its own interests, resulting in the ingroup members having more negative attitudes toward the outgroup -Blumer contends that race prejudice is based on a person's membership in a racial group and the relationship between the members of different racial groups and not on individuals' feelings. In his model, through experience, one race group becomes the dominant group and the other the subordinate group. The feelings of the dominant group towards the "inferior" group become the basis for race prejudice. http://majorsmatter.net/race/PM/PMKattenbraker.pdf

Group Threat

Group threat theory posits that prejudice and inter-group hostility are largely reactions to perceived threats by subordinate groups. Dominant groups seek to preserve their advantaged social position and view encroachments on their prerogatives by minority groups as disrupting to the existing social order. See herbert blumer

Employment outcomes between black and white ex-cons (Devah Pager's study)

Having a criminal record negatively affects the likelihood of being considered for a job. Devah Pager conducted a matched-pair experiment in which she had male testers apply for the same entry-level jobs advertised in Milwaukee newspapers. She gave the assistants fake credentials that make them equivalent in terms of education, job experience, and so on. Half were Black and half White. The results indicate that getting a job with a criminal record is difficult. Having even a non-violent drug offense had a significant impact on rates of callbacks: What was surprising was that race actually turned out to be more significant than a criminal background. Notice that employers were more likely to call Whites with a criminal record (17% were offered an interview) than Blacks without a criminal record (14%). And while having a criminal background hurt all applicants' chances of getting an interview, African Americans with a non-violent offense faced particularly dismal employment prospects. Imagine if the fake criminal offense had been for a property or violent crime? In addition, according to Pager, employers seemed to expect that Black applicants might have a criminal record: When people think of Black men they think of a criminal. It affects the way Black men are treated in the labor market. In fact, Black testers in our study were likely to be asked up front if they have a criminal record, while whites were rarely asked... African American men face a double barrier: higher rates of incarceration and racial discrimination. ********* Audit study → Article: Mark of a Criminal Record by Devah Pager Experience of felons who are released; the stigma of having been incarcerated: Fake resumes, college students → would rotate who goes in for interviews first; she trained them on how to behave to bring out positive qualities associated with job interviewing White felons → half as likely to be called back for a job However, it was 3x harder to be called back if they were black → a black person w/o a criminal record was called back LESS than a white male w/ a criminal record (SMFH!!)

Pierre Bordieu

He talks about cultural capital (knowledge, values, norms, language, tastes and abilities) , economic capital (buying houses in the 'right' area, sending children to school with the 'right' peers) and educational capital (experience of further education). French sociologist Bourdieu - "habitus" a concept developed by Pierre Bourdieu and refers to the norms, values, attitudes, and behaviours of a particular social group. The habits by which you live your life are shaped by your social surroundings. -Habitus: Habitus (/ˈhæbɪtəs/) is ingrained habits, skills and dispositions. It is the way that individuals perceive the social world around them and react to it. These dispositions are usually shared by people with similar backgrounds (such as social class, religion, nationality, ethnicity, education and profession). The habitus is acquired through imitation (mimesis) and is the reality that individuals are socialized, which includes their individual experience and opportunities. Thus, the habitus represents the way group culture and personal history shape the body and the mind; as a result, it shapes present social actions of an individual.[1][2] French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu suggested that the habitus consists of both the hexis (the tendency to hold and use one's body in a certain way, such as posture and accent) and more abstract mental habits, schemes of perception, classification, appreciation, feeling, as well as action.[2][3] These schemes are not mere habits: Bourdieu suggested they allow individuals to find new solutions to new situations without calculated deliberation, based on their gut feelings and intuitions, which he believed were collective and socially shaped. These attitudes, mannerisms, tastes, moral intuitions and habits have influence on the individual's life chances, so the habitus not only is structured by an individual's objective past position in the social structure but also structures the individual's future life path. Bourdieu argued that the reproduction of the social structure results from the habitus of individuals.

Health outcomes vs Health costs (globally)

Health outcomes aren't necessarily better even though you spend more money on it unfortunately. A lot of countries with quality health care don't charge crazy amounts for care. We spend a lottt on healthcare but our mortality rates are like the highest in the developed world Why are the outcomes of healthcare so much worse in the US? Poverty/low income The US has a lot of wealth disparity so there are worse outcomes whereas other countries have fewer differences and more equality Decision-makers They do not care about diseases like tuberculosis that the public is not paying attention to/scare of Drugs Perverse incentive away from preventative care/medicine Doctors delay treatment instead of pressing prevention until it may be very expensive for people Race African americans have worse health outcomes in US Related to stress- perpetual state of stress leads to bad health outcomes Its the experience of being black in the US thats making women have premature babies Its about disadvantage experienced not biological causes

Devah Pager

How criminal records impacted job opportunities, White males with a criminal record were more likely to get a call back than black males who don't have a criminal record. Criminal label has an impact on ability to get a job, but so does race. Audit study → Article: Mark of a Criminal Record by Devah Pager Experience of felons who are released; the stigma of having been incarcerated: Fake resumes, college students → would rotate who goes in for interviews first; she trained them on how to behave to bring out positive qualities associated with job interviewing White felons → half as likely to be called back for a job However, it was 3x harder to be called back if they were black → a black person w/o a criminal record was called back LESS than a white male w/ a criminal record (SMFH!!) See Other card in crime section for more info

Mortality rates of blacks w/out HS degree in prison and after prison

I HAVE NO IDEA

Teacher unions that collectively bargain for and protect "tenure" (or better yet "seniority/due process" rules): why people don't like them, and why scholarship suggests that it isn't as problematic as other people suggest

IDk but I can imagine that ppl don't like it because if a teacher sucks they can't get fired just because they've been sucking at their job for long enough tenure: give (someone) a permanent post, especially as a teacher or professor

The IRB and the protection of human subjects (informed consent)

IRB: An institutional review board (IRB), also known as an independent ethics committee (IEC), ethical review board (ERB), or research ethics board (REB), is a type of committee that applies research ethics by reviewing the methods proposed for research to ensure that they are ethical.

C. Wright Mills (sociological imagination)

Idk see sociological imagination card coined "sociological imagination," the ability to put individual, biological lives in the context of history

Lee Atwater (the "Southern Strategy")

In American politics, the Southern strategy was a Republican Party electoral strategy to increase political support among white voters in the South by appealing to racism against African Americans.

Immigration wave 1880-1920 (causes and consequences)

In the late 1800s, people in many parts of the world decided to leave their homes and immigrate to the United States. Fleeing crop failure, land and job shortages, rising taxes, and famine, many came to the U. S. because it was perceived as the land of economic opportunity. -This caused stricter immigration laws and white ppl complainin abt jobs being stolen

Inductive vs. deductive reasoning

Inductive: looks at data and seeks patterns to draw out general claims; from the ground up (Qualitative) Deductive: begins with a theory and looks at data for confirmation (Quantitative) Usually people develop theories with inductive reasoning and then test and prove them with deductive reasoning.

Peer review (double-blind=gold standard)

Inorder to get a study published you have to go through PEER REVIEW In social science they do double blind peer review So I don't know who wrote the article/ study, I write my review then it's sent to the author and they don't know who wrote the review In peer review you interrogate the study; go through each step and question it QUESTION: Is the question relevant to what we already know?, what are the assumptions under the question?/ does your question make assumptions that are questionable within themselves? HYPOTHESIS: Is the hypothesis biased on the dependent variable? METHOD: How are you defining your variables? Are you sampling on the dependent? RESULTS: Is your interpretation reasonable or did you take a loose correlation and run with it? Did you take into account the other variables? If the study makes it all the way through then it can get published Almost nothing makes it through the peer review the first time Peer review makes science back, without collaboration everything would be trash

John Maynard Keynes (macroeconomics = stimulate to spur growth)

Keynes argued that investment, which responds to variations in the interest rate and to expectations about the future, is the dynamic factor determining the level of economic activity. He also maintained that deliberate government action could foster full employment.

Carrying Capacity

Largest number of individuals of a population that a environment can support -Theorize that earth's population will top off at around 11 - 12 billion ppl As developing world develops, we should even out on birth and death rates by then About 7.7 billion ppl on earth rn (4.3 when Dr. brown was born) --Earth's carrying capacity... Population could go down because of war, famine, disease, natural disasters,etc.. Population could go up because of tech improvements, and stuff the future is very much unkown

Magnets vs Charters vs Vouchers

Magnets *Public school programs that try to draw white families back to the public school system *Because of this, magnets were usually in low income neighborhoods *Self-fulfilling prophecy: some social action that starts bc of perception that actually creates the effect people were scared of originally that prompted the social action - originally placed in low-income neighborhoods - specialized curriculum - certain test scores to get in - not related to where you live - pulling elites out of zone-schools - makes zone-schools look worse Charters *Began as an acknowledgement that there may be a reason to create schools that break away from heavy system of bureaucracy *Lots of embezzlement bc they were taken out of the accountability structure of bureaucracy *Don't outperform public schools, may underperform *High outcomes = more money *The good charter schools have spent 3x more to improve schools - public school supporters in the public system but independent of top-down administration - repeated cases of embezzling of public funds Vouchers *Used pooled money for education to give money to each family per capita and they chose how to use it, but had to be spent on education *Vouchers made pool of money being spent on public schools smaller which was bad because public schools are already strapped for cash so everything just goes to shit more - $10000 per student - failed in '90s - disparity widens - private school supporters

why testosterone doesn't explain male behavior (the Sapolsky article)

Males make up less than 50% of the population Yet, they generate an extremely high percentage of violence Testosterone = one of a family of related hormones, collectively known as "androgens" or "anabolic steroids". They are all secreted from the testes. *Normal levels of testosterone are a prerequisite for normal levels of aggression --yet, changing the amount of testosterone in someone's bloodstream within the normal range does NOT alter his subsequent levels of aggressive behavior. this is known as "permissive effect": SO BASICALLY TESTOSTERONE DOES NOT CAUSE AGGRESSION

Neo-Malthusians

Malthusianism is the idea that population growth is potentially exponential while the growth of the food supply is linear. It derives from the political and economic thought of the Reverend Thomas Robert Malthus. Neo-Malthusianism is the advocacy of human population planning to ensure resources and environmental integrities for current and future human populations as well as for other species Neo-Malthusians differ from Malthus's theories mainly in their support for the use of contraception.

parents' income the most important predictor of kids' educational acheivement

Many children and youth from families of low socioeconomic status do poorly in school. On average, they perform less well on standardized tests compared with more advantaged youth and are less likely to graduate high school and complete college. These lower levels of academic achievement and educational attainment contribute to lower levels of economic success in adulthood and lower social mobility in our society. Children born into families at the bottom fifth of the income distribution are twice as likely as middle-class children to remain in that bottom bracket as adults example: when I was working at the camp, those horrible, entitled little kids with rich parents are paying for them to go to a STEAM camp in the summer and fully expect them to learn science math engg etc. I'm sure they will then perform better in school and be ahead of their peers because of it. I'm sure that poor parents would love to do the same thing bu no tengo dinero

Financialization of the economy

Methland example: companies taking over other companies through trade (ie: agriculture/farming and pharmaceuticals | from Ham-packing to Gillette) merging returns more wealth to the company owners Official definition: Financialization refers to the increase in size and importance of a country's financial sector relative to its overall economy 1/3 of our GDP is financed

Modernity

Modernity refers to a particular era in human history. It is an era characterised by scientific thought (rather than metaphysical or supernatural belief), individualism, a focus on industrialisation and technical development and a rejection of some traditional values. -Focus is on the individual -is both a historical period (the modern era), as well as the ensemble of particular socio-cultural norms, attitudes and practices that arose in the wake of the Renaissance—in the "Age of Reason" of 17th-century thought and the 18th-century "Enlightenment".

Fear of crime

Moral Panic: when people construct social problems and are concerned about something irrelevant. When people's perception of social problems (normal problems) vary over time, does not vary with the change/ empirical/ reality of the problem. EX: Fear of crime and actual crime rates do NOT match up

Norms vs. Mores

More - moral rules that aren't written down but we feel we must obey, CAN be written down but don't have to be Norm- rules that are NOT written down, not morally laden, just rules we believe we should follow Deodorant, saying bless you, facing front in elevator THE DISTINCTION BTWN MORE AND NORM IS A LIL CONFUSING -Societal norms, or rules that are enforced by members of a community, can exist as both formal and informal rules of behavior. Informal norms are mores. Mores (pronounced more-rays) are informal rules that are not written, but, when violated, result in severe punishments and social sanction upon the individuals, such as social and religious exclusions,. -William Graham Sumner, an early U.S. sociologist, recognized that some norms are more important to our lives than others. Sumner coined the term mores to refer to norms that are widely observed and have great moral significance. Mores are often seen as taboos; for example, most societies hold the more that adults not engage in sexual relations with children. Mores emphasize morality through right and wrong, and come with heavy consequences if violated. ******So basically a more is a type of norm -those who do not follow the norms will suffer disapproval or may even be outcast from the group. This is how we keep society functioning, not just with direct rules but also expectations. When people know what is expected of them they tend to comply. While some people seek to be different, most just want to be part of the group. Norms can change according to the environment, situation, and culture in which they are found, and people's behavior will also change accordingly. Social norms may also change or be modified over time. ///Norm example:Say hello when answering and goodbye before you hang up the phone. ///More example: Being kind to animals is socially expected; Wearing a bikini to church would not be expected.;Murder is not acceptable.;Talking to oneself in public is not considered a normal behavior. Norms are societal rules that define the boundaries of acceptable behavior while mores are widely observed social norms.

The war on drugs

Mostly nonviolent offenders in prison now -War on drugs: 3 in 5 of prison causes are drugs -War on drugs began with Nixon in 70s but didn't start policy change until 1980s The war on drugs is a largely unsuccessful campaign, led by the U.S. federal government, of drug prohibition, military aid, and military intervention, with the aim being the reduction of the illegal drug trade in the United States People of color experience discrimination at every stage of the judicial system and are more likely to be stopped, searched, arrested, convicted, harshly sentenced and saddled with a lifelong criminal record. This is particularly the case for drug law violations. Research shows that prosecutors are twice as likely to pursue a mandatory minimum sentence for black people as for white people charged with the same offense. Among people who received a mandatory minimum sentence in 2011, 38% were Latino and 31% were black. One in nine black children has an incarcerated parent, compared to one in 28 Latino children and one in 57 white children. More people are admitted to prisons for drug crimes each year than either violent or property crimes

No Child Left Behind (standardized testing regime)

No Child Left Behind making standardized testing even worse and causing perverse incentives to only teach better schools so that you get more money No Child Left Behind (NCLB) was the main law for K-12 general education in the United States from 2002-2015. The law held schools accountable for how kids learned and achieved. The law was controversial in part because it penalized schools that didn't show improvement. It supported standards-based education reform based on the premise that setting high standards and establishing measurable goals could improve individual outcomes in education. The Act required states to develop assessments in basic skills. To receive federal school funding, states had to give these assessments to all students at select grade levels. The act did not assert a national achievement standard—each state developed its own standards. NCLB expanded the federal role in public education through further emphasis on annual testing, annual academic progress, report cards, and teacher qualifications, as well as significant changes in funding. ****ing George Bush is ****ing all of our shit up with standardized testing god it does jack shit

Mandatory sentencing origins vs. effects

Origins//////////////////// -Democrats' fear of being labelled soft on crime was the impetus behind the 1986 law that introduced mandatory minimum sentences for drug offenses. The residual effects of that are evident today -October 27, 1986: Reagan signs into law the Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986. Frontline writes that the law allocated funds to new prisons, drug education, and treatment. But its main result was to create mandatory minimum sentences. The harsh sentences on crack cocaine use disproportionately affect African-Americans. -The goal of these laws when they were developed was to promote uniformity; it doesn't matter how strict or lenient your judge is, as the law and the law alone determines the sentence you receive. Effects///////////////////// -Regrettably, the adoption of mandatory minimums has not led to a fairer system. In fact, it's had the opposite effect. By tying judges' hands, mandatory minimums effectively took power away from judges and gave it to prosecutors, who could threaten to charge defendants with crimes that would "trigger" a mandatory minimum. Facing a harsh sentence from which there's no other escape, a defendant can often feel coerced into admitting their guilt — even sometimes falsely confessing. -"Truth-in-sentencing laws" eliminate those opportunities for early release, requiring people to serve (for example) 75 percent of their prison term physically behind bars. The goal is to ensure that the sentence the judge imposes is what a person will actually serve in prison — in other words, "what you see is what you get." That may seem like a reasonable goal, but eliminating early release options actually gives people less of an incentive to comply with prison rules or take advantage of education or training opportunities. It also means that there's no way around prison sentences that are already too long.

Market failure; and what causes market failure in regard to environmental well-being

PR (press release): rebranding, misinformation, greenwashing Externalized cost: costs which are not beared by the company that generated them Sinks: when we don't have to pay for the waste we are creating (ex: throwing waste in the river) Taking advantage of the common pool of resources. Proprietary Information:Prevents the public from knowing if harmful production is used Patent non use: Has been used to hide things from the public which are harmful in their practices patents/ patent non -use - company stifles competition by buying the rights to an innovative method and then not using them Buckley Vales - money is speech protected under the first amendment Create fictitious non-profit.

Stagflation

Persistent high inflation combined with high unemployment and stagnant demand in a country's economy. *an economic cycle in which there is a high rate of both inflation and stagnation. Inflation occurs when the general level of prices in an economy increases. Stagnation occurs when the production of goods and services in an economy slows down or even starts to decline

Segregation/ Desegregation

Plessy v. Ferguson and Brown v. Board of Education ******Plessy v Fergusson *Separation was deemed okay so long as the facilities each race were prescribed were equal. Occured in 1896 *******Brown v The Board of Education (1955) *Separate is inherently unequal *Was the first action in a court mandated for schools to desegregate as quickly as possible, but schools took their precious time *Therefore, buses were put in place to cart kids of different races to different schools *It took 15 years before buses were implemented, and when they were finally implemented everyone hated it *By the 1990's supreme court changed course

Qualitative vs. Quantitative methods (types of each)

Qualitative methods (qualitative methods are those whose data are made of words) Interviews Because sometimes you can't know if you don't ask... "In depth": may be "semi-structured" or "informal" Want to show the persons agentic choices, you don't want to sway what they say and hear honest responses. Not "closed form": you don't give choices to choose from for a response (multiple choice) May need to improvise new questions to adapt to a person's responses ("semi-structured") Focus groups Ethnography Quantitative Methods While qualitative methods use words for data, quantitative methods use numbers Numbers are powerful, feel real and tangible Variable: an element capable of changing or varying in a population Statistics: The Science of Probability

Race as a social construct

Race is NOT real. It is a social construct Race is real in its consequences. biological race is non-existent. Race therefore must have been created by societies. They were created to do what humans do, to serve the purposes of the majority. -Were race "real" in the genetic sense, racial classifications for individuals would remain constant across boundaries. Yet, a person who could be categorized as black in the United States might be considered white in Brazil or colored in South Africa. **Grouping by phenotype and character traits Not explained by biology Races changes over time (ie: Irish, Italians, and Jews are all considered white today, but in the 1900's, they were all separate) Externally imposed Hierarchical Exclusive Always imposed upon, never chosen power-relationship *Race smothers Ethnicity/Identity

Loic Wacquant

Race-making institutions - slavery - Jim Crow - the Northern ghetto - prison/urban hyper-ghetto ***** constructive institutions of race and inferiority Slavery- made black a race Jim Crow (in South) ghetto/ redlining (in North) prison/ hyperghetto Excessive Policing of Black communities (2x as likely to be searched)

Intersectionality

Recognition that people are not their racial groups. The interconnected nature of social categorizations such as race, class, and gender as they apply to a given individual or group, regarded as creating overlapping and interdependent systems of discrimination or disadvantage. the complex, cumulative manner in which the effects of different forms of discrimination combine, overlap, or intersect. ex: I am black, a woman, and etc. I belong to more than one group i guess so i am discriminated against differently the oppression and discrimination resulting from the overlap of an individual's various social identities: the intersectionality of oppression experienced by black women.

Epistemology and Ontology

Remember: Epistemology - theory of knowledge, especially with regard to its methods, validity, and scope. Epistemology is the investigation of what distinguishes justified belief from opinion. Well get ready for Ontology: theory of being More broadly, it studies concepts that directly relate to being, in particular becoming, existence, reality, as well as the basic categories of being and their relations.

solutions to the conflicts

SOLUTIONS 1. Regulation- creates an artificial scarcity How do you know when to stop consuming? When you do not benefit from a marginal utility regulation Regulation causes backlash because you have a 'scarcity' but people can see the resource which would be available should it not be for the regulation 2. Market-based solutions Encourage behaviors financially thru laws and such Much less backlash Takes a while to enact and often never reach a full possible impct To accept a market based solution, you must first believe that the problem exists I.e. a carbon tax We changed the risk pool to innovate the market Hire people at lower wages that you don't ned to protect with OSHA stuff Economic risk was highly concentrated on a very small factor Ulrick Beck (environmental risk)- risk society; move risk to somewhere else so we don't feel it, also displacing it allows us to feel the consequences of actions The US don't have to produce but we consume extraordinarily and we produce a ton of waste Largest per capita consumers in the world If everyone in the world consumed like us we would need 4 earths How did we innovate in the 1980s to overcome stagflation? Via financializtion and deregulation Economic growth since the 80s has been about moving risks/ redistributed risks

Sex vs Gender

Sex is the biological distinction between females and males, whereas gender is the personal traits and social positions that members of a society attach to being female or male. *In general terms, "sex" refers to the biological differences between males and females, such as the genitalia and genetic differences. "Gender" is more difficult to define, but it can refer to the role of a male or female in society, known as a gender role, or an individual's concept of themselves, or gender identity ***Sex refers to the biological and anatomical differences between males and females. These differences are constant over time and between societies, while the meaning of gender varies over time and within societies. Gender refers to the culturally constructed meanings, behaviors, and attitudes associated with what it means to be male or female in a given society.

US Federal Environmental Regulation- began to take off in the 1970's

Silent Spring made ppl panic so lawmakers stepped into action in order to appease them

Paradigm Shift

Sometimes you come out with new info that overwrites old knowledge. Everything we were doing before was wrong, this new thing is the truth. People are shook and initially reject Ex: shift from newtonian to relative physics Kerfuffle? Sometimes it's a paradigm shift and sometimes it's just poorly interpreted nonsense Or maybe the whole study is a sham major shifts/changes in the way we think, whether it be in science or society. For example, we went from Classical physics to studying about modern physics

causes of educational stratification (implicit bias, cultural capital, tracking programs, funding disparities, SENSE OF SELF WORTH)

Stratification in education ********Educators' implicit bias *Implicit bias: subconscious bias that you don't deliberately have but they're there *Ex: when a teacher selects students to go into honors program they think about what an honors student looks like the obvious bias is white children are ""smarter"" so children of color are left out. *Studies have shown that teachers in as low as kindergarten and 1st grade have biases with their students, especially black boys *This bias is prevalent in both black and white teachers **********Cultural Capital *Knowledge and know how about the way things work in a particular social institution *Tells you what the opportunities are and how to go about getting them *Gotta know what's going on and how to ask for it/ equal treatment *Minority parents have very lil cultural capital in education *Anette Lerow? Concerted cultivation *There is an assumption among low income parents to assume that they don't have power and cannot interact with these soc institutions, so they don't even try *Ex: the parents feel like they can't demand their kid be moved to a diff class etc.. Savage inequality reading ch 2 **********Tracking *For a long time was a std practice, where you assign students to classes based on their projected success *Like if you are in remedial math you will more than likely end up doing the very bare minimum in the lowest lvl math classes until graduation *Student achievemnt is somewhat tied to teacher expectations, so if the teacher has a group of 'struggling' students they put in very little effort b/c they think the kids are dumb and won't achieve very much *No evidence that tracking improves performance of high end students; having a mixed classroom is more helpful as the lower end students tend to improve in that situation *Pygmalion effect harvard psychology professor test *Homophily: birds of a feather flock together **********Funding Disparities For public schools funding comes from property taxes, which creates inequality because obvi in the poorer neighborhoods there is less economically boomin and the schools will of course be underfunded but in the richity rich places like east cobb ppl can drop a dime and a half on property and bake sales, fundraising etc. which makes the schools in that district 10/10 *Bussing to desgregate by 1990 th supreme ct started to change course ppl said hey we aren't segregated anymore the redlining is gone so bye to bussing ****Class size matters High achieving students do well wherever they are but disadvantaged students perform BEST in small classes, there is a significant difference for poor kids Big class sizes will have less of a negative effect for disadvantaged kids if they had small class sizes in elementary school ********Sense of self worth: If no one else cares about your education, why should you. You need an environment that encourages you to invest in yourself. Habitus (how individuals perceive the social world and react to it).

Technological determinism

Technological determinism is a reductionist theory that assumes that a society's technology determines the development of its social structure and cultural values. The term is believed to have originated from Thorstein Veblen, an American sociologist and economist.

The Flint Water Crisis

The Flint River has been contaminated because of fecal coliform bacteria, low dissolved oxygen, and toxic substances. The water was not properly treated when the city tapped into the river as a water source leading to lead from pipes also entering the supply. Exposure has lead to impaired cognition, behavioral disorders, hearing problems, delayed puberty, reduced fetal growth, and impact to the hearts, kidneys and nerves of the citizens. govt wanted to cut costs and failed miserably. the kids had 2x the amount of lead in their blood than the poison level

sui generis

The Latin phrase "sui generis" means something like "unique" or "of its own kind." Durkheim uses the phrase to describe social facts about societies. He argues that social facts about a society are sui generis. He says that they are created by the society and are unique to that society. https://rampages.us/slepi05/2016/09/22/society-is-sui-generis-why/

The Great Northern Migration

The movement of 6 million African Americans out of the rural Southern United States to the urban Northeast, Midwest, and West that occurred between 1916 and 1970. It was caused primarily by the poor economic conditions as well as the prevalent racial segregation and discrimination in the Southern states where Jim Crow laws were upheld.

US Wealth Gap (the 1%)

The wealthiest 1 percent of American households own 40 percent of the country's wealth

The Anthropocene

This era is the 'Anthropocene' a proposed geological epoch dating from the commencement of significant human impact on Earth's geology and ecosystems, including, but not limited to, anthropogenic climate change This era is going to be the first of which that when historians in the future look into now they will not be able to exlain geological changes by natural forces. All this shit is being caused by humans ( deforestation, climate change, pollution, extinction of other animals) All us baybee

Mass incarceration

US has highest incarceration rate of any country in the world, imprisoning about 730/100,000 citizens - 1 in every 4 prisoners in the world is a US citizen -mainly black men ofc

Rachel Carson

United States biologist remembered for her opposition to the use of pesticides that were hazardous to wildlife (1907-1964) Birth of modern environmentalist movement. The book is about the harmfulness of DDT in the food chain. 1962 rachel Carson wrote 'silent spring' 'Bioaccumulation' DBT was a pesticide to keep mosquitoes away(Malaria) Carcinogen Caused problems with food chains Robins were dying Damaged calcium in eagles' eggs which caused the eggs to be crushed

Origin of public education/ immigrant assimilation into the US

Used to assimilate immigrants, however not every immigrant was allowed to fully immigrate (i.e african americans) What were the causes of that shift from private to public education? It is impossible to review the period in question and fail to conclude that the drive for public education was largely a response to the huge influx of poor, non-Protestant immigrants. - a little bit of religion a little bit of trying to control immigrants and assimilate them not too different from sending your slaves to church to learn about the white mans god

Race vs. Ethnicity

WEB DuBois introduced this distinction Race is not distinguishable biologically from a single "race" gene—no universal genetic racial categories Race is socially constructed Race vs ethnicity: Race tends to refer to physical characteristics that we apply socially to identify people Ethnicity has more to do with cultural associations For example, Hispanic or Latino people can be of any race Ethnicity;\ Claimed (opt-in/ open) practice / culture Non-hierarchical;; not stratified Can have multiple ethnicities Less likely to be used for "power" --"Race" refers to physical differences that groups and cultures consider socially significant, while "ethnicity" refers to shared culture, such as language, ancestry, practices, and beliefs Common racial categories that most people would recognize in the U.S. include Black, white, Asian, Latino, and American Indian. Within a racial group, there can be several ethnic groups. For example, a white American might identify as part of a variety of ethnic groups including German American, Polish American, and Irish American, among others. Other examples of ethnic groups within the U.S. include and are not limited to Creole, Caribbean Americans, Mexican Americans, and Arab Americans.

How do qualitative scholars know when to stop interviewing?

When they already know what the interviewee is going to say

W.E.B. DuBois (double-consciousness)

When you occupy a group outside of the norm, you understand BOTH categories. Yours and the norm. Describes the individual sensation of feeling as though your identity is divided into several parts, making it difficult or impossible to have one unified identity. -Double consciousness is a term describing the internal conflict experienced by subordinated groups in an oppressive society. It was coined by W. E. B. Du Bois with reference to African American "double consciousness", including his own. -The term originally referred to the psychological challenge of "always looking at one's self through the eyes" of a racist white society, and "measuring oneself by the means of a nation that looked back in contempt". --"One ever feels his twoness,—an American, a Negro; two souls, two thoughts, two unreconciled strivings; two warring ideals in one dark body, whose dogged strength alone keeps it from being torn asunder." --"He simply wishes to make it possible for a man to be both a Negro and an American without being cursed and spit upon by his fellows, without having the doors of opportunity closed roughly in his face" -The idea of double consciousness was important because it illuminated the experiences of black folks living in a world post-slavery, and it set a framework for understanding the positionality of oppressed people in an oppressive world.

"excess health spending" (administrative costs in US insurance)

Why are the costs so high? Medicalization: bringing things that aren't really medical into medical field and biological things AMA during Progressive Era DOES NOT want to create federal healthcare Doctors were worried that federal healthcare would destroy their autonomy and freedom to make their own decisions Creation of private insurance After WWII, there were lots of very strong unions but still had wage control bc of war so they couldn't bargain for wages, instead they bargained for insurance Employer provided health insurance Becomes strain on employers

Public Health

a community-wide effort to monitor and promote the welfare of the population I believe that by improving health in other countries it will improve worldwide. also there was all that stuff in the reading about helping the poor take their meds and get treatment so that influenza doesn't kill us all

Patriarchy

a condition where things that are coded male have greater status than womanly things. **A patriarchy is a social system in which family systems or entire societies are organized around the idea of father-rule, where males are the primary authority figures

Methodology

a systematic and theoretical analysis of the methods that produce certain types of knowledge Sociology has three principle methodological perspectives: Qualitative Quantitative Historical comparison

Epistemology:

a theory of knowledge; a systematic investigation of how we know what we know; the determination of what counts as a valid knowledge claim

Achieved vs. Ascribed Stratification (class vs. caste)

acheived is what u worked for ascribed is what ur born into class systems are generally more open and allow for mobility caste systems are rigid/ closed and have no opportunity for mobility race and gender aer examples of castes today

Julian Simon

an economist who argued that humans are humanities greatest resource-the more people the better because those extra people will come up with technological solutions to our problems ........................................... Julian Simon - author of 'The Ultimate Resource'.... Economist Overpopulation isn't a problem because there is more people to produce resources etc Why don't they think nature and the economy are in conflict Simon went to University of Chicago ( milton freedman was an economist there) They view things through the lens of neoliberalism Markets provide efficiency and innovation In order to increase marginal profit, companies, innovate their methods and become more efficient with their use of resources Neo-liberalism = govt should not be regulating markets Economic Growing wealth is a prioritized outcome HomoEconomics (humans thinking rationally) Human choice is variable -- looking for optimal options Looking to MAXimize Derive knowledge of/ humans State of being: We ARE the big picture→ Anthropocentrism (human centric)

color-blind racism

an ideology that removes race as an explanation for any form of unequal treatment The denial of being "at the top" can lead to → Color Blind Racism: which represents "whites' assertion that they are living in a world where racial privilege no longer exists, but their behavior supports racialized structures and practices". The insistence that we do not live in a hierarchical system that perpetuates disadvantages to people not at the top

Ulrich Beck

argues that complex modern societies are characterized by many, often unrecognized risks (environmental risk)- risk society; move risk to somewhere else so we don't feel it, also displacing it allows us to feel the consequences of actions

William Julius Wilson

author of The Truly Disadvantaged In North, there was redlining - process by which banks worked with mortgage guarantees in which areas of concentrated African Americans cannot get loans to buy houses - caused ghettos, concentrated pockets of African American poverty Wilson's work has been controversial at times, both for painting an unflinching - often unflattering - portrait of the ghetto poor and for suggesting, early in his work, that racism was no longer the primary cause of black poverty. -his book examines the relationship between race and poverty in the United States, and the history of American inner-city ghettos. The broad-ranging book rejects both conservative and liberal arguments for the social conditions in American inner cities.[1] In it, Wilson argues that the decline of such conditions is due to "basic economic changes which radically altered the occupational structure of the central cities," such as the withdrawal of large industries from inner cities during the 1970s.[2] He also criticizes the architects of the War on Poverty during the 1960s, saying that they focused too much on poverty as a problem of environment rather than as a problem of "economic organization" -Argued that welfare was not the culprit. Stated that the cause of poverty was Deindustrialization, globalization, institutional discrimination, and similar structural processes and forces. Lack of jobs as a result of these factors led to a corresponding lack of employed men for women to marry.

Paul Farmer

both a doctor and a medical anthropologist who has done work in Haiti, Rwanda, etc.. Bleeding heart kinda guy who works argues for lower medicine costs for poor countries

Complex causality (necessary vs. sufficient conditions)

causality can be complex Necessary vs sufficient conditions All countries that had a communist revolution are peasant agrarian economies but NOT all peasant agrarian economies have a communist rev

The Demographic Transition

change in a population from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates refers to the historical shift in demographics from high birth rates and high infant death rates in societies with minimal technology, education (especially of women) and economic development, to demographics of low birth rates and low death rates in societies with advanced technology, education and economic development, as well as the stages between these two scenarios. Although this shift has occurred in many industrialized countries, the theory and model are frequently imprecise when applied to individual countries due to specific social, political and economic factors affecting particular populations.

Statistical Bias

characteristics of an experimental design that systematically affects the results of a study so as to produce incorrect inferences -sampling bias/ selection bias --sampling from a population in a way that excludes certain people, comes from a survey design flaw -sampling on the dependent variable -non-response bias

Symbolic Interactionism

coined by Blumer -We communicate with each other through a symbolic language People who understand each other because they share a symbolic language, status is awarded symbolically, status is given to you, not chosen - humans interact with things based on meanings ascribed to those things; the ascribed meaning of things comes from our interactions with others and society; the meanings of things are interpreted by a person when dealing with things in specific circumstances -It is important to recognize that the meaning or value of an object to one person may differ with another person- sociologists should not reduce human action to social rules and norms. Knowing your own version of yourself and where you stand in society The meaning of things arises out of the social interactions one has with one's fellows. -Three assumptions frame symbolic interactionism: 1. Individuals construct meaning via the communication process. 2. Self-concept is a motivation for behavior. 3. A unique relationship exists between the individual and society. -For example, one might interpret a handshake as either a friendly greeting or cool farewell, depending on context (the symbolism of a handshake varies). Sometimes symbols change; long hair in males once symbolized rebellion, but now does not.

Thorstein Veblen

coined the phrase "conspicuous consumption",which he defined as spending more money on goods than they are worth. He explains that members of the leisure class, often associated with business, are those who also engage in conspicuous consumption in order to impress the rest of society through the manifestation of their social power and prestige, be it real or perceived. In other words, social status, Veblen explained, becomes earned and displayed by patterns of consumption rather than what the individual makes financially. Subsequently, people in other social classes are influenced by this behavior and, as Veblen argued, strive to emulate the leisure class. What results from this behavior, is a society characterized by the waste of time and money.

Allan Schnaiberg

coined the term 'treadmill of production' American sociologist known for his contributions to environmental sociology wrote lots of books -Not really sure what is important about him other that the treadmill thing which will be outlined in a later card

The only real, empiraical advantage offered by private schools

connections and forming a social network! just like how going to GaTech will introduce me to ppl in my field that can give me a leg up

Ethnic succession (displacement vs. replacement)

displacement: Makes groups feel economically vulnerable as a new race joins Thus, this spurs group threat replacement: Workers just need to be replaced, nothing personal Not really any negative consequences Ethnic succession theory is a theory in sociology stating that ethnic and racial groups entering a new area may settle in older neighborhoods or urban areas until achieving economic parity with certain economic classes.

Ecology vs. Economy

ecological modernization recognizes the important role of economics in development Humans DO NOT adapt to our environment/ ecology, we adapt the environment to us and our needs. We have evolved to do so. nature vs money

Changing unionization rates (from 35% to 6% (private sector))

federal govts were union busting, the dumpster fire of trickle down economics followed. busting unions helped to make more profit for the 1% and fudge over the working class

income based acievement gap (trends over time)

going way up. steadily increasing. The thing is though that there is a heavy correlation btwn race and income. Like poorer cities/ neighborhoods tend to be full of ppl of color. you know gentrification

The Kuznets curve (pollution and GDP go up together to a point and then pollution goes down)

graphs the hypothesis that as an economy develops, market forces first increase and then decrease economic inequality. You have to grow GDP in order to lower population

Wealth and access to care

higher income ppl live longer because of several reasons. for one they behave differently they smoke less, eat healthier, and exercise more often.they have more info on the health care system and can afford better care

Prismatic Engagement

idea that races on the lower end of the stratified system interact with each other in a way that is impacted by their interactions with the dominant group (whites)

The relationship between border security and undocumented migration from Mexico

idk but if I remember correctly in methland the border officers were suuper racist and disrespectful towards the mexican immigrants to the point where they didn't treat them as ppl and did not give two flying flips abt their wellbeing **Started becoming more protected in the 1980's, the Mexican immigrant population skyrockets! Women and children cross the borders too. They end up staying in U.S permanently.

CEO pay

idk?? -There is a large pay gap btwn the heads of companies and their working class employees. -CEO made 287 times more $$ than their workers in 2018 -ceo pay continues to outpace the pay of the working ppl Average CEO pay in 70s 40:1, today 400:1

Segmented assimilation

immigrants experience in the recieving country is conditioned y things such as: Race, WEalth, Expectations, cultural proximity, Time period --theory that suggests different immigrant groups assimilate into different segments of society.

push-pull factors for migration

in general, ppl don't want to leave their home country. there is a comfort in the known which culture provides us push factors: 'push' ppl out of their home country and force them to seek a home elsewhere ex: Oppression Persecution Economic plight Crime War Plague Famine/ food scarcity Natural disasters pull factors: attract ppl to a destination ex: Higher wages Security Pre-existing network Religion Educational opportunities

The capital-labor accord

informal but widely shared that industries would share the wealth. if workers don't strike, we give workers good benefits. they did this in hopes to prevent unionization.

If all 7.5 billion people consumed like we do in the US, it would take 5 planet Earths.

isn't it supposed to be 4??? BBC says its 4 so lets go wit that

replication

it is very important that scientific experiments can be replicated by others to ensure its validity Replicating a study You can go get ur own materials and replicate it Or just ask for the original scientists data and analyze it and see if you come to the same conclusion

Path dependence

not all opportunities are equally possible for everyone at the same time. Once you start making decisions and going down a path it becomes harder to make an opposing decision and change the path Ex. the US began giving employees healthcare instead of having gov't/ universal healthcare so now years later it would be harder to adopt universal health care b/c its become so privatized

Stigma and Health outcomes

pretty self explanatory. Embarrassment stops ppl from gettin treatment they need for things like STDs Depression and all other mental health

prisons as a new 'welfare' state

prisons are a hidden welfare state WELFARE STATE: a system whereby the government undertakes to protect the health and well-being of its citizens, especially those in financial or social need, by means of grants, pensions, and other benefits. The foundations for the modern welfare state in the US were laid by the New Deal programs of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. -punishment differs depending on population -poverty & incarceration, link is the war on drugs *Mass incarceration is not just (or even mainly) a response to crime, but rather a perverse form of social spending that uses state power to address a host of social problems at the back end, from poverty to drug addiction to misbehavior in school. These are problems that voters, taxpayers, and politicians—especially white voters, taxpayers, and politicians—seem unwilling to address in any other way.

There is no N=1

sample size for a social fact cannot be 1 person. an observation of one person CANNOT define whole society/ social fact.

The 'sixth mass extinction'

scientists have predicted/identified a new mass extinction is underway and an estimated 2-25 percent of species will go extinct; it is caused by humans We are currently in a mass extinction that is happening at a faster rate than any other :)

Small class sizes matter, but matter even more to low-income and minority students, and especially in the early grades

smaller class sizes allow the teacher to pay attention to disadvantaged students

Emile Durkheim (functionalism)

society is like an organism where everyone has different roles but in the end all contribute to keeping the body together -Functionalism emphasizes a societal equilibrium -Society is a system of interrelated parts where no one part can function without the other. These parts make up the whole of society. If one part changes, it has an impact on society as a whole -Durkheim actually viewed crime and delinquent behavior as a normal and necessary occurrence in the social system -Within functionalist theory, the different parts of society are primarily composed of social institutions, each of which is designed to fill different needs, and each of which has particular consequences for the form and shape of society. -According to functionalism, an institution only exists because it serves a vital role in the functioning of society. If it no longer serves a role, an institution will die away. When new needs evolve or emerge, new institutions will be created to meet them -According to functionalism, an institution only exists because it serves a vital role in the functioning of society. If it no longer serves a role, an institution will die away. When new needs evolve or emerge, new institutions will be created to meet them(conflict causes dysfunction)

Demography

study of populations, fertility, mortality, and migration -the study of statistics such as births, deaths, income, or the incidence of disease, which illustrate the changing structure of human populations --DEMOGRAPHY - the study of populations,their composition,and their distribution fertility(birth rates) Mortality(death rates) Migration (movement)

Max Weber (meaning/rationalization)

symbolic interactionism, rationalization (or rationalisation) is the replacement of traditions, values, and emotions as motivators for behavior in society with concepts based on rationality and reason. For example, the implementation of bureaucracies in government is a kind of rationalization, as is the construction of high-efficiency living spaces in architecture and urban planning. A potential reason as to why rationalization of a culture may take place in the modern era is the process of globalization. Countries are becoming increasingly interlinked, and with the rise of technology, social stratification German bureaucracies and formal rationality. Bureaucracies epitomize formally rational systems. · Founder of the Protestant Work According to the bureaucratic theory of Max Weber, bureaucracy is the basis for the systematic formation of any organisation and is designed to ensure efficiency and economic effectiveness. It is an ideal model for management and its administration to bring an organisation's power structure into focus

treadmill of production

term describing the operation of modern economic systems that require constant growth, which causes increased exploitation of resources and environmental degradation coined by allan schnaiberg The theory of the treadmill of production highlights how the constant search for economic growth leads to advanced economies being stuck on a "treadmill," where their well‐being is not improved by economic growth, yet the impacts of this pursuit of growth causes massive, unsustainable environmental damages. In interrogating the specific driving force that keeps the irrational system of the treadmill so powerfully in place, the theory of the treadmill of production focuses on how those who control the production process, corporations, are the primary agents driving the treadmill, while also highlighting how the state and workers generally continue to provide support for the treadmill's continued reproduction

"trickle-down" economics (aka Reaganomics)

the economic policies of the former US president Ronald Reagan, associated especially with the reduction of taxes and the promotion of the unrestricted free-market activity. ReAgAN: cut taxes for the richity rich then the money will flow back into the economy. -this was dumb; doesn't actually work because rich invest money abroad - the rich just get richer while the poor continue to suffer

"Doing gender" (gender as performance)

the idea that once the symbols are in place, we make choices based on those symbols → however, breaking down the patriarchy can reverse those negative connotations *** The idea that in Western culture, gender, rather than being an innate quality of individuals, is a psychologically ingrained social construct that actively surfaces in everyday human interaction an individual's performance of gender is intended to construct gendered behavior as naturally occurring. This façade furthers a system through which individuals are judged in terms of their failure or success to meet gendered societal expectations

the 'hidden' curriculum

the informal and unofficial aspects of culture that children are taught in school; Public school were made to teach students how to be good citizens. Made to socialize them A hidden curriculum is a side effect of schooling, "[lessons] which are learned but not openly intended" such as the transmission of norms, values, and beliefs conveyed in the classroom and the social environment. It should be mentioned that the breaktime is an important part of the hidden curriculum. Any learning experience may include unneeded lessons. Hidden curriculum often refers to knowledge gained in primary and secondary school settings, usually with a negative connotation where the school strives for equal intellectual development (as a positive aim). In this sense, a hidden curriculum reinforces existing social inequalities by educating students according to their class and social status. The unequal distribution of cultural capital in a society mirrors a corresponding distribution of knowledge among its students.

Gender socialization

the learning of gender roles through social factors such as schooling, the media, and family *Gender socialization refers to the learning of behavior and attitudes considered appropriate for a given sex. Boys learn to be boys and girls learn to be girls. ... The behaviour that is seen to be appropriate for each gender is largely determined by societal, cultural and economic values in a given society.

ZPG (Zero Population Growth)

the maintenance of a population at a constant level by limiting the number of live births to only what is needed to replace the existing population. -so essentially the number of births is equivalent to the number of deaths -Founded by Paul Ehrlic *The central tenet of the zero population growth movement is not that humans should stop having babies. Rather, we should stop having more babies than we want. When women have control over their fertility - through education, contraception and improved women's rights - birth rates inevitably go down. *The goal of zero population growth is to reach a sustainable global birth rate at or below "replacement level." This is the fertility rate at which population is maintained, but not grown. Replacement level is affected by many factors, notably the average life expectancy. The longer people live, the fewer babies you need to replace them. In the U.S., the replacement level fertility rate would be 2.1 babies per woman. Fertility - no more than two kids per household (only enough to replace the parents) The evangelical did not like this because it insinuated the proponence of infanticide and abortion There were also economic arguments against the thought of less people meaning that there is less production Anti-immigration (bc immigrants added to the growth of the population) People of color — crossed the line into eugenics which is kind of scary

Linked fate

the notion that some groups feel that their fate is affected by what happens to one person in their group Members of minority groups feel their individual fortunes to be tied to the plight of the group as a whole. Whites don't really experience this

Relative Deprivation

the perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself. no matter what status we perceive to have it shifts when we come into contact with other ppl who are seemingly better off -relative deprivation theory is a view of social change and movements, according to which people take action for social change in order to acquire something (for example, opportunities, status, or wealth) that others possess and which they believe they should have, too. Some sociologists believe relative deprivation theory explains why people join social movements or advocate social change. -people who are unable to maintain the same standard of living as others around them experience a sense of relative deprivation that has been shown to reduce feelings of well-being. Relative deprivation reflects conditions of worsening relative poverty despite striking reductions in absolute poverty - Relative deprivation is the lack of resources (money, rights, or social equality) necessary to maintain the quality of life considered typical within a given socioeconomic group. Relative deprivation often contributes to the rise of social change movements, such as the U.S. Civil Rights Movement.

Deindustrialization

the process by which manufacturing declines in a society or region as a proportion of total economic activity. It is the opposite of industrialization, and therefore sometimes represents a step backward in the growth of a society's economy

Triangulation

the use of multiple research methods as a way of producing more reliable empirical data than are available from any single method

Social Facts

theorized by E.Durkheim social facts are values, cultural norms, and social structures that transcend the individual and can exercise social control. 3 criteria for social fact - Not explained by biology - Not reducible to the individual - Exerts constraints when breached +how to study a social fact -Must observe/study through aggregation. N must be greater than 1. -To make a valid, knowledgeable claim you cannot rely on one sample +Social Facts arise Sui generis (arises in itself) Social facts are the reason why people within a society seem to choose to do the same basic things, the society they belong to shapes them to do these things, continuing social facts. things such as institutions, norms and values which exist external to the individual and constrain the individual Examples: marriage, language, religion

Mass shooting rates over time

total mass shooting fatalities has gone wayy up to 120% in 2017 but appears to be going down again

statistical significance

variables cannot be more or less significant. they either are or aren't significant. the can have sig power though.

White flight

working and middle-class white people move away from racial-minority suburbs or inner-city neighborhoods to white suburbs and exurbs White flight or white exodus is the sudden or gradual large-scale migration of white people from areas becoming more racially or ethnoculturally diverse. *the dramatic withdrawal of white families from public schools (ironic bc white elites created public schools to assimilate immigrants) *After busing, dramatic withdrawal of white students from public school systems **Happened in 2 ways *Private Schools - better social networks seem to be the only help given from this type of schooling *Suburbs - rich white families moved to suburban areas so that they didn't have to put their kids in black schools

STS

Science, Technology, and Society OR Science and Technology Studies