Soc #2
According to Davis and Moore, what are the two determinants of positional rank? Be able to explain each one. (differential scarcity)
Differential scarcity of personnel: some positions require high levels of talent that are rare in pop, whereas other require low levels of talent that are common. Position with high level with associated skills in training (^salary) while low level no need of training
According to Davis and Moore, what are the two determinants of positional rank? Be able to explain each one. (directional function)
Directional function importance: society must see to it is less essential positions do not compete with more essential positions. If a position is easily filled (waitress) it should not be heavily rewarded. If positions is more important and hard to fill (medical doctor) reward must be high
Explain the "tokenistic fallacy."
Fallacy assumes presence of few racial minorities in position of power to influence as racial obstacles no longer exist. Instead of focusing of few successful minorities, we should concern ourselves with larger racial patterns who still confront barriers to inequality
3. Explain the two forms of racial domination? (institutionalized &interpersonal)
Institutionalized racism: patterns of domination that exist in social institutions like corporations, public policies, laws, school Interpersonal racism: exist in everyday interactions, both prejudice and daily habits of behavior
race has no genetic basis
Not one characteristic, trait or even one gene distinguishes all the members of one so-called race from all the members of another so-called race.
Human subspecies don't exist
Unlike many animals, modern humans simply haven't been around long enough or isolated enough to evolve into separate subspecies or races. Despite surface appearances, we are one of the most similar of all species.
wealth
all other assets (home, card, bonds etc)
myth 4 (women)
all poor are single mothers
income
amount of money you earn
weber
believed class was based on proper, prestige, and power that are all interrelated
1. According to Domhoff, how are the upper-class "prepped for power?"
children of upper class get very different education than other from an young age. Schools teach how to act and be wealthy with vocabulary, cultural knowledge etc. Always separated from everyone else (private school) to elite colleges.
In what ways do children use race to police social boundaries?
children use race as inclusion and exclusion. they used languages to exclude other members
Marx
concluded social class was based on M.O.P people who owned MOP were bobregeiose people who worked for those were proletariat
ethnicity
culture characteristic that distinguish people from 1 another ex traditions
As Kim discusses on page 382, why is it important not to frame parents' preferences for certain children as matters of individual choice and personal taste?
doing so makes the social structure invisible such as race and white privilege that shape individual preference. (in which kids get adopted)
assimilation
dom group absorbs minority ex melt pot
multiculture
dom group encourages racial and ethnic variation when no longer Dom
segregation
dominant group structures social institutions to maintain mininmal contact ex south in the 60's
genocide
dominant group tries to destroy minority group ex germany
learning felinity and masculinity
ex are clothes and toys girls are taught to be mothers and clean the house when boys are taught to manual skills and eye coordination
3. Why haven't the workers at the slaughterhouse unionized?
fear they'll get fired, unions use scare tactics to keep workers from unionizing. Racial tension feed into this: blacks and white dont like unions supporting illegal immigrants and Mexicans fear of loss of job and deportation
What is the "gendered selves" explanation of gender, and what is one weakness of this explanation?
focuses on how family patterns and gender socialization create gender selves which fills gender appropriate role in society weakness= assumes women and men constantly regulate themselves and never revolt
What is Risman's multilevel, "gender as social structure" approach? Be sure to describe what she means by gender as social structure, as well as all three levels of gender.
gender as social struc= an entity of itself-- organization of principle, has consequences of every level
gender is social constructed
gender is not innate, biological or pre determined, we learn how to be masculine or feminine
Why is it a problem that most parties happen at fraternity houses?
gives men the power over alcohol and space which can be abused. takes women off their own turf where they're comfortable gives men an unfair advantage
Who do Desmond & Emirbayer mean when they say race is "misrecognized as natural"?
idea that race comes from nature as biological and physiological outcome of evolution. It's a misrecognition because race doesn't come from biology, its from people, fundamentally social
how do groups maintain power
ideology ex USC>UCM utilize tech= ad on FB from some you searched
3. What were racial differences in the deployment of the "fag" label?
in African boys, fag is not as commonly used. more acceptable for them to do things like dancing, caring for clothes while whites police gender
sexual intercourse conducted
in some places of the world, kissing is incredibly repulsive
What different things to wealth and income tell us with regards to racial inequalities (pg. 281)?
income disparities between white and black tell us the current status of racial inequality where wealth disparates show us the consequences of history in inequality
1. What is the difference between wealth and income?
income: is earnings from work, interest wealth: things families own minus their debts
What is Risman's multilevel, "gender as social structure" approach? Be sure to describe what she means by gender as social structure, as well as all three levels of gender. (individual)
individual= gender is responsible for the development of gendered selves
What is Risman's multilevel, "gender as social structure" approach? Be sure to describe what she means by gender as social structure, as well as all three levels of gender. (institutional)
institutional= men and women are not given the same positions, materials or powers to help reproduce gender
What is Risman's multilevel, "gender as social structure" approach? Be sure to describe what she means by gender as social structure, as well as all three levels of gender. (interactional)
interactional= cultural expectations hold us accountable to gender
What is a sexualized workplace, and what are the consequences for the women who work in one?
is where sexuality is part of the job like women sex appeal, they are expected to be harassed. gives women no power to complain or challenge things.must accept being sexual objects and treated poor as the job
1. According to Pascoe, is the "fag" label more about sexuality or gender? Explain.
its more about gender policing. they use it even though they may not think their friend is gay ex they think their friend isn't acting masculine
1. What are some ways that gender inequalities are reflected in the formal power structure at Bazooms? The informal power structure?
its organized to where management can hire/fire women, men can do anything about management while women can't do anything about management. women are subordinates
2. What is emotional labor?
job requires you to induce emotions to evoke a desired response for the customers to make them feel happy
Skin color is only skin deep
knowing someones skin color doesnt necessarily tell you about him or her, skin isn't linked t physical, mental, or intellectual traits
culture capital
knowledge of class lifestyles and symbols
3. What are some of the physical characteristics that children used to organize racial categories?
language, hair style, and skin color
social class
large group of people who rank close to one another in property , prestige, and wealth
What does Monique's experience with $2-a-day poverty suggest about how easy or hard it is to find yourself in these circumstances?
little events seem minor can create big problems down the road. small actions in which she had no control over led her to lose the child having wages severely garnished
What are some features of low-risk houses vs. high risk houses?
low risk- equal gender ratios, respectful treatments, places to sit, cross gender interaction high risk- skewed ratios, jokes to degrade women, need to stand due to lack of seats
estate system
made in Europe during middle ages, objects like robes are high while everyone else was a commoner
3. What form does homophobia often take among women vs. men?
men are likely to be aggressive, direct, physical violence (confrontational) women are not expected to be direct or violent// they're passive and indirect, avoid people who are gay and ignore them
1. What does it mean when women "trade on" their heterosexuality?
more status than other women, perform style of femininity, got treated better from men, receive nicer alcohol, invited into private spaces
flaws from func on social Strat
most important dont get highest reward ex kardashions v teachers rather determined by ability and talent
class system
much more open, based primarily on money or material possessions can be acquired
Race and freedom evolved together
new idea of race helps explain why some people could be denied rights and freedom that other take for granted
How does Kim explain the high incidence of international adoption in Asian countries like Korea, but the low incidence of domestic adoption of Black and Latino babies?
notes most adopters are white and see asian babies as closest thing to white baby.
What is the "doing gender" explanation of gender, and what is one weakness of this explanation?
once theyre labeled as a man or woman, they're expected to act like that gender weakness= it's in organization and gendered identities
What are some ways that the meat packing industry feeds racial tensions between groups?
organize jobs by race in racial hierarchy with whites get better jobs than blacks and Mexicans get the messier job
2. Why do girls not use "lesbian" and "dyke" as frequently in the way that boys use "fag"?
partly bc it is not as hurtful, for girls, gender performance is wider. they can cut their hair short, like sports but don't face gender policing like boys who act feminine
what makes an job prestige?
pays more, more ed required, offer autonomy ex pornstar v professor
minority group
people who are singled out for unequal treatment and regard themselves as objects of collective discrimination
most variation is within not between race
people who live on one continent are probably genetically diverse than people on 2 different continents
status inconsistency
peoples statuses dont match up ex Mexico ed isn't recognized here
myth 3 (race)
poor are Mexican or black but in reality whites are
myth 1 (poor)
poor are too lazy to work but in realty theyre too young or old to work
myth 2 (cycle)
poor trapped in cycle and few escape but I reality poverty last a year
2. What is the point of social clubs for the upper-class?
provider a place to solidify important social ties although no work is done, mark people as powerful
race justifies social inequality as natural
racial practices were institutionalized within American gov, laws and society
What are the sexual double standard and the relational imperative (pg. 593)? Describe both of them. What do they suggest about how young women should engage in sexual activity? (Relational)
relational imperative= notion normal women always want relations, love, marriage, and romance
What is the self-development imperative (pg. 593-594)? What does it suggest about how young people should be engaging in sexual activities?
self development imperative= classed belief that young people up to mid 20's should focus on education pushes young to avoid relations suggest hooking up offers sex without costly commitment
Explain the double bind experienced by more privileged women at college.
sexual double and relational = relationships self development= hookup relations= greedy of time while hookups came with stigmas (double bind)
What are the sexual double standard and the relational imperative (pg. 593)? Describe both of them. What do they suggest about how young women should engage in sexual activity? (double standard)
sexual double standard= while men can pursue sexual opportunities regardless of sexual content, women can have sex in relationships
How does the story of the wagon demonstrate the children's understanding of a racial hierarchy?
she argues that her whiteness entitles her to control and dominate while the asian must be an observant
human capital
skills and abilities you have
What are the "dysfunctions" of stratification that Tumin provides in his critique of the functionalist perspective?
social stratification limits available talent is possible to find in society to un= access and training. SS limits possibility of expanding societys productive resources to full potential.
gender
social, culture, and psychological characteristic linked to male or female define people as masculine o feminine
functionalist on social strat
some positions are more important than others and that those positions must be filled by qualified people and those who do fill must be rewarded
caste system
status determined at birth and is lifelong (ascribed is impossible to change)
race
supposed biological characteristic that distinguish people from 1 another
social strat
system which groups of people are divided into layers according to power, prestige, and property -not individuals, way to rank large groups into hierarchy
sexual attraction
the US we tend to think thinner are most beautiful but in Afr bigger women are beautiful
sex
the biological distinction between females and males
internal colonialism
the dominant group exploits the minority group ex low paid
population transfer
the forced transfer of a minority group ex reservation for native Americans
What is the purpose of much of women's same-sex eroticism at parties, and what are the consequences for lesbians?
the parties are women kissing women dont identify as gay but to get mens attention. those who were really gay couldn't find safe experimentation for actual lesbians
myth 6 (HELP)
they live on welfare but Reality is wages are pensions
What problems did the hookup culture on college campuses (and the self-development imperative) pose for less privileged women?
they often opposed hooking up and social scene around it, they were foreign to them.
myth 5 (location)
they're in the inner city but in reality theyre everywhere
What are erotic markets? What does it mean to say that many of them operate using "heteronormative" logics?
they're public sexualized scenes it's where they value more heterosexual than others (campuses)
What are some ways that women working at Bazooms also exert their own agency (don't just list—describe)?
undermine and challenge the power structure by complaining and gossiping, one ex is tailor shorts so they're not too high. counter act sexual activities like saying their college students
social mobility
upward= move up social class downward= down classes intergenerational= through gens up
Murdocks cross culture
what's considered feminine task in one society can be considered different in another society
What is the "battle of the sexes" approach to hooking up and what is wrong with this view (pg. 591)?
where women are always trying to extract commitment while men want hookups
social capital
who you know and those people know= social networks
What do debutante balls and the importance of volunteering suggest about the role of women in upper-class society?
women are secondary to men, as romantic interest, wive, mothers. not position of power and tend to home fronts that are more feminine
Which women are at the highest risk for rape and why?
women who frats don't know. nameless and faceless= to victimize
How is the degrading treatment of women linked to rape?
words like slut means they're treated worthless, takes away their humanity. blames women for their own victimization (they deserved it)
What is the "structure" explanation of gender, and what is one weakness of this explanation?
work and fam structures create distinct Male and female behavior weakness= even where structure are gender equal, gender Strat persist
2. Why is there nearly 100% turnover in the slaughterhouse?
work is degrading, repetitive and often dangerous. workers leave tired, mentally numb and injuries to hand and back. all this for a low paying Jon and poor treatment by boss
sex is an ascribed status
you're labeled male or female that were taught or is learned to be masculine or feminine
