SOC-290: Chapter 7 Review

______________________________________ are communities from which non-Whites were systematically excluded from living.

Sundown towns

Stokely Carmichael's ideology differed from that of Martin Luther King, Jr.'s in that Carmichael rejected the goal of ________. a. assimilation into White middle-class society b. constitution of de jure segregation c. abolition of slavery in the United States d. representation in elected offices

a. assimilation into White middle-class society

Government records made public in 1973 revealed that the FBI ________. a. had infiltrated civil rights groups to discredit them b. had infiltrated the Ku Klux Klan to detect violent crimes against African Americans c. knew about Kennedy's assassination in advance d. believed civil rights activists were good and loyal Americans

a. had infiltrated civil rights groups to discredit them

Martin Luther King, Jr. advocated ________. a. nonviolence b. pluralism c. separatism d. self-fulfilling prophecy

a. nonviolence

______________________________________ was the change introduced in the U.S. Constitution by the Thirteenth Amendment.

Abolition of slavery

Martin Luther King, Jr. saw ______________________________________ as a "cry of disappointment" but acknowledged that it had a "positive meaning."

Black power

________ is a sociohistorical process by which racial categories are created, inhabited, transformed, and destroyed. a. Racial formation b. Racial profiling c. Racial segregation d. Racial ethnocentrism

a. Racial formation

The Ku Klux Klan had its largest membership just after ________. a. World War I b. Reconstruction c. Regeneration d. World War II

a. World War I

Which of the following statements is true of religion in the African American community? a. African Americans are overwhelmingly Protestant. b. Africans who were brought involuntarily to the U.S. were Christians. c. A majority of African Americans belong to historically White churches. d. Judaism is embraced by most African Americans today.

a. African Americans are overwhelmingly Protestant.

The Montgomery Improvement Association was headed by ________. a. Martin Luther King, Jr. b. W. E. B. Du Bois c. A. Philip Randolph d. Booker T. Washington

a. Martin Luther King, Jr.

The ________ of 1867 put each Southern state under a military governor until a new state constitution could be written, with Blacks participating fully in the process. a. Reconstruction Act b. De Jure Segregation Act c. Slavery Reparation Act d. Emancipation Proclamation Act

a. Reconstruction Act

________ refers to the act of making amends for the injustice of slavery. a. Slavery reparation b. Reconstruction c. Slavery codification d. Relative deprivation

a. Slavery reparation

The White primary elections endorsed in Jim Crow's formative period were finally challenged in the 1944 ________ decision. a. Smith v. Allwright b. Shelley v. Kramer c. Williams v. Mississippi d. Plessy v. Ferguson

a. Smith v. Allwright

The military was desegregated by the order of President ________. a. Truman b. Roosevelt c. Kennedy d. Johnson

a. Truman

According to the slave codes, ________. a. marriage between slaves was not legally recognized b. a slave could not legally buy or sell by special arrangement c. except Whites, no one else was allowed to teach a slave to read or write d. a slave could not testify in court against another slave

a. marriage between slaves was not legally recognized

According to W. E. B. Du Bois, which of the following statements best represents the talented tenth? a. privileged Blacks who would serve the interests of other Blacks in academics b. White elites who were willing to help advance the interests of Blacks in the United States c. Blacks who supported vocational education over academic programs d. disadvantaged Blacks who were victims of the atrocities committed by the Whites

a. privileged Blacks who would serve the interests of other Blacks in academics

The policy of "separate but equal" was defined as ________ by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1896. a. reasonable b. unacceptable c. racist d. discriminatory

a. reasonable

A particularly repugnant legal device for relegating African Americans to second-class status was the ________. a. restrictive covenant b. segmented assimilation treaty c. slavery reparation accord d. sovereignty pact

a. restrictive covenant

The founding of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People is associated with ________. a. the Niagara Movement b. the National Urban League c. Congress of Racial Equality d. Southern Christian Leadership Conference

a. the Niagara Movement

Which of the following statements best defines rising expectations? a. the increasing sense of frustration that legitimate needs are being blocked b. the tendency to believe that one's culture and way of life are superior to all others' c. the unreliable generalizations about all members of a group d. the conscious feeling that expectations and current actualities are congruent

a. the increasing sense of frustration that legitimate needs are being blocked

One of the central conditions on which slavery in the United States rested was that ________. a. the slave status was inherited b. slavery was for ten years c. slaves were considered mere laborers d. negotiation was used to maintain the system

a. the slave status was inherited

________ was born not of Black but of White violence. a. The Niagara Movement b. Black Power c. The Civil Disobedience Movement d. Jim Crow

b. Black Power

Politics of accommodation is associated with ________. a. Frederick Douglass b. Booker T. Washington c. W. E. B. Du Bois d. Jim Crow

b. Booker T. Washington

The legal humiliation of de jure school segregation was attacked in the landmark decree of ________. a. Smith v. Allwright b. Brown v. Board of Education c. Plessy v. Ferguson d. Williams v. Mississippi

b. Brown v. Board of Education

________ is based on the belief that people have the right to disregard the law under certain circumstances. a. Slavery reparation b. Civil disobedience c. Self-fulfilling prophecy d. Relative deprivation

b. Civil disobedience

In 1948, the Supreme Court finally declared in ________ that restrictive covenants were not constitutional. a. Smith v. Allwright b. Shelley v. Kramer c. Williams v. Mississippi d. Plessy v. Ferguson

b. Shelley v. Kramer

________ refers to a deliberate effort to maximize the number of offspring. a. Racial profiling b. Slave breeding c. Slavery reparation d. Racial formation

b. Slave breeding

Numerous riots broke out throughout the country with extreme violence against African Americans in the aftermath of ________. a. Reconstruction b. World War I c. the Great Depression d. World War II

b. World War I

Antislavery advocates, including Whites and free Blacks, were called ________. a. White primaries b. abolitionists c. covenants d. assimilationists

b. abolitionists

In 1898, the Supreme Court's decision in Williams v. Mississippi ________. a. upheld the right of the government to deny the right to vote on the basis of race, ethnicity, and social status b. approved the use of poll taxes, literacy tests, and residency requirements to discourage Blacks from voting c. strengthened Jim Crow laws and advocated the "separate but equal" accommodations for Blacks d. reaffirmed the importance of an integrated educational experience

b. approved the use of poll taxes, literacy tests, and residency requirements to discourage Blacks from voting

One of the strategies developed by Martin Luther King, Jr. in disobeying unjust laws was ________. a. passively resisting evil b. being willing to accept suffering without retaliating c. seeking to defeat and humiliate opponents d. attacking the people who happen to be doing the evil

b. being willing to accept suffering without retaliating

The first Africans in colonial America were indentured servants whose children were ________. a. designated as slaves b. born free people c. also indentured servants d. victims of abuse

b. born free people

Active nonviolent resistance is an example of ________. a. the riff-raff theory b. civil disobedience c. segmented assimilation d. relative deprivation

b. civil disobedience

The racial disorders during World War II were paralleled by a growth in ________ as a means to achieve equality for Blacks. a. violent resistance b. civil disobedience c. militancy activism d. racial profiling

b. civil disobedience

The Emancipation Proclamation ________. a. worsened the status of the slaves in the country b. freed slaves only in the Confederacy c. released all the enslaved Blacks d. was declared void by the Supreme Court

b. freed slaves only in the Confederacy

Since 1989, Congressman John Conyers, a Black Democrat from Detroit, has annually introduced in Congress a bill to acknowledge the ________. a. representation of Negro enterprise and Negro civilization b. fundamental injustice and inhumanity of slavery c. relevance of the doctrine of "separate but equal" d. Black Power as a "cry of disappointment"

b. fundamental injustice and inhumanity of slavery

Jim Crow laws ________. a. mandated affirmative action b. gave White people their ultimate authority c. outlawed busing to achieve racial balance d. improved the position of African Americans in the society

b. gave White people their ultimate authority

The ________ refers to the popular explanation that stated that riot participants were mostly unemployed youths who had criminal records, often involving narcotics, and who were vastly outnumbered by the African Americans who repudiated the looting and arson. a. conflict theory b. riff-raff theory c. color-blind theory d. exploitation theory

b. riff-raff theory

To many people in the United States, the sheer size of the African American community has gone unnoticed because of ________. a. the underrepresentation of immigrants in television programs b. the relative concentration of the immigrants in certain urban areas c. the decreasing assimilation rate of immigrants into White middle-class society d. the restrictive legislation that make it difficult for people to emigrate from Africa

b. the relative concentration of the immigrants in certain urban areas

The Africans who were brought involuntarily to the Western hemisphere were seen as heathens and barbarians because ________. a. they were ethnocentric b. they were non-Christian c. they were not White d. they opposed slavery

b. they were non-Christian

Which of the following features of the slave codes demonstrates the subjugation of Africans in the United States? a. A slave could not possess property even if it was allowable by his or her owner. b. A slave could not testify in court against another slave. c. A slave could not legally buy or sell anything by special arrangement. d. A slave could not marry or even meet with a free Black.

d. A slave could not marry or even meet with a free Black.

Which of the following statements is true of the attack on slavery? a. A slave was vulnerable to his or her owner's wishes, but slavery as an institution was not vulnerable to outside opinion. b. Enslaved Blacks who did not attempt to escape from the South resisted slavery through such means as violent resistance. c. A slave was counted as three-fifths of a person in determining population representation in the House of Representatives. d. Many Whites who opposed slavery, such as Abraham Lincoln, believed in racial equality.

c. A slave was counted as three-fifths of a person in determining population representation in the House of Representatives.

During the Reconstruction period, ________. a. marriage between Whites and Blacks was prohibited b. schools remained segregated c. Blacks were represented in elected office d. streetcars were exclusively reserved for the Whites

c. Blacks were represented in elected office

Which of the following statements is true of Black Power? a. It facilitated the assimilation of Blacks into White upper-class society. b. It legalized marriage between Blacks and Whites. c. It gained wide acceptance among Blacks and even many Whites. d. It made amendments for the injustice of slavery.

c. It gained wide acceptance among Blacks and even many Whites.

________ are laws that defined the low position of slaves in the United States. a. Slave inventories b. Slave indentures c. Jim Crow laws d. Slave codes

c. Jim Crow laws

The ________ marked the merging of White liberalism and Black militancy, a coalition unknown since the end of the abolition movement and Reconstruction. a. Civil Rights Movement b. Riff-Raff theory c. National Association for the Advancement of Colored People d. National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders

c. National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

________ are private contracts entered into by neighborhood property owners stipulating that property could not be sold or rented to certain minority groups, thus ensuring that they could not live in the area. a. Jim Crow laws b. De facto laws c. Restrictive covenants d. Slave codes

c. Restrictive covenants

Which of the following statements is true of urban violence and oppression in the 1960s and 1970s in the United States? a. Riots involving Whites and Blacks began in the 1960s. b. Most violence between Whites and Blacks had been large-scale collective action. c. Rioters included middle-class, working-class, and educated residents. d. The Black community expressed unsympathetic attitude toward rioters.

c. Rioters included middle-class, working-class, and educated residents.

In disobeying unjust laws, which of the following strategies did Martin Luther King, Jr. develop? a. acting with the conviction that the universe is with the unjust b. seeking to defeat and humiliate opponents c. actively but nonviolently resisting evil d. attacking people who happen to do evil rather than the forces of evil

c. actively but nonviolently resisting evil

The motivation for the Brown v. Board of Education suit ________. a. came merely because Black schools had Whites as teachers b. came merely because Blacks were found to be economically disadvantaged c. did not come merely because Black schools were inferior d. did not come merely because Blacks were oblivious of an integrated educational experience

c. did not come merely because Black schools were inferior

Which of the following was rare in dealing with violations of slave codes? a. branding b. physical abuse c. imprisonment d. mutilation

c. imprisonment

Which of the following factors has made the United States an attractive destination for Black people? a. legalization of interracial marriages b. restrictive legislations c. improved living conditions d. liberal immigration policies

c. improved living conditions

In Plessy v. Ferguson, the U.S. Supreme Court ________. a. supported the right of governments to deny the right to vote on the basis of race b. ended the practice of racial discrimination by Whites c. upheld "separate but equal" accommodations for Blacks d. said that the states could not pass laws which created racial segregation

c. upheld "separate but equal" accommodations for Blacks

Which of the following statements is true of immigration of Black people to the United States? a. Major immigration of Black people to the U.S. took place in the first 100 years after the Civil War. b. African-born Blacks live in urban areas, while Caribbean Blacks are more dispersed. c. Lower cost of living for Black people has made the U.S. an attractive destination for Black people. d. Black immigrants are confronted by a society still deeply divided by race.

d. Black immigrants are confronted by a society still deeply divided by race.

The enactment of the ________ on July 2, 1964, was hailed as a major victory and provided, at least for a while, what historian John Hope Franklin called "the illusion of equality." a. Bill of Rights Act b. Reconstruction Act c. Voting Rights Act d. Civil Rights Act

d. Civil Rights Act

The ________ was founded in 1942 to fight discrimination with nonviolent direct action. a. Council of Discriminatory Practices b. Fair Employment Practices Commission c. National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders d. Congress of Racial Equality

d. Congress of Racial Equality

________ results from children being assigned to schools specifically to maintain racially separate schools. a. Racial formation b. Segmented assimilation c. Relative deprivation d. De jure segregation

d. De jure segregation

When Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on a crowded bus to a White man, her defiance led to the organization of the ________. a. National Association for the Advancement of Colored People b. National Advisory Commission c. Alabama National Guard d. Montgomery Improvement Association

d. Montgomery Improvement Association

The period from 1867 to 1877 is called ________. a. Regeneration b. Revolutionary Decade c. Decade of Equality d. Reconstruction

d. Reconstruction

Which of the following statements is true of the condition of slaves as evident through the research conducted by W. E. B. Du Bois and many others? a. Slave women were often identified as a slave man's possession. b. Slave parents decided at what age children would begin working in the fields. c. Slave couples could get their marriage registered in a court of law. d. Slave men's only recognized family role was to sire offspring.

d. Slave men's only recognized family role was to sire offspring.

The ________ forbade Black voting in election primaries. a. restrictive covenant b. de jure segregation c. Black primary d. White primary

d. White primary

The Niagara Movement's legacy was ________. a. documenting slave revolts that accelerated the intensity of oppression b. enduring poverty that gripped a large proportion of the descendants of slavery c. making amendments for the injustice of slavery d. educating a new generation of African Americans in the politics of protest

d. educating a new generation of African Americans in the politics of protest

One reason for the popularity of Black Power among African Americans was that ________. a. it advocated the theory of the talented tenth for the development of Blacks b. it fought for the cause of an independent state for the Blacks c. it gave them the opportunity to take the law in their own hands d. it gave them a viable option for surviving in a segregated society

d. it gave them a viable option for surviving in a segregated society

Jim Crow refers to ________. a. folk heroes of West Africans b. emancipation proclamations c. theories of the talented tenth d. racial segregation laws

d. racial segregation laws

The conscious feeling of a negative discrepancy between legitimate expectations and current actualities is called ________. a. restrictive covenant b. institutional discrimination c. cultural relativism d. relative deprivation

d. relative deprivation

The ________ is also known as the rotten apple theory because it discredited the rioters and left the barrel of apples, White society, untouched. a. exploitation theory b. talented tenth theory c. labeling theory d. riff-raff theory

d. riff-raff theory

An aspect of Black enslavement was the slaves' own resistance to ________. a. naturalization b. Black Power c. racial formation d. servitude

d. servitude

W. E. B. Du Bois advocated the leadership of Blacks to be spearheaded by the ________. a. antislavery advocate b. White primary c. abolitionist d. talented tenth

d. talented tenth