SOC Ch16 Ch 18 Practice
Which of the following people are experiencing the most devastating outbreak of AIDS?
heterosexual women
The most commonly found sexual orientation in all cultures is:
heterosexuality
Jonathan Kozol's (1991) study of American schools found that:
high levels of segregation within schools and great inequalities between them exist
The group that benefits from student tracking according to abilities is composed of:
high-achieving students because teachers do not have to spend time working with slow learners
Which of the following groups benefits from student tracking according to abilities?
high-achieving students because teachers do not have to spend time working with slow learners
There is a social class factor in obesity in our society because:
high-fat foods and supersized meals are cheaper and more accessible than more nutritious foods
The benefit of the exchange of international students is that it:
plays a vital role in globalization
in the books the bell curve, richard hernstein and charles murray present their findings regarding relationships between IQ and other social factors. their conclusions we're controversial because the authors:
proclaimed blacks had an inferior intelligence b/c of genetic differences between black and white americans
In the book The Bell Curve, Richard J. Herrnstein and Charles Murray present their findings regarding the relationship between IQ and other social factors. Their conclusions were controversial because the authors:
proclaimed that black Americans had an inferior intelligence because of genetic differences between black and white Americans
The most effective policy to counter the effect of poverty on health would be:
reducing or eliminating poverty
Evidence that social advantage results in higher IQ scores ________ Richard J. Herrnstein and Charles Murray's view on intelligence.
refutes
The "socialization of nature," the phenomena that what used to be natural processes are increasingly socially controlled, reflects the *changed relationship between*:
science and technology and the body
The "socialization of nature," the phenomena that what used to be natural processes are increasingly socially controlled, reflects the changed relationship between:
science and technology and the body
The "socialization of nature," the phenomenon that what was used to be natural processes are increasingly socially controlled, reflects the changed relationship between:
science and technology and the body
The rise of eating disorders in Non-Western societies coincides with globalization of:
the fashion industry
An example of an "obesogenic environment" is:
the fast-food sandwich that tends to be less expensive than healthy salads
Who, according to Pollan, benefits most from what he calls "America's eating disorder"?
the food industry, which takes advantage of Americans' anxieties about food to sell more of it
An unintended consequence of school busing is that:
white families fled from the city into suburban areas, leaving the center cities to decay
One significant conclusion that can be drawn from the recent research on sexuality in the United States of both Lillian Rubin (1990) and Edward Laumann et al. (1994) is that:
young people are more sexually active before marriage than was true in the past
The sociologists who reexamined the data in Richard J. Herrnstein and Charles Murray's The Bell Curve reiterated that race and intelligence are best understood:
!! From social causes instead of biological
According to the textbook, U.S. high school graduation rates:
are lower than most other wealthy nations
Education is correlated with inequalities in health and illness because people with higher levels of education:
are more likely to exercise and less likely to smoke
Sociologists are concerned that due to the cost, unequal access to genetic engineering could lead to:
biological undercalss
Which of the following racial groups has the highest incidence of HIV/AIDS in the United States?
African Americans
26. A sociological analysis of education would include: A. the school as a socializing agent B. the relationship between education and social inequality C. the social functions that schools provide D. all of the above E. none of the above
D
96. The increasing use of computer technology in education may result in: a. the transformation of the existing curriculum b. the development of a classroom without walls c. the re-engineering of schools, similar to the way businesses have been transformed by computer technology d. all of the above e. none of the above
D
What is the achievement gap?
Disparity on a number of educational measures between the performance of groups of students, especially groups defined by gender, race, ethnicity, ability, and socioeconomic status
The group that has the highest life expectancy at birth is composed of:
Hispanic females
What are IQ tests?
A score attained on tests of symbolic or reasoning abilities
What are abstract and concrete attitudes?
Abstract attitudes are ideas that are consistent with mainstream societal views, while concrete attitudes are ideas that are based on actual experience
The sociologists who reexamined the data in Richard J. Herrnstein and Charles Murray's The Bell Curve reiterated that race and intelligence are best understood:
!!i n terms of social causes as opposed to biological causes
Hundreds of years ago, the highest death rates were among children. By the beginning of the twentieth century, there had changed in large part because of:
-improvements in diet, sanitation, and water purity
The number of sexual identities that Judith Lorber identified is:
10, including straight male and female, lesbian, gay, bisexual male and female, transvestite male and female, and transsexual male and female
When educators and psychologists consider someone's intelligence quotient (IQ), they can see if someone is "above average," "average," or "below average." The score they would use to determine average intelligence is:
100
About _____ % of adults and children in the United States receive Medicaid, a shared federal and state insurance program.
17
Only about 40 percent of women who become mothers before the age of 18 earn a high school diploma, and fewer than _____ % earn a college degree by age 30.
2
In 2015, _____ billion people lacked access to basic sanitation.
2.3
Over _____ percent of adults between the ages of 20 and 74 are obese, and over _____ % are overweight.
34, 63
he Center for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that the percentage of adults in the United States who are now overweight or obese is ________ percent.
36%
According to the World Health Organization reports for 2010, ________ percent of the world's population lacked access to *adequate sanitation*.
37
According to the World Health Organization reports for 2010, ________ percent of the world's population lacked access to adequate sanitation.
37
The percentage of adult women in the United States who are obese is ________ percent.
38
The proportion of Americans who report that they consider homosexuality to be an acceptable lifestyle is ________ percent.
57
In sub-Saharan Africa, of the 22.5 million people living with AIDS, about what percent are women?
60
About what percentage of young or teen mothers are unmarried when they give birth?
81
According to the textbook, the high school graduation rate in the United States is approximately _______________ percent
83
About what percentage of domestic violence victims are women?
85
17. The practice of dividing students into groups that receive different instruction on the basis of assumed similarities in their ability or attainment is called: a. tracking b. dividing c. assimilating d. the hidden curriculum e. credentialism
A
80. According to the leading research findings on academic achievement, which of the following has the greatest influence on a student's success in school? a. parents' socioeconomic status b. quality of the teachers c. number of students in a class d. number of extracurricular activities available to students e. educational background of the school administration
A
98. As a process of assimilation, schooling and its focus on an "official" curriculum—common language and the facts of a common history and geography—does what for society? a. promotes a sense of nationalism and an affinity among societal members b. fosters a common-sense way of thinking c. promotes a strong skill set to participate in the workforce d. promotes upward mobility e. all of the above
A
Explain how an illness can be socially constructed and perpetuate social inequality, using the example of obesity.
An illness can be social constructed by the food restrictions to certain areas. For instance, poor communities which are highly composed of minorities tend to be more obese compared to their counter parts. Obesity causes social inequality by dividing obese people from the "normal" healthy population. Those who are obese tend to be looked at different than their counterparts.
What are the three major sociological theories of the role schooling plays in the larger society?
Assimilation: Promotes feelings of nationalism, and creates a common culture.
29. Much of what is learned in school has nothing to do with the formal content of the lessons. The teaching of values, attitudes, and habits constitutes the: A. tracking system B. hidden curriculum C. credentialism D. formal curriculum E. social transformation
B
44. Which group benefits from the tracking of students according to abilities? a. low-achieving students, because they can receive more individualized attention b. high-achieving students, because teachers do not have to spend time working with slow learners c. all students, because it allows teachers to help each group according to its abilities d. average students, because in mixed classes they are usually ignored as teachers concentrate on slow learners and high achievers e. African American, Latino, and economically disadvantaged students
B
____ 23. According to Jürgen Habermas, the emergence of ________ in industrial societies created a sphere of communication where public opinion is formed and attitudes are molded. a. a hidden curriculum b. a public sphere c. local knowledge d. a tracking system e. hyperreality
B
Which illness of the 14th century came to Europe by way of Asia and eliminated a third of the European population in only 20 years?
Bubonic plaque
9. Which of the following is part of the hidden curriculum in schools? a. business courses that are not publicized to students b. another phrase for the foreign language curriculum c. teaching students to respect authority d. the fact that students may have to go to summer school in order to graduate because of classroom shortages e. the unstated costs involved in organizing the athletic program
C
In The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life, Richard J. Herrnstein and Charles Murray argue that the significant differences in IQ between various races and ethnic groups are explained by: a. unequal opportunities b. oppressive social conditions c. genetic inheritance d. poor quality schools e. lack of quality after-school programs
C
14. James Coleman's research on segregated schools resulted in the policy of ________, which provoked a lot of opposition, some of it violent. a. hidden curriculum b. credentialism c. savage inequalities d. busing e. tracking
D
20. Maria's high school requires students to take Latin or Greek, classical art and music appreciation, English literature, and public speaking. The school believes that these courses instill particular values and tastes that students need for a successful future. This is an example of: a. the hidden curriculum b. hyperreality c. culture industry d. cultural capital e. tracking
D
25. The credentialism approach in understanding sociology and education advocates: a. that the content of education is its most important component b. teaching a specific skill set because the credential implies having training and skills necessary to do a job c. that the credential is only valid if it stems from quality content and a common cultural environment in the classroom d. creating a common culture in educational environments e. that the content is much less important than the diploma or credential itself
E
82. Which of the following is a component of collective action, according to Charles Tilly? a. organization b. mobilization c. common interests d. opportunity e. all of the above
E
88. Jean Baudrillard argues that "reality" has been transformed by the mass media and now exists as ________, in which images on the TV screen intermingle with people's behavior. a. a hidden curriculum b. a public sphere c. local knowledge d. a tracking system e. hyperreality
E
The *Coleman (1966) studies and the Jencks (1972)* research indicate which of the following two important points concerning education in our society?
Educational and occupational attainment is governed by family background. On their own, educational reforms can produce only minor effects on social inequality.
What role has the U.S. government played in increasing rates of obesity?
Federal subsidies for food production: Favor meat and dairy: 75%. Over 10% support sugar, oils, starches, and alcohol. Less than a third of 1% support the growing of vegetables and fruits.
Where did developing countries inherit their education systems?
From colonialism. Education is not directed toward the majority of the population. Higher education is disproportionately developed relative to primary and secondary education.
Explore how globalization has had an effect on rates of both viral or epidemic disease, as well as chronic disease.
Global Issues in Health and Medicine;
Activities intended to sustain, promote, and enhance health are referred to as:
Health Care
Explore how drug and alcohol addiction is socially constructed as an illness, and how this varies greatly by race and class. Include specific examples.
Higher class less likely to be criminalized or stigmatized, more likely to access rehabilitation and therapy services to deal with addiction. Lower class less likely to receive treatment, more likely to be blamed for their addiction and criminalized.
What is the stereotype threat?
Ideas that when African American students believe they are being judged not as individuals but as members of a negatively stereotyped social group, they will do worse on tests.
What is cultural capital
The advantages that well to do parents usually provide their children
In the United States, the major feature of the development of modern health care systems is:
applying science to medical diagnosis and cure
Present the arguments for and against the Obama Administration's Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA).
In support: will expand insurance coverage to a broader swath of people; support expansion through new state-level insurance markets; keep prices down; fewer burdens on emergency room care. Opposed: government is overstepping the limits of its powers in requiring that people purchase health insurance or pay a penalty tax; infringement on freedom; portrayed as socialized medicine.
Consider a family in which the parents are very concerned with their children's educational success but who struggle to provide enough books, activities, and outings that can enhance their children's development. Sean Reardon's work identifies four explanations for educational achievement gaps by socioeconomic status. Which of these four explanations of the achievement gap does this example best illustrate?
Income is related to a range of social resources that enable parents to support their children's intellectual development
As the global economy becomes more knowledge-based, the likely outcome is that:
Internet access will become the new line of demarcation between the rich and the poor
What does the gender gap say about women?
It places women ahead of men in school.
Which of the following is true of federal food subsidies?
Less than a third of 1% support the growing of vegetables and fruits
What is intelligence?
Level of intellectual ability, particularly as measured by IQ (intelligence quotient) tests
What did Coleman's study say?
Material resources made little difference to educational performance, the decisive influence was the children's backgrounds.
Identify and evaluate four ways an individual might potentially access health care coverage in the United States.
Medicare, Medicaid, through their employer, self-coverage.
An institutionalized system for the scientific diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of illness is known as:
Medicine
Sharon and Luke, both IT workers, make a point to read to their children every night before putting them to sleep. Which explanation of the achievement gap does this example best illustrate?
Middle- and upper-middle-class parents tend to invest more heavily in their children's cognitive development.
What did Bowles and Gintis say about the hidden curriculum?
Modern education is a response to the economic needs of industrial capitalism. Hierarchical school structure directly replicate those in work. Schools facilitate the ruling class's need to exploit workforce.
Is intelligence an easily defined term?
No.
According to the "Globalization by the Numbers" infographic, which country leads in terms of mean years of schooling?
Norway
Within developed countries:
access to computers is uneven
Who are cultural navigators?
People who draw from both their home culture and mainstream culture to create an attitude that allows them to succeed.
Which of the following is the best example of information poverty, as discussed in the textbook?
People with fewer socioeconomic resources have less access to technology than those with more resources.
The Gates Foundation reports that they are 99% of the way toward eradicating which debilitating disease?
Polio
In 1990, Jeannie Oakes found that students placed in the "low-achieving" group—mostly African American, Latino, and poor students—as a result received an education that was ________ their "high-achieving" peers.
Poorer than
The mass media are important because they affect our attitudes and experiences and:
Provide access to knowledge
Which of the following is true of the Obama Administration's Affordable Care Act (PPACA)?
Purchasing mandate has already started to roll into place as of 2014
What did Bourdieu say about education?
Schools reproduce social inequality by rewarding certain cultural norms over others. Differed from a strict Marxist analysis in that he focused on how schools mirrored and reproduced economic class structures. Poor and working-class children are socialized into a particular habitus- one that is not valued within the school system.
Explain what is meant by a "sick role." Provide an example of how a physically ill person might perform his or her sick role. How might the sick role differ for those who are mentally ill?
Sick role: cultural definition of appropriate behavior and response to people labeled as sick. Parsons: Right to be excused from social responsibilities and "normal" social roles. Illness biologically and socially defined. Sick have societal obligation to try to get well and seek medical help. Goffman: everyone expected to perform a certain role when someone is sick.
What is a characteristic of the sick role?
Social factors such as race, class, and gender affect whether and how readily the sick role is granted.
To the extent that schools help perpetuate social and economic inequalities across generations, they are part of the process of:
Social reproduction
What did Willis propose about school?
Social reproduction does not happen without struggle or opposition from oppressed groups.Working class youth are not passive in the process of reproduction, but aware of their own subordination.
"Critical"/Marxist:
Social reproduction. Schools help perpetuate social and economic inequalities across generations.
What does the study by Murray and Herstein conclude?
Some ethnic groups have higher IQ's than others -> biological approach. High IQ means greater economic prosperity later in life and low IQ means lower.
Claude Steele's influential work on differential outcomes for African Americans in educational settings deals with:
Stereotype threat
Examine how technology has expanded access to healthcare globally.
Technology allows for quicker checkups which reduces weight time, and increase the amount of patient flow. Thus reducing the hospital visit bills but also increasing the amount of people visiting the hospitals. Healthcare is also quickly transmitted globally through air planes, jets, trains, and boats. Technology such as media has allowed users to buy better healthcare products in the click of a button. This reduces the need for sicker people.
What did Kozol's journalistic account of education show?
That inequality is severe across schools. Wealthy suburbs have APs and poor neighborhoods don't have chalk.
Which of the following countries spends the most per capita on health care?
The United States
Credentialism
The primary social function of mass education derives from the need for degrees to determine one's credentials for a job. Since educational attainment is closely related to class position, credentialism reinforces the class structure.
Which of the following is true of infant mortality in the United States?
The rate for African American babies is consistently twice as high as it is for White babies
What is the definition of mortality?
The rate of death
What is the "acting white" thesis by Ogbu and Fordham?
The thesis that black students do not aspire to or strive to get good grades because it is perceived as acting white.
Discuss the findings of Kathryn Edin and Maria Kefalas in their study of poor young women who chose to become unwed mothers. Include a critique of the stigmatization of teenage motherhood and how a "good mother" is defined.
The women found that all of the participants said they valued marriage, but believed that if they married their current partner, it would lead to divorce or an unhappy marriage. Motherhood at a young age is frowned upon. People believe that young mothers wouldn't make good care takers of their young. It is true that young mother mothers might be too young but that doesn't mean they can't be exceptional care takers and provide a home. But there are also mothers who are older and they are make terrible mothers. A mother is defined by how stable she is, the way they raise their child, and protection they provide.
Ritualized male-male sexual encounters were found to have been the norm in:
ancient Greece among highly educated men and boys
Sociology of the body refers to how:
and why bodies are affected by our social experiences
Which of the following is the number one cause of premature death in the United States?
Tobacco
What did Oakes study on tracking find?
Tracking reinforces previously existing inequalities for average or poor students. They are placed in low-achieving groups and then begin to define themselves as such.
What is the hidden curriculum?
Traits of behavior or attitudes that are learned at school but not included within the formal curriculum. For example, gender differences.
Throughout history and up until this very day, the White American medical establishment has benefitted off the exploitation of the bodies of people of color. Identify two examples, whether historical or current. Use a conflict-oriented analysis to explain why this exploitation persists.
Tuskegee Syphilis Study, Cold War testing, Guatemalan testing, pharmaceutical company testing in the global south, withholding of treatment and patents. Driven by profit, capitalism, racism.
According to the "Globalization by the Numbers" infographic below, which country leads in terms of both proportion of persons enrolled in secondary education and mean years of schooling?
UK
Describe how the U.S. government harms health care in the United States, including examples of programs and policies that result in negative health outcomes.
Varies. Does not provide universal health care. Allows health care to be dictated by private insurance companies. Lax gun laws. Failure to seriously address climate change and usage of fossil fuels. Subsidizes oil companies. Food subsidies highly favor meat, dairy, sugar, alcohol. Often poor enforcement of laws and regulations. Allows racial and economic segregation.
The topic eating disorders offers a good opportunity to apply the sociological imagination because it is:
a case in which appears to be personal trouble in part of public issue
The topic of eating disorders offers a good opportunity to apply the sociological imagination because it is:
a case in which what appears to be a personal trouble is part of a larger, public issue
Twin studies by Bailey and Pillard (1991) suggest that homosexuality is a result of:
a complex interplay between biology and social factors
George, who is African American, gets nervous when taking tests in his college class because he assumes that his professors will think he cheats on his tests because he is African American. This is an example of:
a stereotype threat
Recall the story of Christine from the beginning of Chapter 16. Her situation exemplifies the struggles of many students. She has goals and the initiative to attempt to go to school, but she lacks:
a support system that understands the situation that caused her to scale back her expectations
Anthropologist Gilbert Herdt (1981, 1984, 1986) found that more than 20 tribes in Melanesia and New Guinea participated in ritually prescribed same-sex encounters. His research indicated that the males involved in this type of sexual behavior considered it necessary for:
boys to enter manhood and learn about masculine virility
Studies by Alfred Kinsey (1948, 1953) and Edward Laumann (1994) are influential works in understanding sexuality, but they also demonstrate that the research process itself:
can be as important as the actual research findings
Like all roles, the sick role requires the person to accept the role and for others to acknowledge it. A person most likely granted the sick role would be a(n):
cancer patient who teaches elementary school
The personal care Julia Twigg describes in "Body and Bathing" is about:
caregivers who help older people in their home
Anorexia and other eating disorders have their origins in the:
changing body image of women in modern societies
One example of an illegitimate sick role would be:
chlamydia
Norma was recently diagnosed with skin cancer. She has been seeing her doctor at regularly scheduled visits, but is still in a great deal of pain. At a friend's suggestion, she visited an acupuncturist who specializes in pain management. By using Western medicines as well as unorthodox medical practices, Norma is practicing
complementary medicine
Today, a person with an illness can seek assistance from both a medical doctor and a homeopath. This is why some sociologists call unorthodox techniques:
complementary medicine
The credentialism approach to understanding education notes that the:
content is much less important than the diploma or credential itself
Ranmali is a professor at an elite university. Over the years, she has noticed that many students seem much more concerned with the letter grade they will receive than with the knowledge and skill acquisition the class requires. She also notices that many firms who are hiring graduates of her university are focused on special certificates and GPAs but ask few questions about the content of academic programs. These are both examples of:
credentialism
John is from an upper-middle-class home and has the benefit of extracurricular activities and the latest technology. He is a good student, but does not have an exemplary record. Clorista is a bright and energetic student who loves math and science. Her grades are strong, but they would be better if she had more time and resources. She has limited access to a computer and often has to care for her younger siblings while her mother is at work. John and Clorista both applied for positions on the Yearbook Committee. John was appointed, and Clorista was offered membership in the "Day of the Dead" committee, which is headed by the Spanish teacher. She is unable to accept because of her commitments at home. Sociologically speaking, in comparison to Clorista, John possesses more:
cultural captial
place formed by global network of computers where internet interaction occurs is:
cyberspace
Conditions for which most people seek alternative medical treatment are often the result of:
dissatisfaction with modern health care systems
According to symbolic interactionists, what do chronically ill people do in building or reconstructing their personal narratives to incorporate their illness as part of their lives?
do biographical work
Marco attempts to incorporate his diabetes into his life, make sense of it, and develop ways of explaining it to others. This is known as:
doing biographical work
In Victorian times and in some ways even today, men who visited prostitutes or kept mistresses were accepted in polite society, but women who engaged in similar behavior were shunned. This is known as a:
double standard
Ronald is very skilled at task completion and problem solving when it comes to getting his own independent work done. However, he is often abrasive at staff meetings and has trouble with team projects. Ronald is likely lacking a certain level of:
emotional intelligence
An effect of colonialism on health was that:
entire native populations in the Americans were wiped out because of exposure to diseases to which they had no resistance such as smallpox
Main institution dealing with sick in premodern
family
The main institution dealing with sickness in premodern societies was the:
family
The rise of eating disorders in non-Western societies coincides with the globalization of:
fashion industry
partly a results of legacy of colonial education, which was not directed toward majority of population, the educational system in many developing countries is top-heavy. What does this mean?
higher ed is disproportionately developed to primary and secondary education
Aversion to or hatred of homosexuals and their lifestyles, and behavior based on such feelings is termed:
homophobia
A major legacy of colonialism in the developing world is the high level of:
illiteracy
To maintain their regimes of health, chronically ill people engage in ________ work.
illness
The cycle of social reproduction is created within the school because:
in many ways, working-class children have a more perceptive attitude toward the organization of the school than do middle-class children, but the latter group sees the school as a vehicle for upward mobility
According to your textbook, intelligence is actually very difficult to define because:
intelligence covers qualities that may be unrelated to each other
The notion that the power of modern medicine will continue to result in improvements in public health indefinitely is unsatisfactory to sociologists because:
it ignores social and environmental factors in patterns and trends of health and illness
According to the "Globalization by the Numbers" infographic, which country leads in terms of proportion of persons enrolled in secondary education?
japan
Schools originally arose:
largely as a result of the development of printing and the ensuing need for broader literacy
Active, curious social actors who can derive insights from multiple sources, not merely institutional settings, are known as:
learners
A likely consequence of the AIDS epidemic in sub-Saharan Africa is that:
level of social unrest will rise sharply
Higher rates of sexual activity among teens are associated with those who have higher:
levels of "body pride"
An example of the socialization of nature is the:
medicalization of pregnancy and childbirth
Ancient Greeks considered the highest form of sexual love to be the love of:
men for boys
One likely reason for the differences between the findings on sexual behavior in the United States of Alfred Kinsey and Edward Laumann is that:
methods were quite different
AIDS orphans in sub-Saharan Africa have become targets for:
militias seeking easy new recruits
*Richard Wilkinson* bases his arguments on findings that clearly demonstrate the clear relationship between
mortality and income distribution
One serious ethical consequence of the technological changes in childbirth is that:
parents can learn abnormalities before child is born
When sociologists consider the importance of a person's social background for their educational achievement, they are focusing primarily on:
parents' educational and economic resources
The direction of one's sexual or romantic attraction is known as one's:
sexual orientation
Because it implies that such attractions are entirely a matter of personal choice, many people mistakenly use this misleading term to describe attraction to others:
sexual preference
*Genetic engineering* is perhaps the ultimate expression of:
socialization of nature
The field that studies the increasing separation of the body from "nature" is known as:
sociology of the body
Some consider the internationalization of education to be problematic because:
some foreign students receive financial aid and scholarships, taking money that might otherwise go to Americans
Which of the following people is most likely to have an eating disorder?
teenage girl who feels inadequate
The current global wave of gay and lesbian civil rights movements initially grew out of:
the 1960s social movements in the United States
Which country has the largest number of foreign students attending its colleges and universities?
the United States
Emotional intelligence is defined as:
the ability to identify, assess, and control the emotions of oneself or others
When sociologists measure variation between different groups in standardized test scores, grades, graduation rates, and college entrance, they are focusing on:
the achievement gap
The effect of colonialism on people's nutritional health was that the nutrition of:
the colonized people suffered but the nutrition of the colonizers improved
Epidemiology is the science that studies:
the distribution and incidence of disease and illness within a population
A sociologist studying education in middle schools observes three schools over the course of the academic year. She observes subtle differences in how teachers engage girls and boys, such that teachers tend to step in to help girls solve problems more quickly than they do with boys. She notes that this gives girls the message that they are less able to complete tasks on their own relative to boys. This would be an example of:
the hidden curriculum
What is one possible reason for the reversal of the gender gap in education?
the introduction of gender-neutral learning materials
A characteristic of health in medieval times was that:
the major illnesses such as tuberculosis and cholera were caused by infections
A sociological analysis of education would focus primarily on:
the relationship between education and social inequality
Which of the following institutions has traditionally shaped people's attitudes about sexual behavior in Western culture?
the religious institutions, which teach that sex should be done for reproduction only
Patterns of beha ze the disruptive effect of illness are called:
the sick role
Patterns of behavior that a sick person adopts to minimize the disruptive effect of illness are called:
the sick role
The most comprehensive way to explain that if one identical twin is gay or lesbian, there is a 50 percent probability that the other twin is also gay or lesbian is that:
there are some biological factors along with social ones that contribute to sexual preference that could affect a twin's sexuality
We know that sexual responses are learned rather than inborn because:
there is tremendous variation in what different cultures consider "natural" sexual behavior
According to Eliot Freidson's modification of Talcott Parsons's "sick role," someone with a terminal illness is categorized as:
unconditionally legitimate
The 15 percent weight decrease between a fashion model of today and one of 25 years ago reflects the growing increase of what in the world?
western images of feminine beauty
A stereotype threat occurs:
when people believe they are being judged not as individuals but as members of a group
