SOC Test
labeling theory
deviance is not inherent in any act, belief, or condition; instead, it is determined by the social context.
symoblic interactionists view o family
examine the types of social dynamics and interactions that create and sustain families
primary deviance
in labeling theory, the initial act or attitude that causes one to be labeled deviant
innovators
individuals who accept society's approved goals but not society's approved means to achieve them
Ritualist
individuals who have given up hope of achieving society's approved goals but still operate according to society's approved means
rebels
individuals who reject society's approved goals and means and instead create and work toward their own (sometimes revolutionary) goals using new means
retreatists
individuals who renounce society's approved goals and means entirely and live outside conventional norms altogether
politics
methods and tactics intended to influence government policy, policy-related attitudes, and activities
secular
nonreligious; a secular society separates church and state and does not endorse any religion
capitalism
An economic system based on the laws of free market competition, privatization of the means of production, and production for profit.
passing
Stigmatized individuals may try to pass as if they are part of the mainstream
Independent (or Third) Sector
The part of the economy composed of nonprofit organizations; their workers are mission driven, rather than profit driven, and such organizations direct surplus funds to the cause they support.
nuclear family
a heterosexual couple with one or more children living in a single household.
unschooling
a homeschooling alternative that rejects the standard curriculum in favor of student-driven types of learning
extended family
a large group of relatives, usually including at least three generations living either in one household or in close proximity
liberation technology
a movement within the Catholic Church to understand Christianity from the perspective of the poor and oppressed, with a focus on fighting injustice
power elite
a relatively small group of people in the top ranks of economic, political, and military institutions who make many of the important decisions in American society
family
a social group whose members are bound by legal, biological, or emotional ties
authoritarianism
a system of government by and for a small number of elites that does not include representation of ordinary citizens
polygyny
a system of marriage that allows men to have multiple wives
polyandry
a system of marriage that allows women to have multiple husbands
pluralist model
a system of political power in which a wide variety of individuals and groups have equal access to resources and the mechanisms of power
unchurched
a term describing those who consider themselves spiritual but not religious and who often adopt aspects of various religious traditions
religion
any institutionalized system of shared beliefs and rituals that acknowledge a relationship between the sacred and the profane
stigma
any physical or social attribute that devalues a person or group's identity and that may exclude those who are devalued from normal social interaction
conflict view on family
believe that society revolves around conflict over scarce resources, and that conflict within the family is also about the competition for resources
PAC
organizations that raise money to support the interests of a select group or organization
school vouchers
payments from the government to parents whose children attend failing public schools; the money helps parents pay private school tuition
stereotype promise
positive stereotypes, such as the "model minority" label applied to Asian Americans, lead to positive performance outcomes
deterrence
prevent crime by threatening harsh penalties
charter schools
public schools run by private entities to give parents greater control over their children's education
expressive tasks
the emotional work necessary to support family members (such as remembering a relative's birthday or playing with the children).
stereotype threat
the fear of performing poorly—and confirming stereotypes about their social groups—causes students to perform poorly
sacred
the holy, divine, or supernatural
profane
the ordinary, mundane, or everyday
instrumental tasks
the practical physical tasks necessary to maintain family life (such as washing dishes and cutting grass).
fundamentalism
the practice of emphasizing literal interpretation of texts and a "return" to a time of greater religious purity;
religiosity
the regular practice of religious beliefs, often measured in terms of frequency of attendance at worship services and the importance of religious beliefs to an individual
alienation
the sense of dissatisfaction the modern worker feels as a result of producing goods that are owned and controlled by someone else
secondary deviance
the subsequent deviant identity or career that develops as a result of being labeled deviant
propinquity
the tendency to partner with people who live close by
•Structural strain theory
there are goals in our society that people want to achieve, but they cannot always reach these goals. This creates stress (or strain
hidden curriculum
values or behaviors that students learn indirectly over the course of their schooling
structural functionalism view on family
views the family as one of the basic institutions that keeps society running smoothly by providing functions
resistant strategies
ways that workers express discontent with their jobs and try to reclaim control of the conditions of their labor
differential association theory
we learn to be deviant through our associations with deviant peers
tertiary deviance
when the person labeled deviant rejects the notion of deviance entirely and attempts to redefine their "deviant" attributes or behavior as normal.
telecommuting
working from home while staying connected to the office through communications technology
communism
•A system of government that eliminates private property; it is the most extreme form of socialism, because all citizens work for the government and there are no class distinctions.
socialism
•An economic system based on the collective ownership of the means of production, collective distribution of goods and services, and government regulation.
conflict theory on deviance
•Deviance is a result of social conflict. In order for the powerful to maintain their power, they marginalize and criminalize the people who threaten their power.
functionalism view on deviance
•Deviance serves a function in our society.
•Social Control Theory
•Strong social bonds increase conformity •Strong social bonds decrease deviance
Contingent workers
•Those who work in positions that are temporary or freelance or who work as independent contractors.
crime
•the violation of a norm that has been codified into law. •
incapacitation
remove criminals from society by imprisoning them
intrinsic religiosity
a person's inner religious life or personal relationship to the divine
extrinsic religiosity
a person's public display of commitment to a religious faith
positive deviance
an act that is outside of the norm, but may actually be heroic rather than negative.
fictive kin
close relations with people we consider "like family" but who are not related to us by blood or marriage
symbolic interactionist view on deviance
consider the ways that interpersonal relationships and everyday interactions shape definitions of deviance.
homogamy
he tendency to choose romantic partners who are similar to us
opinion leaders
high-profile individuals whose interpretation of events influences the public
exogamy
marriage to someone from a different social group
endogamy
marriage to someone within one's social group
gerrymandering
redrawing the boundary lines of state voting districts in order to advantage one political party over another
Rehabilitation
reform criminals so that they may reenter society
kin
relatives or relations, usually those related by common descent
retribution
retaliate or take revenge for a crime that's been committed
disenfranchised
stripped of voting rights, either temporarily or permanently
social insitutions
systems and structures that persist over time and shape the activities of groups and individuals in society.
authority
the legitimate right to wield power