SOC Test

labeling theory

deviance is not inherent in any act, belief, or condition; instead, it is determined by the social context.

symoblic interactionists view o family

examine the types of social dynamics and interactions that create and sustain families

primary deviance

in labeling theory, the initial act or attitude that causes one to be labeled deviant

innovators

individuals who accept society's approved goals but not society's approved means to achieve them

Ritualist

individuals who have given up hope of achieving society's approved goals but still operate according to society's approved means

rebels

individuals who reject society's approved goals and means and instead create and work toward their own (sometimes revolutionary) goals using new means

retreatists

individuals who renounce society's approved goals and means entirely and live outside conventional norms altogether

politics

methods and tactics intended to influence government policy, policy-related attitudes, and activities

secular

nonreligious; a secular society separates church and state and does not endorse any religion

capitalism

An economic system based on the laws of free market competition, privatization of the means of production, and production for profit.

passing

Stigmatized individuals may try to pass as if they are part of the mainstream

Independent (or Third) Sector

The part of the economy composed of nonprofit organizations; their workers are mission driven, rather than profit driven, and such organizations direct surplus funds to the cause they support.

nuclear family

a heterosexual couple with one or more children living in a single household.

unschooling

a homeschooling alternative that rejects the standard curriculum in favor of student-driven types of learning

extended family

a large group of relatives, usually including at least three generations living either in one household or in close proximity

liberation technology

a movement within the Catholic Church to understand Christianity from the perspective of the poor and oppressed, with a focus on fighting injustice

power elite

a relatively small group of people in the top ranks of economic, political, and military institutions who make many of the important decisions in American society

family

a social group whose members are bound by legal, biological, or emotional ties

authoritarianism

a system of government by and for a small number of elites that does not include representation of ordinary citizens

polygyny

a system of marriage that allows men to have multiple wives

polyandry

a system of marriage that allows women to have multiple husbands

pluralist model

a system of political power in which a wide variety of individuals and groups have equal access to resources and the mechanisms of power

unchurched

a term describing those who consider themselves spiritual but not religious and who often adopt aspects of various religious traditions

religion

any institutionalized system of shared beliefs and rituals that acknowledge a relationship between the sacred and the profane

stigma

any physical or social attribute that devalues a person or group's identity and that may exclude those who are devalued from normal social interaction

conflict view on family

believe that society revolves around conflict over scarce resources, and that conflict within the family is also about the competition for resources

PAC

organizations that raise money to support the interests of a select group or organization

school vouchers

payments from the government to parents whose children attend failing public schools; the money helps parents pay private school tuition

stereotype promise

positive stereotypes, such as the "model minority" label applied to Asian Americans, lead to positive performance outcomes

deterrence

prevent crime by threatening harsh penalties

charter schools

public schools run by private entities to give parents greater control over their children's education

expressive tasks

the emotional work necessary to support family members (such as remembering a relative's birthday or playing with the children).

stereotype threat

the fear of performing poorly—and confirming stereotypes about their social groups—causes students to perform poorly

sacred

the holy, divine, or supernatural

profane

the ordinary, mundane, or everyday

instrumental tasks

the practical physical tasks necessary to maintain family life (such as washing dishes and cutting grass).

fundamentalism

the practice of emphasizing literal interpretation of texts and a "return" to a time of greater religious purity;

religiosity

the regular practice of religious beliefs, often measured in terms of frequency of attendance at worship services and the importance of religious beliefs to an individual

alienation

the sense of dissatisfaction the modern worker feels as a result of producing goods that are owned and controlled by someone else

secondary deviance

the subsequent deviant identity or career that develops as a result of being labeled deviant

propinquity

the tendency to partner with people who live close by

•Structural strain theory

there are goals in our society that people want to achieve, but they cannot always reach these goals. This creates stress (or strain

hidden curriculum

values or behaviors that students learn indirectly over the course of their schooling

structural functionalism view on family

views the family as one of the basic institutions that keeps society running smoothly by providing functions

resistant strategies

ways that workers express discontent with their jobs and try to reclaim control of the conditions of their labor

differential association theory

we learn to be deviant through our associations with deviant peers

tertiary deviance

when the person labeled deviant rejects the notion of deviance entirely and attempts to redefine their "deviant" attributes or behavior as normal.

telecommuting

working from home while staying connected to the office through communications technology

communism

•A system of government that eliminates private property; it is the most extreme form of socialism, because all citizens work for the government and there are no class distinctions.

socialism

•An economic system based on the collective ownership of the means of production, collective distribution of goods and services, and government regulation.

conflict theory on deviance

•Deviance is a result of social conflict. In order for the powerful to maintain their power, they marginalize and criminalize the people who threaten their power.

functionalism view on deviance

•Deviance serves a function in our society.

•Social Control Theory

•Strong social bonds increase conformity •Strong social bonds decrease deviance

Contingent workers

•Those who work in positions that are temporary or freelance or who work as independent contractors.

crime

•the violation of a norm that has been codified into law. •

incapacitation

remove criminals from society by imprisoning them

intrinsic religiosity

a person's inner religious life or personal relationship to the divine

extrinsic religiosity

a person's public display of commitment to a religious faith

positive deviance

an act that is outside of the norm, but may actually be heroic rather than negative.

fictive kin

close relations with people we consider "like family" but who are not related to us by blood or marriage

symbolic interactionist view on deviance

consider the ways that interpersonal relationships and everyday interactions shape definitions of deviance.

homogamy

he tendency to choose romantic partners who are similar to us

opinion leaders

high-profile individuals whose interpretation of events influences the public

exogamy

marriage to someone from a different social group

endogamy

marriage to someone within one's social group

gerrymandering

redrawing the boundary lines of state voting districts in order to advantage one political party over another

Rehabilitation

reform criminals so that they may reenter society

kin

relatives or relations, usually those related by common descent

retribution

retaliate or take revenge for a crime that's been committed

disenfranchised

stripped of voting rights, either temporarily or permanently

social insitutions

systems and structures that persist over time and shape the activities of groups and individuals in society.

authority

the legitimate right to wield power