SOC130 Exam 3 - Ch 8, 9, 10
A college degree is associated with a higher income on average, so it makes sense to look at educational attainment when thinking about gender wage inequality. As your textbook notes, women's college enrollment was lower than men's in the 1970s, but has been higher than men's since the 1980s. has been just about the same as men's since the 1960s. has always been higher than men's, with the exception of the 1920s. was lower than men's in the 1950s, but has been the same as men's since the 1970s.
a
A society is pluralistic if no distinct ethnic group commands majority status. speaks the official language. is in the minority. is equal to another.
a
America's first naturalization law, passed in 1790, granted citizenship to free white persons. anyone who had fought in the Revolutionary War. former British citizens. all white people.
a
Anthropologist Michelle Rosaldo believed that women were usually lower in the stratification system because of their identification with domestic life. emotional awareness. prostitution. lower-paying jobs.
a
Baby names connect to gender, and names flow from male to androgynous to female but never in reverse. The reason for this is that men have more power, so masculinity is more likely to be emulated than femininity. girls are more likely to be named after older relatives who have more masculine names. the names that end up being feminine have a softer quality than those that don't. certain sounds are more naturally feminine, so they become associated with girls.
a
By looking at anthropological findings in tribal societies, sociologists can see fluidity in gender, which helps us see that the boundaries within our own system of gender may not be stable. are emotionally guided. are biologically fixed. are psychologically established.
a
Christoph Wilhelm Lucht is a German living in Chicago during World War I. Concerned about discrimination against German Americans, he makes choices that will help his family survive. Sociologists call his strategy "passing," citing as an example his choice to name his daughter Jane and to be happy when she marries and changes her last name to Jones. pass up opportunities to return to Germany, reinforcing his U.S. citizenship. pretend to happily speak English and assimilate when really he resents it. shop, worship, and live within a German American immigrant community.
a
Em is a genderqueer individual who wants to be referred to as "ze" at college. Given today's policy environment, which is most likely? Em's college may or may not have a policy for honoring student choices beyond traditional gender categories. does not have a policy for this situation. Policy change is happening first in K-12 education and hasn't yet reached higher education. has a policy for honoring student gender choice because nearly all colleges have freely chosen to develop such policies. has a policy for honoring student gender choice because the Supreme Court has mandated that all colleges do so.
a
Feminist philosopher Elizabeth Grosz proposed that we view the relationship between sex (the natural) and gender (the social) as existing on a Möbius strip because sex and gender are two sides of the same coin and are thus inseparable. you can separate sex and gender into two distinct entities. it is easier to understand the unique effects of each in this way. sex comes before gender and dictates behavior.
a
Imagine an ethnicity called Naim. The Naim are descendants of a large population of immigrants who moved to the United States several generations before. The Naim are white, but have developed their own distinctive cultural traits. Identify which of the following factors would make someone more likely to claim membership in the Naim ethnicity. There is no stigma or discrimination associated with claiming a Naim ethnicity. The individual identifies as African American. Strong and negative stereotypes are associated with Naim ancestry. A Naim ethnicity is very common.
a
In his book The History of Sexuality (1978), Michel Foucault contends that the classification of homosexuality as a kind of deviance was a result of government bureaucrats attempting to assert their power over people. people not talking about sex as openly as they used to. the rise in gay pride and advocacy for same-sex marriage. a sudden increase in the number of individuals practicing homosexual behavior.
a
Prejudice is to discrimination as thinking is to doing. being. developing. believing.
a
Samuel is a white Christian minister in 1830. Like most of his contemporaries, he believes in the biblical "curse of Ham." This means that when Samuel sees an African American, he sees a descendent of Ham, the original black man who was set apart as cursed. someone who is going to Hell, because the curse sent Ham and all his offspring to Hell. a person who could never hold political office, because Ham was told he could never be king. a person of dangerous sexuality, because the curse of Ham declared all of his descendants to be perverted.
a
Sharika completed her MBA from a prestigious university and got an entry-level position with a financial firm. Although she worked diligently and produced everything that was asked of her, she was not able to advance in the firm as much as male colleagues with similar credentials and job performance. It is likely that Sharika encountered the glass ceiling. occupational feminization. the glass escalator. occupational segregation.
a
Social science experiments reveal that even though the French government does not collect information on race, job applications with Arab or North African sounding names were less likely to be called for interviews. schools and neighborhoods are still organized by rigid local identification of people according to their racial category. French citizens strongly prefer that this information be collected in future census collections. there are still many examples of how much French citizens primarily identify themselves in terms of race.
a
Some socialist feminists, including Hartmann and MacKinnon, argue that capitalism is combined with ________ to make women economically dependent on men's incomes. patriarchy psychology intersectionality biology
a
The idea that heterosexuality is the default or the normal sexual orientation from which other sexualities deviate is called heteronormativity. homophobia. compulsory heterosexuality. homo-negativity.
a
Until 1973, the American Psychiatric Association and the American Psychological Association listed homosexuality as a mental disorder. a leading symptom of schizophrenia. a disorder of family dynamics. a natural state.
a
What does Patricia Hill Collins mean by a "matrix of domination"? The nature and extent of a person's oppression is a function of multiple factors, not just one. Second-wave feminism did more harm than good by lumping all women together into one oppressed class. Race is more important than gender in the understanding of oppression. Multiple forces combine to keep women confined to their current roles.
a
When, during World War II, Japanese American families were given notice of their mandatory relocation to internment camps, how much time were they given to dispose of their lands and other property? one week one month six months three months
a
Which of the following is one of the reasons why sociologists view gender as a social construction rather than a biological given? Our understandings of, categorizations of, and behaviors toward what it means to be a man or woman have changed throughout history. Societies in various historical periods have not made any distinction between different genders. There are no biological differences between men and women that explain any behavior differences. Contemporary studies show us that men and women have different personality structures, the innate by-product of existing social structural relations.
a
Which of the following research studies would best capture the idea of intersectionality? an analysis of women's parenting values, with attention to each woman's race, class, and sexual orientation an international comparison of women's labor force participation and fertility rates a comparison of gender attitudes between men and women and between older and younger people a study of the prevalence of feminine gender identity among cis-women compared to cis-men
a
Which of the following scenarios best demonstrates the concept of color-blind racism? a white woman with a black child being told by her grandmother that she doesn't see the child's race two people with different ethnic identities choosing to marry each other despite disapproval in their town a man in a position of power treating all people equally, regardless of their racial identity a person who avoids a type of dress because she does not want to appropriate another culture
a
Which of the following situations provides an example of how the social categories of gender influence the biology of sex? the decision to perform sex reassignment surgery on a male infant born with a micropenis (e.g., a phallus measuring less than 2 centimeters in length) and raise the baby as a female how people react differently to two women who hold hands in public versus two men who hold hands in public how a one-sex model of human bodies dominated thinking among ancient Greeks, but a two-sex model dominates current Western biological thought parents who refuse to let their three-year-old son paint his fingernails
a
A graduate student has decided to use Paula England's research to predict what he will find in his survey of college students. Based on this, he should expect to find a culture of dating. a culture of hooking up. a norm of alcohol influencing sexual encounters. a culture of technology-mediated friendships and romantic partnerships.
b
According to Michelle Rosaldo's theory, regardless of time or culture, women tend to be associated with ________ and men tend to be associated with ________. children; adults the domestic sphere; the public sphere being owned; ownership emotion; rationality
b
Although sexual harassment in the workplace can vary from jokes to sexual barter to sexual assault, a key reason sexual harassment contributes to gender inequality is that men use sexual harassment differently than women do. it is intended to make people feel uncomfortable and unwelcome. sexual bartering, which is more likely to target women, is the most common form of harassment. men are more likely to accept sexual advances to get promotions.
b
Although women now outnumber men in terms of college enrollment, men still dominate which fields? sociology and economics math and physics sociology and math educational leadership
b
As your textbook notes, Native Americans have become a more organized an active bloc. A recent example your book gives of this dynamic is the demands for reparations for dispossession of lands. the protest over an oil pipeline set to go through a water source. retroactive compensation for the work done by code talkers. an equal opportunity bill to reduce poverty among Native Americans.
b
Elizabeth Warren, a U.S. senator, claimed Native American heritage, a claim that was challenged by her political opponents. Race scholars note white people, like Warren, can choose to identify or not identify with certain ethnic groups. This example demonstrates the concept of institutional racism. symbolic ethnicity. ancestry. genealogy.
b
For the Sambia, taking in semen of older men by performing fellatio is the only way to become successful hunters. become real men. compensate for a failed hunt. become great leaders.
b
Gayle Rubin argues that there is a sex/gender system. This system is characterized by the organization of kin into nuclear families to fulfill the reproduction of workers. the transformation of biological sex into asymmetric gender statuses. a division of labor that creates clear rules and ensures a stable society. the practice of surgically altering infants who do not fit a biological binary.
b
How does the "one-sex" model of the ancient Greeks differ from the two-sex model of modern Western societies? In the one-sex model, men are assigned a sex but women are not. In the one-sex model, the male body was regarded as an "inversion" of the female body. In the one-sex model, the female body was regarded as an "inversion" of the male body. In the one-sex model, there is no difference between men and women.
b
Identify the role of social media in the #BlackLivesMatter movement. Social media allows police and protesters to speak more directly to each other. Social media brings attention to police violence. Social media aids in the spread of misinformation campaigns. Social media makes organizing participants more difficult.
b
Identify which of the following is a fundamental goal of feminism. to emphasize biological differences between men and women to make people aware that gender structures relationships to work toward a world in which sex differences do not exist to make people aware that the male/female distinction is a social construction
b
If we consider the relative income levels of men and women on average, we can see that there is only a wage gap among workers under 35. that women make about 80 percent of what men make. there is no real wage gap by gender. large thriving cities have the largest wage gap by gender.
b
Lou is a man who was raised as a girl. What would Amos Mac predict about how Lou will tell his life narrative? Lou will describe a narrative missing many episodes due to traumatic memory loss. an individualized narrative specific only to Lou. a childhood sense of living in the "wrong" body. a "before and after" story that shifts from girl to boy.
b
Men and women tend to work in different types of jobs, such that occupational fields tend to be either male-dominated or female-dominated. This pattern is called the employment gap. occupational segregation. the glass ceiling. hostile environments.
b
Most Arabs in the United States are not Muslim, and about 25 percent of U.S. Arabs are atheists. Christians. Sikhs. Catholics.
b
Parsons's sex role theory sees a gendered division of labor as functional for a stable society. In framing gender expectations in this way, Parsons and other structural functionalists show how socially constructed ideas can still be helpful for social stability. tend to justify the existing order of gender practices in social institutions. call into question the practice of dividing labor by gender. provide an explanation for why nuclear families are often more successful.
b
Psychologist Carol Gilligan and Mary Piper argued, in the 1980s and 1990s, that the social deck is stacked against girls from infancy through adolescence, putting their physical and mental health at risk. What is Christina Hoff Sommers's position on this topic? Sommers thinks that Gilligan's and Piper's work relies too much on binary male/female categories. Sommers believes that because boys are inadvertently penalized for the shortchanging of girls, boys suffer more than girls in education and adolescent health. Sommers believes that Gilligan and Piper are right but go not go far enough. Sommers believes that the struggles of both girls and boys are vastly exaggerated.
b
Similar to hegemonic masculinity, social problems that exist within a dominant group in a society tend to be highly visible and therefore cause for concern. invisible because they are regarded as the norm. highly funded and therefore easier to solve. unfair, but now important to the social order.
b
When Cynthia Fuchs Epstein talks about deceptive distinctions, she addresses the relevance of gender, stereotypes, and social positions. The deceptive distinctions are meant to highlight the view that observations of gender differences come from biased methods that overestimate actual differences. many observed behavior differences between women and men are not about individual gender differences. people who identify as female behave very similarly to each other regardless of sex assignment at birth. most men and women behave very similarly to each other, especially in single-gender contexts.
b
When token men enter feminized jobs, they enjoy a quicker rise to leadership positions. This is referred to as the glass wall. glass escalator. glass elevator. glass ceiling.
b
Which group argues that sexuality in America is an expression of the unequal power balance between men and women? postmodernists Marxist feminists psychoanalysts symbolic interactionists
b
Which of the following aligns with the arguments of black feminism? All women are faced with the same hegemonic masculinity. Black women face unique oppressions that white women, and even black men, do not. The experiences of women are universal, regardless of race. Black women deserve more help from the white feminist movement.
b
Which of the following examples calls into question the two firm categories of sex and gender that dominate our thinking? the notion that men and women are equals the existence of more than two gender groups in other cultures the existence of gender stereotypes the existence of male and female teams in sports
b
Which of the following is one main reason why a Navajo person would identify as nadle? The person was shamed with the stigma of divorce. was born with ambiguous genitalia. has sexual feelings toward people of the same sex. was bodily altered by sacrificial emasculation.
b
Which of the following terms hinges on the belief that social and psychological traits can be traced through bloodlines and selectively bred out of (or into) populations? biogenics eugenics sociogenics race relations
b
Your textbook points out that sex is partly a social concept. This is based on the fact that, although information about chromosomes is used to sort people into male and female categories, and although chromosomes are biological realities, the chromosomal makeup across people in a population varies across cultural contexts. is more of an average than a binary. falls into three distinct categories. is socially constructed.
b
"Gender structures social relationships between people unequally." This is a statement that exemplifies the ________ perspective on gender. postmodernist sex role theory feminist psychoanalytic
c
A man who commits a homosexual act within prison is viewed by all the other prisoners as having a homosexual identity. generally takes on a homosexual identity. does not necessarily view himself as a homosexual. sees himself as powerless.
c
A person who sees a female nurse caring gently for a patient may attribute her nurturing behavior to her being a woman. However, if we consider the concept of deceptive distinctions, we could reasonably conclude that male nurses are actually much more patient and nurturing than female nurses. the nurse is performing a feminine role, because she is guided by a feminine self-identity. the nurse's behavior is more influenced by her occupation than her gender. she isn't really nurturing but has learned to pretend that she is.
c
Adrianna is an attorney who was the first person in her family to go to college. Although she makes a good salary, she frequently encounters colleagues who make assumptions about her because she is a Latina. She also incurred a great deal of debt to get through college and law school, and her parents rely on her economically. In addition to her class background, as a Latina, Adrianna deals with unique gender oppressions. She also worries for her 20-year-old son's safety much more than her white colleagues seem to worry about their own sons' safety. Lisa is experiencing class conflict. bio-logic. a matrix of domination. deceptive distinctions.
c
Alain's daughter wears dresses, plays with dolls, and likes to pretend she is a princess. Alain does not think society has influenced her preferences or games at all. He views his daughter as evidence that human behavior is determined by genes and hormones. Which term best describes Alain's views? the binary system two-sex model biological determinism dimorphism
c
Consider a scenario in which a cis-woman attends college and learns about the social construction of gender expectations. As someone who has always been highly competitive and assertive, she begins to see herself simply as someone whose individual characteristics don't match the gendered expectations of her community. Although she is comforted by this, she still goes on to experience difficulty with some people accepting her tenacity. This highlights the reality that there are some biological realities tied to being female that affect how women are viewed. gender expectations are stricter for women than they are for men. gender has real consequences even if it isn't tied to some fixed biological reality. people expect more gender compliance from cis-women than other groups.
c
Gayatri Reddy describes the hijras in India as phenotypic men who wear female clothing, renounce sexual desire, and perform rituals and services, including conferring fertility to newlyweds and newborns. As your textbook notes, although the hijras provide an excellent example that challenges a binary gender system, this is a master status that actually shows the higher status of being female in some cultures. demonstrates the relevance of biological sex. includes behaviors that have little to do with gender. only allows for a nonbinary choice for "phenotypic men."
c
Identify the example of collective resistance. An oppressed group develops a tendency for code-switching in dominantly white environments. An oppressed group develops a means of quietly coping with their circumstances. An oppressed group engages in a campaign of nonviolent protest. An oppressed group relocates to a place where they can live in peace.
c
Identify what Paula England learned in her research on hookup culture among students. A hook-up must include sexual intercourse. Hookups carry a high risk of pregnancy. Hookups tend to serve male interests more than female ones. A hookup takes place between two people who have no interest in a long-term relationship.
c
If a young adult in the United States is told that race is a social construct, she may struggle with this concept because of the organization of social life that makes the ideas of distinct racial groups seem natural or obvious. This means that social practices make race socially real and may even create the idea that race is biologically or objectively real. Of the possibilities below, which one best demonstrates a social practice that makes race socially real? the resistance to affirmative action policies in education and the labor market the use of racial slurs to intimidate or denigrate certain racial and ethnic groups the large separation of marriage and reproductive communities by race the increase in children born to parents of different racial or ethnic backgrounds
c
If we apply the sociological imagination to sex, gender, and sexuality, we might argue that men and women are at opposite ends of the psychological continuum, which leads them to have distinct styles of communicating, feeling, and acting. the social patterns we see highlight natural differences between men and women, differences that set men and women on different pathways from birth. although biological differences exist between men and women, what we make of those differences is socially constructed and has changed through time and place. men and women are different biological organisms, and these differences manifest themselves in the ways men and women behave.
c
In Brazil, gender is determined by biology. femininity and masculinity. sexual practice. anatomy.
c
In Navajo tribes, there are three genders. Which of the following is their third gender category? feminine masculine nadle hijra
c
In our society, many people take for granted that sex has only two categories and tend to ignore facts that suggest sex itself is socially constructed. Which of the following is an outcome of this sexual dichotomization? the common belief that a person's genitalia do not always correspond to a person's gender the assumption that gender is fluid the exclusion of those who don't fit neatly into one category or the other viewing sexual variation as a part of our diversity as a species
c
In the modern United States, people see physical markers such as hair type or skin color and think of race. In ancient Egypt, physical markers were seen as linked to ethnicity. status. geography. genes.
c
It is argued in your text that gender structures social relationships by giving men the advantage in society. As a result, which of the following is LEAST likely to happen? When men enter female-dominated occupations, they are encouraged to advance on the glass escalator. When women enter male-dominated occupations, they may hit a glass ceiling. When men enter female-dominated occupations, they often become victims of sexual harassment. When women enter male-dominated occupations, they often become victims of sexual harassment.
c
It is typically harder to denaturalize the dominant category because the dominant category is based on essential biological reality. the other categories are essentially natural. the dominant category is seen as the norm and is often invisible. norms are not created by the dominant category.
c
Jobs that have been feminized, such as teaching or secretarial work, are also referred to as powder-puff jobs. emotional jobs. pink-collar jobs. girls' clubs.
c
Mae is an African American girl. When she is at school, she speaks "standard" English. When she is at home, she speaks African American English. Her words, tone, and body language change in each setting. Sociologists call this collective resistance. passing. code switching. redlining.
c
Sexuality refers to desire, sexual preference, sexual identity, and behavior. Which of the following is true about sexuality? Before 1850, people did not engage in homosexual behaviors. In all societies, homosexual behavior is stigmatized and unaccepted. There is enormous variation in how humans have sex and what it means to them. There is little variation in how humans have sex and what it means to them.
c
The comparison between the Burakumin and the Japanese shows that race is significant for intelligence. a chemically important marker. not just about physical or biological differences. more important than culture.
c
The reason some Marxist feminists argue that there is a "compulsory heterosexuality" is that men, but not women, are culturally coerced to identify only as heterosexual in public life. state laws often only allow heterosexual couples to adopt children. heterosexuality is seen as the norm that is enforced to sustain a gendered power imbalance. many states still attempt to create policies that grant legal marriage to heterosexuals only.
c
A condition in which men are dominant and privileged in ways that are invisible is called sex stratification. the matrix of domination. heteronormativity. hegemonic masculinity.
d
A policymaker assumes that it is better if mothers of young children are not employed because employment is seen as competing with notions of good mothering. However, African American women have a long history of working for pay, and earning income is often a central part of mothering among black women. This illustrates the issue of intersectionality because the gender wage gap is much larger between black women and men than between white women and men. white mothers are the only ones who struggle with work-family conflict. women are very focused on the quality of their mothering, regardless of race-ethnicity. black women's daily experiences are often not captured by white masculine understandings of the world.
d
A political representative who has been assigned to a committee on family-relevant policy looks for research to inform new policy ideas. The goal of this committee is to increase the number of future workers for the labor market. If this political official chooses to draw from structural functionalism for policy ideas, he is likely to conclude that dual-earner families should receive support so they can rear children more easily. women and men should be encouraged to control their fertility. people should be encouraged to delay marriage until their late 20s. nuclear families with the father as the sole income-earner should be encouraged.
d
According to intersex activists, why do parents and surgeons push to assign a sex to a genitally ambiguous child? The government requires a sex on the birth certificate. The need to assign a gender-appropriate name. Psychological studies show that mothers require children with definite sexes. Social discomfort and fear of difference.
d
Alfred Kinsey's 1948 study Sexual Behavior in the Human Male is important because it increased funding to researchers interested in studying the sexual practices of other deviant subcultures. sexual topics became more taboo than they had been in decades. it viewed the sexual behavior of men as more deviant than what was initially thought, lending support to the psychiatric diagnosis of homosexuality as perverse. it viewed sexuality as falling on a continuum, thus challenging the psychiatric claim of homosexuality as abnormal.
d
Although it was eventually revealed that Rachel Dolezal did not have African American ancestry, she presented herself as African American, altering her hair and skin. This is an example of the behavior known as resistance. code-switching. acceptance. passing.
d
Amos Mac is a man who was raised as a girl. Which of the following describes Amos Mac's self-description? He: is comfortable in his mind but still struggles to come to terms with his body. always felt like an adult man, even when he was a child. is at peace with himself but sometimes worries about how strangers perceive him. is comfortable in his own skin and doesn't fully resonate with either "man" or "woman."
d
Anthropologist Oyèrónké Oyèwùmí holds a postmodern view of gender. She reports that the Yoruban society of West Africa was a genderless society prior to the arrival of Western researchers. If that is indeed the case, why did the researchers find evidence of a gender system upon their arrival? The researchers manufactured the evidence to support their preferred views. The Yorubans deliberately deceived the researchers. The Yorubans developed a gender system under the influence of the researchers. The researcher's preconceptions influenced their interpretation of what they saw.
d
Bob and Sue paint their baby's room pink as soon as they find out they are having a girl. They are beginning to provide the baby with what? a two-sex model self-awareness intersectionality a gendered identity
d
Dalton Conley asked Amos Mac "whether he felt more like a man now than he had before he transitioned." Identify a major reason why this question reflects a binary understanding of gender. It assumes that an individual's relationship to gender changes over time. It assumes that Mac felt strongly female before his transition. It assumes that others' views of Max may influence his view of himself. It assumes a single experience of being "male."
d
Feminist psychoanalyst Nancy Chodorow believes that if men share mothering with women, then there will be more family conflict. parental identification will be confusing. marital sexual happiness will be enhanced. egalitarian relationships will be possible.
d
How does the NCAA determine the sex of athletes? by chromosomes by genitalia by physical appearance by hormone levels
d
In the classroom, compared to girls, boys interrupt the other sex less often. are expected to be more cooperative. are called on more in class. interrupt the other sex more often.
d
Japanese internment camps resulted in more Chinese immigrants entering the United States. a decrease in wealth for white Americans. greater wealth for Chinese Americans. greater wealth for white Americans.
d
Many people believe sex to be an either/or situation (either male or female), but sociologists argue that these pure categories are strictly biological. not biologically absolute but socially helpful. distinctly different. more of an approximation than an absolute.
d
Martin describes himself as mestizo, meaning that he sees himself as belonging to all of Central and South America. he is of Mexican citizenship, with ancestry unknown. his ancestors include only Mexicans. his ancestors include both Native Americans and Europeans.
d
Nancy Chodorow argued that one reason women are universally oppressed is that women do much more hands-on childcare than men do. One limitation of this explanation is that men are less skilled at childcare, so increasing their involvement would not solve the problem. nuclear families with a domestic mother are better for social stability. the driving force behind apparent gender roles is actually social class. division of family labor by gender is not uniform across different racial-ethnic groups.
d
Reverend Samuel Stanhope Smith's proposal that skin color should be viewed as a product of climate and therefore not correlated to inner virtues (e.g., intelligence, character, personality) suggests that he felt skin color correlates with moral virtues. weather, and thus human difference, was controlled by God. race must be based on observable qualities such as skin color, not inner virtues. people were all the same beneath their skin.
d
Sheila entered the field of book editing, which had been largely male-dominated. She was optimistic that she had made an inroad to a mostly male profession, but it soon became a more commercial rather than an academic field. This was associated with less autonomy on the job, less prestige, and less job security. As this change in the editing field occurred, we would expect that token women like Sheila would be pushed out of the field. more men would be hired to bolster the profession. the field would become more gender balanced. more women would enter this line of work.
d
The 1896 Supreme Court decision Plessy v. Ferguson upheld slavery. black men's right to vote. integration. segregation.
d
The concept of race is truly biological. is limited to Western societies. is stable and constant. has changed over time.
d
The story of Elliot Jackson's experience in the school bathroom is helpful for thinking about both sex and gender because it clearly exemplifies the problems that can result from homophobia. it demonstrates how being either male or female has a strong influence on our self-identity. it shows how people can start out as one sex, but become the other sex. it highlights the problems with assuming people are either male or female.
d
Unlike other racial and ethnic groups, white people can reasonably count on seeing themselves represented in movies and series if they were to log onto Netflix or access some other media outlet. This is one of many examples of the majority minority. white symbolic ethnicity. scientific racism. an invisible knapsack of privileges.
d
When token men enter female-dominated occupations, they are likely to rise to leadership positions more quickly than women in these fields. However, this "glass escalator" dynamic only occurs in recently feminized jobs. is strongest in nonprofessional fields. is strongest in urban areas. is not as strong for men of color.
d
Which group believed that humans were one species, united under God? Catholics polygenists Darwinists monogenists
d
Which of the following would be considered a positive trait or characteristic for a man within today's hegemonic masculinity? nurturing emotional sensitivity sexual fluidity a love of sports
d
Which term refers to the more overt form of resistance through a movement such as revolution or genocide or even through nonviolent protest? primordialism color-blind racism group withdrawal collective resistance
d
While the notion of sex has typically referred to biological characteristics, the concept of gender refers to ________ characteristics. psychological physical philosophical social
d
