SOC205
Characteristics of Early Cities
-Had dominant authority figures -Noncontinuous growth
Two zones of Canadian land uses (Caulfield)
-Inner zone: historically high-density and contains clusters of different land uses -Outer zone: lower densities, land uses organized around the automobile
Four Toronto areas of focus
-The Distillery -Holy Trinity church -Regent Park -St. James Town
Burgess & Park
Developed concentric zones theory (business at the core)
Robert Park
Developed human ecology model
Initial Stages of Agricultural Revolution
Domestication of plants/animals -> Permanent settlements -> Mechanization of ag. -> Food surplus
Chicago school
Ecological appraoch, examined areas of opposite. Focus on micro.
Social Spacialization (Social Constructionist model)
How particular places are defined as good, bad, or sites of danger/work
Interactionist Model
How people interact with each other (weakness: doesn't address issues of power/governance)
Whyte's Street Corner Society
Immersed himself in a low income neighbourhood in Boston and found out that there were great community and social ties (opposite of what people generally assumed about the area and urbanization)
Primate Cities
Located on or near the coast and serve as the major conduit for foreign influence into the country Extraordinary power and control over its national territory
Deindustrialization
Manufacturing transferred away from core countries and their cities
"Third Place" (Oldenburg)
Neither fully public nor private space which welcomes strangers (e.g. coffee shops)
Collective Efficacy (Sampson and Groves)
a local social cohesion and the shared expectation for action
Arena Society
a society that is more inclusive, diverse, complex, dynamic, and confusing Low cost of transportation and communication that people have so many different networks
Megapolis
an extensive metropolitan area or a long chain of continuous metropolitan areas (Jean Gottman)
Park
breakdown of the city into separate communities
Bank act of 187
centralized financial power
Dialectic
constant tension between internalization and externalization
Personal Community Perspective
defined from the standpoint if a focal individual, the ego.
Metropolis
dominant city that services and exploited the hinterland (manufacturing occurs, services are provided, capital raised, decisions are made)
Feudal and post-feudal system
emergence of capitalism
Creation of Capitalism
established a market economy (people paid for their labour) social stratification
National Policy of 1879
established a tariff that taxed imports and gave priority to Canadian-produced products
Short distance society
everything occurred in a local geographical space because of constraints of travel (persson, westholm, and fuller)
Social Network Analysis
examines the relationship between social actors - people, organizations, and institutions. Theory and a method
Rural-Urban Interdependence in the new economy
exchange, institutions, environment, and identity
Secondary Relations
fleeting interactions between strangers or routine instrumental interactions
Suburbanization
growth of low-density; single-family residential communities on the outskirts of the central city
Winnipeg
"Chicago of the North" Prominence was largely due to its role as the "gateway to the West"
Public Realm (Social Interactionist model)
"World of strangers" - inhabitants only know one another within a limited context
Two main functions of European settlements
-Collection/distribution points for the staple resources -Military outposts
Port cities
location along the waterfront
George Simmel
psychosocial impact of urban life. Cities create more competition, overstimulation, and a desire to stay aloof form others
Railroads
reducing the dependence on water transport, opening new hinterlands for agricultural settlement, and support indigenious industry and growing populations in Canadian cities Solidified the dominance of Toronto and Montreal while weakening others Trading with other American cities
Fordist
reduction of cost for transportation and processing fit well with the organization of production. Characterized by the use of assembly lines, standardization of products
Halifax
transit point for the collection and distribution of goods and people between NA and Europe
Whole Network
view communbities as "aliens might view the earth's people: hovering aboce and observing the relationships linking all members of the population"
Empires
Created administrative centres in various locales in the form of colonial cities
Consequences of Food Surplus
1. Complex division of labour 2. Hierarchical society 3. Administrative structure 4. Social inequalities
Three main divisions in Urban Sociology
1. Culturalist vs. Structuralist orientation 2. Spatial vs. Associational emphasis 3. Realist vs. Constructionist interpretation
Five Theoretical Models in Urban Sociology
1. Human Ecology 2. Community Studies 3. Interactionist 4. Political Economy 5. Social Constructionist
3 Factors Affecting Rate of Urbanization
1. Technology (e.g. streetcar, automobile) 2. External factors (e.g. foreign investment) 3. Internal factors (e.g. migration)
Luis Wirth's definition of cities includes: (3 variables)
1. size 2. density 3. Heterogenity
Harris and Ulmen (political economy model)
Academic movement which viewed cities as nodes of culture spread across suburban areas ("multiple nuclei")
Horizontal integration
All aspects of manufacturing process are closely linked together
Historical Urbanization
Always tied to empires
Globalization
Causes urban restructuring
Social Capital (putnam)
Bonding social capital is formed through the interaction of tightly knit networks. [ could have some serious negative consequences] + Bridging social ties exists through access to diverse social ties that provide specialized social support and access to novel information and resources. [generally positive consequences]
Post-Industrial Phase
Business, financial, professional and personal services
Urban ethnography
Chicago School legitimized it Anthropological method of immersing yourself into the setting of your study (i.e. becoming one of them)
Political Economy Model
Cities are shaped by actions of powerful economic and political players who control key resources (weakness: research is repetitive- e.g. Marxist approach)
Shadow cities
Cities built rapidly and informally by squatters
Social Area Analysis (Human Ecology model)
Cities differ based on: -SES -family size/status -racial/ethnic makeup
Conurbation
Continuous urban sprawl
Urbanization (sociocultural view)
Emphasis on "how" one lives (rather than "where")
Mercantile Period (Pre-industrial Phase)
Entrepots (staple goods, fur, fish, lumber), administrative or military outposts
Staples
Essential goods (e.g. fur, lumber, etc.)
Impact of industrialism on the city
Factories seperated place of work from place of residence Changed dynamics of labour -who did it -where it took place -quantities produced -family life
Post-industrial city
Focus on service-based economy (business, financial, professional services, etc.)
Use Value vs. Exchange Value
Getting more use out of land versus increasing value for the sake of economic gains
Urbanization (demographic view)
Increasing size/density of cities
Dynamics of Canadian Urbanization
Influenced by European settlers
Later Period Industrial Phase)
Large-scale manufacturing and extractive industries
Social Constructionist Model
Meanings are open to different/conflicting interpretations. Triumph depends on degree of power possessed by social actors.
Community Studies Model
Uncover evidence of social ties and supportive relations in city (weakness: focuses on process internal to community, "defended neighborhoods")
German school
Observations on how social relationships have changed as populations increase due to capitalism and industrialization.Focus on macro
Phases of Canadian Urbanism
Pre-Industrial -mercantile -commercial Industrial -early -late Post-Industrial
Agricultural Revolution
Precursor for modern cities
Invasion/Succession (Human Ecology model)
Processes whereby one segment of urban pop. makes incursion into territory of another and eventually replaces it
New Urbanism
Promotes environmentally friendly habits by creating walkable neighborhoods containing a wide range of housing and job types.
Hinterland
Provides labor/resources
Commercial Period (Pre-Industrial Phase)
Regional trade and services (Gov't, bank, hospital), amid colonial settlement
Human Ecology Model
Role of underlying economic principles (competition) (weakness: neglects methodological concerns)
Vertical disintegration
Segmentization of production process
Colonial Cities
Served as administrative centre and intermediary between empires and hinterland. Created social polarity between expatriates and indigenous people
Rural Depopulation
Significant cause of urban growth as family farming was consolidated into agribusiness
Herbert Gans
Similar story to Whyte but in a heavily american-Italian neighbourhood
Early Period (Industrial Phase)
Small-scale industry mainly for local and regional markets
Berry Wellman
Study of community in East York. The community question: Community Lost, Community Saved, Community liberated. Social ties have transformed from what they once were - close social ties are not based on geographical location anymore
Ferdinand Tonnies
The shift from Gemeinschaft - "Community" to Geschellshaft - "Society"
Gotham
There is theoretical and methodological flux in the field Contemporary urban phenomena are complex, not easily understood by a particular data or method, and don't lead to sweeping theoretical explanations. Relies on multiple kinds of data to provide generalized overview and nuanced observational account
Arriviste Cities
Upstart city, evolving in a new and uncertain way
Gateway Cities
Urban magnets for new immigrants
Climatological Urbanization Effect
Urbanization fostered by a mild climate, attracting both internal and international migrants
Farewell Oak Street (1953)
Vantage of postwar problems on Toronto's Oak street, with a focus on adressing social ills by improving housing
Fischer's Subculture theory
shared interests (i.e. latin club or blues music) facilitates the formation of dispersed social ties Would not have been possibly in small rural settlements
Industrial society
shit got bigger and better (persson, westholm, and fuller)
Lofland's dramaturgical approach
smaller units of space shape social life
Mckenzie's ecological process
specialization/segregation, centralization of special services and activities, population concentration, invasion and succession
Montreal
surrounded by fertile agricultural land, inland port for ocean transport between Canada and Europe
"Spacial semiotics" (Social Constructionist model)
symbolic nature of built environment
Externalization
the city is what we make of it (literally)
Internalization
the city shapes us and we are forced to adapt and fit in
Symbiotic
the relationship between hinterland and metropolis (they need each other but the power is with the metropolis)
Strength of weak ties (Granovetter)
weak ties provide access to unique resources of information (i.e. finding a job, mobilizing resources). Because in strong ties, everyone knows the same shit. Case example of Gans, the community was strong tied so they could mobilize different resources to help stop the demolition of the neighbourhood, cause everyone they knew was part of the neighbourhood.
Privatism
withdrawing from the public world into more private spaces (i.e. tv)