SOC205

Characteristics of Early Cities

-Had dominant authority figures -Noncontinuous growth

Two zones of Canadian land uses (Caulfield)

-Inner zone: historically high-density and contains clusters of different land uses -Outer zone: lower densities, land uses organized around the automobile

Four Toronto areas of focus

-The Distillery -Holy Trinity church -Regent Park -St. James Town

Burgess & Park

Developed concentric zones theory (business at the core)

Robert Park

Developed human ecology model

Initial Stages of Agricultural Revolution

Domestication of plants/animals -> Permanent settlements -> Mechanization of ag. -> Food surplus

Chicago school

Ecological appraoch, examined areas of opposite. Focus on micro.

Social Spacialization (Social Constructionist model)

How particular places are defined as good, bad, or sites of danger/work

Interactionist Model

How people interact with each other (weakness: doesn't address issues of power/governance)

Whyte's Street Corner Society

Immersed himself in a low income neighbourhood in Boston and found out that there were great community and social ties (opposite of what people generally assumed about the area and urbanization)

Primate Cities

Located on or near the coast and serve as the major conduit for foreign influence into the country Extraordinary power and control over its national territory

Deindustrialization

Manufacturing transferred away from core countries and their cities

"Third Place" (Oldenburg)

Neither fully public nor private space which welcomes strangers (e.g. coffee shops)

Collective Efficacy (Sampson and Groves)

a local social cohesion and the shared expectation for action

Arena Society

a society that is more inclusive, diverse, complex, dynamic, and confusing Low cost of transportation and communication that people have so many different networks

Megapolis

an extensive metropolitan area or a long chain of continuous metropolitan areas (Jean Gottman)

Park

breakdown of the city into separate communities

Bank act of 187

centralized financial power

Dialectic

constant tension between internalization and externalization

Personal Community Perspective

defined from the standpoint if a focal individual, the ego.

Metropolis

dominant city that services and exploited the hinterland (manufacturing occurs, services are provided, capital raised, decisions are made)

Feudal and post-feudal system

emergence of capitalism

Creation of Capitalism

established a market economy (people paid for their labour) social stratification

National Policy of 1879

established a tariff that taxed imports and gave priority to Canadian-produced products

Short distance society

everything occurred in a local geographical space because of constraints of travel (persson, westholm, and fuller)

Social Network Analysis

examines the relationship between social actors - people, organizations, and institutions. Theory and a method

Rural-Urban Interdependence in the new economy

exchange, institutions, environment, and identity

Secondary Relations

fleeting interactions between strangers or routine instrumental interactions

Suburbanization

growth of low-density; single-family residential communities on the outskirts of the central city

Winnipeg

"Chicago of the North" Prominence was largely due to its role as the "gateway to the West"

Public Realm (Social Interactionist model)

"World of strangers" - inhabitants only know one another within a limited context

Two main functions of European settlements

-Collection/distribution points for the staple resources -Military outposts

Port cities

location along the waterfront

George Simmel

psychosocial impact of urban life. Cities create more competition, overstimulation, and a desire to stay aloof form others

Railroads

reducing the dependence on water transport, opening new hinterlands for agricultural settlement, and support indigenious industry and growing populations in Canadian cities Solidified the dominance of Toronto and Montreal while weakening others Trading with other American cities

Fordist

reduction of cost for transportation and processing fit well with the organization of production. Characterized by the use of assembly lines, standardization of products

Halifax

transit point for the collection and distribution of goods and people between NA and Europe

Whole Network

view communbities as "aliens might view the earth's people: hovering aboce and observing the relationships linking all members of the population"

Empires

Created administrative centres in various locales in the form of colonial cities

Consequences of Food Surplus

1. Complex division of labour 2. Hierarchical society 3. Administrative structure 4. Social inequalities

Three main divisions in Urban Sociology

1. Culturalist vs. Structuralist orientation 2. Spatial vs. Associational emphasis 3. Realist vs. Constructionist interpretation

Five Theoretical Models in Urban Sociology

1. Human Ecology 2. Community Studies 3. Interactionist 4. Political Economy 5. Social Constructionist

3 Factors Affecting Rate of Urbanization

1. Technology (e.g. streetcar, automobile) 2. External factors (e.g. foreign investment) 3. Internal factors (e.g. migration)

Luis Wirth's definition of cities includes: (3 variables)

1. size 2. density 3. Heterogenity

Harris and Ulmen (political economy model)

Academic movement which viewed cities as nodes of culture spread across suburban areas ("multiple nuclei")

Horizontal integration

All aspects of manufacturing process are closely linked together

Historical Urbanization

Always tied to empires

Globalization

Causes urban restructuring

Social Capital (putnam)

Bonding social capital is formed through the interaction of tightly knit networks. [ could have some serious negative consequences] + Bridging social ties exists through access to diverse social ties that provide specialized social support and access to novel information and resources. [generally positive consequences]

Post-Industrial Phase

Business, financial, professional and personal services

Urban ethnography

Chicago School legitimized it Anthropological method of immersing yourself into the setting of your study (i.e. becoming one of them)

Political Economy Model

Cities are shaped by actions of powerful economic and political players who control key resources (weakness: research is repetitive- e.g. Marxist approach)

Shadow cities

Cities built rapidly and informally by squatters

Social Area Analysis (Human Ecology model)

Cities differ based on: -SES -family size/status -racial/ethnic makeup

Conurbation

Continuous urban sprawl

Urbanization (sociocultural view)

Emphasis on "how" one lives (rather than "where")

Mercantile Period (Pre-industrial Phase)

Entrepots (staple goods, fur, fish, lumber), administrative or military outposts

Staples

Essential goods (e.g. fur, lumber, etc.)

Impact of industrialism on the city

Factories seperated place of work from place of residence Changed dynamics of labour -who did it -where it took place -quantities produced -family life

Post-industrial city

Focus on service-based economy (business, financial, professional services, etc.)

Use Value vs. Exchange Value

Getting more use out of land versus increasing value for the sake of economic gains

Urbanization (demographic view)

Increasing size/density of cities

Dynamics of Canadian Urbanization

Influenced by European settlers

Later Period Industrial Phase)

Large-scale manufacturing and extractive industries

Social Constructionist Model

Meanings are open to different/conflicting interpretations. Triumph depends on degree of power possessed by social actors.

Community Studies Model

Uncover evidence of social ties and supportive relations in city (weakness: focuses on process internal to community, "defended neighborhoods")

German school

Observations on how social relationships have changed as populations increase due to capitalism and industrialization.Focus on macro

Phases of Canadian Urbanism

Pre-Industrial -mercantile -commercial Industrial -early -late Post-Industrial

Agricultural Revolution

Precursor for modern cities

Invasion/Succession (Human Ecology model)

Processes whereby one segment of urban pop. makes incursion into territory of another and eventually replaces it

New Urbanism

Promotes environmentally friendly habits by creating walkable neighborhoods containing a wide range of housing and job types.

Hinterland

Provides labor/resources

Commercial Period (Pre-Industrial Phase)

Regional trade and services (Gov't, bank, hospital), amid colonial settlement

Human Ecology Model

Role of underlying economic principles (competition) (weakness: neglects methodological concerns)

Vertical disintegration

Segmentization of production process

Colonial Cities

Served as administrative centre and intermediary between empires and hinterland. Created social polarity between expatriates and indigenous people

Rural Depopulation

Significant cause of urban growth as family farming was consolidated into agribusiness

Herbert Gans

Similar story to Whyte but in a heavily american-Italian neighbourhood

Early Period (Industrial Phase)

Small-scale industry mainly for local and regional markets

Berry Wellman

Study of community in East York. The community question: Community Lost, Community Saved, Community liberated. Social ties have transformed from what they once were - close social ties are not based on geographical location anymore

Ferdinand Tonnies

The shift from Gemeinschaft - "Community" to Geschellshaft - "Society"

Gotham

There is theoretical and methodological flux in the field Contemporary urban phenomena are complex, not easily understood by a particular data or method, and don't lead to sweeping theoretical explanations. Relies on multiple kinds of data to provide generalized overview and nuanced observational account

Arriviste Cities

Upstart city, evolving in a new and uncertain way

Gateway Cities

Urban magnets for new immigrants

Climatological Urbanization Effect

Urbanization fostered by a mild climate, attracting both internal and international migrants

Farewell Oak Street (1953)

Vantage of postwar problems on Toronto's Oak street, with a focus on adressing social ills by improving housing

Fischer's Subculture theory

shared interests (i.e. latin club or blues music) facilitates the formation of dispersed social ties Would not have been possibly in small rural settlements

Industrial society

shit got bigger and better (persson, westholm, and fuller)

Lofland's dramaturgical approach

smaller units of space shape social life

Mckenzie's ecological process

specialization/segregation, centralization of special services and activities, population concentration, invasion and succession

Montreal

surrounded by fertile agricultural land, inland port for ocean transport between Canada and Europe

"Spacial semiotics" (Social Constructionist model)

symbolic nature of built environment

Externalization

the city is what we make of it (literally)

Internalization

the city shapes us and we are forced to adapt and fit in

Symbiotic

the relationship between hinterland and metropolis (they need each other but the power is with the metropolis)

Strength of weak ties (Granovetter)

weak ties provide access to unique resources of information (i.e. finding a job, mobilizing resources). Because in strong ties, everyone knows the same shit. Case example of Gans, the community was strong tied so they could mobilize different resources to help stop the demolition of the neighbourhood, cause everyone they knew was part of the neighbourhood.

Privatism

withdrawing from the public world into more private spaces (i.e. tv)