SOCI 101- Neal Caren (Final Exam)
_______ research would involve observing a group in order to determine its norms, values, rules, and meanings. A. Applied B. Comparative historical C. Qualitative D. Quantitative
C. Qualitative
whats a conflict theorist?
Conflict theorists explore both how conflict underlies all relationships in society and how access to key resources tends to perpetuate inequality.
Some immigrants have a hard time assimilating to a new culture. What are the children of immigrants experiencing if they assimilate and have a higher standard of living than their parents? A. intergenerational mobility B. structural mobility C. intragenerational mobility D. immigrant mobility
intergenerational mobility
In Coded Bias, Joy Buolamwini's research on the limits of facial recognition algorithms is most consistent with which of the following sociological concepts? A. intersectionality B. feminist theory C. symbolic interactionism D. cultural capital
A. intersectionality
Over the last fifty years, the US poverty rate has largely remained in what range? A. 5%-25% of the population B. 10%-20% of the population C. 5%-10% of the population D. 10%-15% of the population
D. 10%-15% of the population
A(n) ________ is a position in a social hierarchy that comes with a set of expectations. A. status B. stereotype C. role D. agent of socialization
A. status
A twenty-eight-year-old woman is on the verge of a big promotion at work. She didn't finish college until she was twenty-five, and the entry-level job she currently has is unimpressive. She decides to attend her ten-year high school reunion only if she is promoted. What do sociologists say her high school classmates represent if they can have this much influence on her decision to attend the reunion? A. an out-group B. a reference group C. a primary group D. a virtual community
B. a reference group
What kind of sociologist believes that racial and ethnic identities bind people together and help society run much more efficiently? A. a Weberian B. a structural functionalist C. a conflict theorist D. a symbolic interactionist
B. a structural functionalist
According to 2020 Census, approximately what percent of Americans identify as Hispanic or Latino? A. 6% B. 12% C. 18% D. 24%
C. 18%
What percent of the US population age 25 and older had a college degree in 2019? A. 10% B. 54% C. 36% D. 19%
C. 36%
Approximately how many Americans receive SNAP (food stamps) benefits? A. 10 million B. 4 million C. 40 million D. 80 million
C. 40 million
A famous social scientist tells you that the most important task in her research was entering the social world of the people she was studying. What can you say about this researcher? A. She worries about ethical issues in her research. B. She exclusively uses quantitative methods. C. She is a qualitative researcher. D. She cannot use interviews as a methodology.
C. She is a qualitative researcher.
Among a group of military veterans who meet up regularly, the characteristic of others that they most often speak about is loyalty, which they see as the most desirable quality one can have. For this group, loyalty is a _____. A. sanction B. taboo C. value D. folkway
C. Value
An individual might be trying to gain ________ if they take adult education classes, attend lectures and concerts, or travel to Europe. A. intersectionality B. cultural capital C. wealth D. souvenirs
b. cultural capital
What is essentialism...?
review this topic
A married man in the United States with several mistresses is violating a ________, but he is violating a ________ if he is married to more than one woman at the same time. A. law; taboo B. set of mores; law C. norm; folkway D. folkway; more
A,B,C,D- i think he took this off the exam and gave everyone points back
Approximately how many Americans receive cash assistance from the US government through TANF (welfare)? A. 1 million B. 23% C. 40 million D. 11%
A. 1 million
Approximately what percent of American workers are members of a labor union? A. 10% B. 16% C. 33% D. 5%
A. 10%
In which decade did the Information Revolution begin? A. 1990s B. 1970s C. 1950s D. 1980s
A. 1990s
Is the microsociological or macrosociological perspective more useful in analyzing social phenomena? A. Both are useful in different ways because they each provide different types of information about the same object of study. B. The macrosociological perspective is more useful because it explains how large-scale social institutions influence individuals. C. The microsociological perspective is more useful because it explains how individuals shape and create large-scale social institutions. D. Both are useful, and any study that uses only one or the other will be unable to explain anything useful about society.
A. Both are useful in different ways because they each provide different types of information about the same object of study.
Which of the following is an example of how the hidden curriculum can reinforce inequality? A. Curriculum may recognize and celebrate diversity, but most professors and administrators are white and heterosexual. B. History books are rewritten to emphasize the role of women and minorities. C. Schools attempt to change how they teach. D. Schools attempt to address the gaps and exclusions that exist in their curriculum.
A. Curriculum may recognize and celebrate diversity, but most professors and administrators are white and heterosexual.
Which group had the highest rate of poverty in the 1950s? A. Elderly B. Children
A. Elderly
In April 2015, Olympic gold medalist and former "World's Greatest Athlete" Caitlyn Jenner announced that "for all intents and purposes, I am a woman." Jenner discussed transitioning with Diane Sawyer in a special two-hour edition of the ABC News show 20/20. In the interview, Jenner stated, "As of now, I have all the male parts, but I still identify as female." What does this tell you about gender identity? A. For many people, primary sex characteristics do not define gender. B. Public displays of gender are more important than private displays. C. Gender identity is often not fully formed until adulthood. D. The transgender community has accepted the principle of human sexual dimorphism.
A. For many people, primary sex characteristics do not define gender.
Many people are afraid of picking up hitchhikers. Imagine that a hitchhiker, to be offered a ride, makes a suitcase out of a gasoline can so that he looks like he's a stranded motorist rather than a hitchhiker. A sociologist would say that the hitchhiker was working on A. impression management. B. expressions given. C. expressions of behavior. D. expressions given off.
A. Impression management
Many people in the United States express disgust at the idea of people snacking on grasshoppers and crickets despite the fact that people do so in places such as Thailand. This suggests that, in the United States, eating insects is a A. taboo. B. sanction. C. folkway. D. crime.
A. Taboo (review Taboo, folklore, sanction etc.)
Research has been conducted regarding why teens engage in smoking and other deviant behaviors. The most important factor in statistically predicting whether or not a teen will engage in a particular deviant behavior is the presence or absence of peers who are also involved in that behavior. This is probably because the other teens are acting A. as agents of socialization. B. in ways that are closely connected to the family. C. in cooperation with schools and the media. D. as the most powerful, long-term force in their friends' lives.
A. as agents of socialization
"Wives, submit yourselves unto your own husbands, as unto the Lord. For the husband is the head of the wife, even as Christ is the head of the church." Many people still look to passages from the Christian Bible, like this one, to justify gender roles. Conflict theorists might argue that this is a ________ of religion because it ________. A. dysfunction; promotes sexism B. function; teaches us a basic sociological tenet C. dysfunction; is homophobic D. function; promotes equality
A. dysfunction; promotes sexism
In The Mismeasure of Women, social psychologist Carol Tavris argues that there is nothing "universal and nonvarying . . . in the natures of men and women." If you agree with her, you would have to reject the concept of A. essentialism. B. queer theory. C. symbolic interactionism. D. social construction.
A. essentialism
Denise is a single mother of three who works a full-time job cleaning an office building. She makes $9 per hour and has to piece together child care for two of her children who are not yet in school, often paying neighbors in cash to watch her children. Despite her full-time employment, her family is struggling to survive. What sociological concept does Denise's situation exemplify? A. feminization of poverty B. second shift C. cisgenderism D. heteronormativity
A. feminization of poverty
A person's self-conception of being male or female based on their association with masculine or feminine gender roles can be defined as A. gender identity. B. sexual attitude. C. transgender. D. sexual orientation.
A. gender identity
A person arrived at a company party dressed in a bunny costume only to discover that the party was not a costume party and he had been tricked by a co-worker. Everyone from then on saw him as crazy and eccentric and eventually he came to think of himself in this way too. The initial mistake at the party is an example of A. primary deviance. B. a stigma. C. tertiary deviation. D. a self-fulfilling prophecy.
A. primary deviance
A high school decides that its band should wear uniforms. The school only buys uniforms in three sizes to be more efficient and forces each student to pick the size that comes closest to fitting. What does this exemplify? A. rationalization B. group dynamics C. network theory D. virtual communities
A. rationalization
What do sociologists call the norms and values that people actually follow as opposed to the norms and values that people believe should be followed? A. real culture B. ideal culture C. subculture D. symbolic culture
A. real culture
The sociologist Mitch Duneier wrote his ethnography Sidewalk about street vendors in New York City's Greenwich Village. While writing the book, Duneier was particularly concerned that the people he was studying would alter their behavior when he was present, especially since his background was different from their own. This caused him to think critically about his activities and role as a researcher. What do sociologists call this? A. reflexivity B. response rate C. thick description D. validity
A. reflexivity
A conflict theorists might argue that the true function of schools is that they A. reproduce the class structure, making sure that most people grow up to have a socioeconomic status similar to that of their parents. B. teach traditional American values like respect, hard work, and punctuality. C. train a workforce in computer and technology skills so students can work in a twenty-first-century information economy. D. teach students to have a profound intellectual engagement that allows them to establish a meaningful relationship with the society in which they live.
A. reproduce the class structure, making sure that most people grow up to have a socioeconomic status similar to that of their parents.
What are the tactics used by workers to reclaim control of the conditions of their labor called? A. resistance strategies B. knowledge work C. service work D. collective bargaining
A. resistance strategies
Someone who is newly divorced after a long marriage and now wants to start dating again may find that many of the norms of dating have changed. Behaviors like splitting the check or talking about safe sex may be new for this person. This process of having to learn and adjust to the new rules of dating is an example of A. resocialization. B. impression management. C. adaptation. D. copresence.
A. resocilaization
In 1998, former NFL linebacker Chris Spielman was forced to choose between staying with his sick wife and playing professional football. What sort of sociological phenomenon was he experiencing? A. role conflict B. role strain C. the unconscious D. a dual self
A. role conflict
Many workers at auto plants in Michigan lost their jobs when plants closed. What has this resulted in for the vast majority of these workers? A. vertical social mobility B. horizontal social mobility C. welfare reform D. intergenerational mobility
A. vertical social mobility
The vast majority of crimes come to the attention of the police in response to citizen complaints. Citizens do not usually bother to inform the authorities if they do not think a crime is serious enough or feel that nothing can be done. This means that there might be serious bias in the A. value of punishment for deterrence. B. symbolic interactionist theory of deviance. C. Uniform Crime Report. D. way conflict theorists understand deviance.
Answer Key:A, B, C, D
Which decade in US history saw the peak in US union membership? A. 1930s B. 1950s C. 2010s D. 1970s
B. 1950s
The rate of poverty among African Americans is roughly how many times higher than that of white Americans? A. 1 times , or equal B. 2 times, or double C. 3 times, or tripple
B. 2 times, or double
How is a counterculture different from a subculture? A. Both are distinct from mainstream culture, but only members of a subculture actively oppose important aspects of mainstream culture. B. Both are distinct from mainstream culture, but a counterculture actively opposes important aspects of the mainstream. C. Members of a counterculture drop out of society, whereas members of a subculture actively protest and fight to change society. D. Subcultures are not culturally distinct from the mainstream; they just occupy a particular geographic area.
B. Both are distinct from mainstream culture, but a counterculture actively opposes important aspects of the mainstream.
True/False: A majority of college students attend schools with acceptance rates less than 50%. A. True B. False
B. False
Pablo comes from a low-income family, but he worked hard in school and earned a full scholarship to Stanford University. Pablo is worried that his peers and professors will recognize his background and treat him differently, so he wears new clothes and attempts to hide his accent on the first day of classes. When Pablo goes home for the weekend, he leaves his new clothes behind in his dorm and does not mask his accent. Which sociological concept best explains Pablo's behavior and interactions with others? A. psychoanalysis B. impression management C. the dual nature of the self D. the looking-glass self
B. Impression management
Some municipalities in the Los Angeles area have zoning rules that prohibit multifamily dwellings and require that all homes be built on lots of a certain size. What is the effect of these policies? A. social mobility B. residential segregation C. homelessness D. political disenfranchisement
B. Residential segregation
Which of the following statements best describes the current rate of labor strikes in the US? A. We at a historic low in the volume of labor strikes. B. Strike rates are higher recently than a decade ago but still much lower than their peak. C. We at a historic high in the volume of labor strikes.
B. Strike rates are higher recently than a decade ago but still much lower than their peak.
Matthew is an American whose great-grandfather immigrated to the United States from Mexico. While he doesn't really express his Mexican heritage in his daily life, every year he celebrates the Mexican holiday of Cinco De Mayo by dressing in traditional Mexican attire, participating in a parade, and cooking a feast of Mexican food for his friends. Matthew is displaying _____. A. situational ethnicity B. symbolic ethnicity C. racism D. passing
B. Symbolic Ethnicity
How has the Information Revolution changed the nature of work? A. Employees are less easily distracted by outside influences since they can remain working on the Internet. B. The importance of the physical space in which work is done has been greatly diminished. C. Productivity has declined. D. Employee compensation has greatly increased.
B. The importance of the physical space in which work is done has been greatly diminished.
According to a conflict perspective, why do members of lucrative professions like law and medicine support the current educational system? A. They understand how complicated their professions are and want to make sure that everyone who enters them is well trained. B. They want to keep the number of potential job applicants down, thereby minimizing competition and ensuring that there are a large number of people for less lucrative, less pleasant professions. C. They know that the world is changing quickly, and they want to make sure that new doctors and lawyers are fully versed in the intricacies of twenty-first-century life. D. They tend to invest in private schools, so they make a profit from education.
B. They want to keep the number of potential job applicants down, thereby minimizing competition and ensuring that there are a large number of people for less lucrative, less pleasant professions.
Which of the following authority figures still derives legitimacy from traditional sources? A. a police officer B. a parent C. a mayor D. a landlord
B. a parent
What do all religions have in common? A. certain days that are considered holy B. a system of beliefs and rituals that establish a relationship between the sacred and the profane C. moral laws about the proper way to offer prayer and sacrifice to a god D. God(s) or other supernatural beings
B. a system of beliefs and rituals that establish a relationship between the sacred and the profane
Émile Durkheim's study on suicidefoundthat not only did suicide rates increase when the economy slumped; they also increased when the economy boomed. Which of Durkheim's concepts explains why both positive and negative economic conditions could increase suicide rates? A. mechanical solidarity B. anomie C. alienation D. organic solidarity
B. anomie
Consider the major theoretical perspectives explored throughout the text. Which type of theorist might explore the idea that occupations traditionally held by men earn more money than those held by women, with the result being that men tend to be more financially successful and powerful? A. structural functionalist B. conflict theorist C. symbolic interactionist D. postmodernist
B. conflict theorist
A researcher spends years conducting fieldwork with an indigenous tribe in Papua New Guinea and has a difficult time reacclimating to Western society when he returns to it. He uses the experience of returning home to view his own society from an outsider's perspective and learn something new about it. Which sociological concept best exemplifies the experience of this researcher? A. expert's mind B. culture shock C. beginner's mind D. microsociology
B. culture shock C. beginner's mind D. microsociology
A producer for a cable news show is feeling insecure. She complains to her boss that she isn't very smart and that she only does well because she's scared of being yelled at. Her boss tells her to stop whining and not worry about it. He says, "I'm a results guy. I don't care why it works as long as it works!" What leadership style do you think her boss has? A. charismatic B. instrumental C. expressive D. legal-rational
B. instrumental
Brooke is a PhD candidate in the field of nanophysics. She is aware that only 4 percent of physics professionals are women. Brooke has heard peers and even instructors say that this is because women struggle to comprehend complex mathematics. What may Brooke be experiencing when she scores below her male counterparts on an exam? A. tertiary deviance B. self-fulfilling prophecy C. stereotype promise D. stereotype threat
B. self- fulfilling prophecy D. Stereotype threat
In 1978, cult leader Jim Jones forced more than 900 of his followers to drink poisoned Flavor Aid, which led to their deaths. In the run-up to this event, Jones had strictly enforced discipline, mocked and ridiculed anyone who expressed doubts, and even had doubters sedated. This extreme effort to enforce conformity is an example of A. bureaucracy. B. social influence. C. the expressive self. D. an out-group.
B. social influence
Manny believes that religion gives meaning to his life. He believes that religion helps him understand the most fundamental questions about life and existence. Manny understands religion through which sociological lens? A. feminism B. structural functionalism C. symbolic interactionism D. conflict perspective
B. structural functionalism -A structural functionalist approach to religion focuses on the functions of religion, beliefs, and rituals.
What economic change has made it more difficult for workers to strike effectively? A. the increasing role played by nonprofits and Third Sector organizations B. the ease with which manufacturing firms can move operations to another country C. a strong, organized working class in the United States D. the increasing availability of communications technology
B. the ease with which manufacturing firms can move operations to another country
Karl Marx believed that workers in a capitalist economy experience alienation because A. they are surrounded by images and representations that do not relate to reality. B. they are paid for their labor but do not own the things they produce. C. they are often poor and deprived of their basic needs. D. shallow consumerism does not give them something to believe in and work for.
B. they are paid for their labor but do not own the things they produce.
A goal of socialization is A. to ensure that society self-evaluates. B. to teach norms, values, and beliefs. C. to teach people how to avoid incarceration. D. to teach the skills necessary to satisfy our love of technology.
B. to teach norms, values, and beliefs
Approximately how many Americans currently are experiencing poverty? A. 72 millions B. 4 million C. 38 million D. 19 million
C. 38 million
Which of the following is an example of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis? A. A non-English speaking group learns English as a second language at a very high rate due to the worldwide popularity of English. B. An indigenous people's word for coffee is "cacha." C. A language have no equivalent words for planet, Earth, or world. Its speakers do not view a macro picture of multiple planets. D. A non-English speaking group adopts particular English words, such as coffee and Earth, into their own language.
C. A language have no equivalent words for planet, Earth, or world. Its speakers do not view a macro picture of multiple planets.
Although the term often references race, which of the following is also an example of "passing"? A. An overweight person embraces his body type. B. A man who doesn't drink goes to a bar for a social event. C. A man with wrist scars from an attempted suicide covers them by wearing long sleeves, even in the summer. D. A Jewish man attends church with his Christian wife.
C. A man with wrist scars from an attempted suicide covers them by wearing long sleeves, even in the summer.
in Hillbilly, the director seeks to challenge the dominant cultural representations of hillbillies by depicting: A. Jewish Appalachians B. Immigrant Appalachians C. African American Appalachians D. Wealthy Appalachians
C. African American Appalachians
Religion fulfills what role in society from a structural functionalist perspective? A. It is an instrument against oppression and exploitation. B. Its shows religious organizations how to become agents of change. C. It provides its supporters with a set of values, norms, and rules by which to live. D. It makes women subservient to men.
C. It provides its supporters with a set of values, norms, and rules by which to live.
How did the Industrial Revolution create "work" in the modern sense? A. It made the worker more autonomous. B. It was the first time class struggle existed in society. C. It used machines to produce more goods, more efficiently. D. Work only became possible when a variety of consumer goods were made available in the market.
C. It used machines to produce more goods, more efficiently.
Jeffery McCune conducted an ethnographic study of gay black men in a Chicago nightclub. He details a space in which their same-sex desires could be comfortably expressed and interactional work to present a conventionally masculine, heterosexual identity was no longer required. What sociological concept is demonstrated by the efforts to maintain a heterosexual persona? A. cultural assimilation B. institutional racism C. passing D. prejudice
C. Passing
What explanation does functionalism have for prejudice and discrimination today? A. Prejudice and discrimination are the result of a struggle for scarce resources. B. Prejudice and discrimination are established on an international level. C. Prejudice and discrimination help to increase group cohesion. D. Prejudice and discrimination are perpetuated by economic but not racial factors.
C. Prejudice and discrimination help to increase group cohesion.
The fact that immigrants from Eastern Europe, Asia, and Latin America tended to be shorter than native-born Americans was taken as evidence that there were inherent racial differences between these populations. However, the immigrants had children who grew up to be as tall as anyone else. Geneticists now understand that, although there can be considerable variation in height within a group due to genetics, height differences between groups are largely caused by diet. What does this demonstrate? A. Race will always be an important way to understand physical traits. B. Some physical features, like blood type, are correlated with race. C. Racial differences are socially constructed and not genetic. D. There are essential differences between racial populations.
C. Racial differences are socially constructed and not genetic.
What are systems and structures within society that shape the activities of groups and individuals called? A. pluralistic situations B. social norms C. social institutions D. social controls
C. Social Institutions
Intrinsic religiosity can be defined as A. the process by which worldly concerns come to dominate a person's life. B. a cosmology that justifies a set of behaviors in terms of absolute good or evil. C. a person's inner religious life. D. any approach to religion that meets the fundamental needs of a person.
C. a person's inner religious life.
Structural functionalist theory is concerned with the ways in which structures contribute to the stability of society. What is a structure? A. a class hierarchy B. an informal agreement between people over a wide geographical area C. a social institution that is stable over time and helps meet the needs of society D. any aspect of society that generates conflict or change
C. a social institution that is stable over time and helps meet the needs of society
How do sociologists observe society? A. by studying society as if it were a concrete object, in the same way a geologist studies rocks B. by studying the relationship between individuals and society, specializing in internal states of mind C. by studying the various parts of a society and the ways they interact and influence one another D. by comparing the past and present, with a focus on the past
C. by studying the various parts of a society and the ways they interact and influence one anothe
If changing one variable seems to lead to a change in another variable, this shows ________ but does not necessarily prove ________. A. causation; correlation B. applied research; a paradigm shift C. correlation; causation D. a paradigm shift; causation
C. correlation; causation
Attending religious services would be an example of A. unchurched spirituality. B. spirituality. C. extrinsic religiosity. D. intrinsic religiosity.
C. extrinsic religiosity.
Regarding stigma, symbolic interactionists are interested in A. how stigma always leads to positive life outcomes. B. how stigma leads to increased self-esteem. C. how people manage their stigmatized identities on an everyday basis. D. which stigmas are fair and which are unjustly applied.
C. how people manage their stigmatized identities on an everyday basis.
As shown in the film Coded Bias, existing biases embedded in computer algorithms that reproduce existing inequalities is best thought of as an example of: A. prejudice B. explicit bias C. institutionalized racism D. hidden curriculum
C. institutionalized racism
What is religiosity? A. a measure of the variety of religious experiences a person may have over the course of their lifetime B. a measure of the diversity of religion within a society C. the extent of a person's consistent and regular practice of their religious beliefs D. the degree to which religion can provide solutions to everyday problems
C. the extent of a person's consistent and regular practice of their religious beliefs
How has union membership changed in recent years? A. Membership has slightly increased. B. It has not changed. C. Membership has greatly increased. D. Membership has steeply declined.
D. Membership has steeply declined.
In 2019, the U.S. Census Bureau identified the poverty threshold for a family of four as A. $52,700. B. $42,000. C. $35,500. D. $25,570.
D. $25,570.
Which of the following situations is an example of deviance avowal? A. A young drug addict successfully hides her habit at work, and all her colleagues believe she is drug free. B. A person owns a large collection of Harley Davidson motorcycles but doesn't allow their family and friends to refer to them as a "biker." C. A person whose drinking is getting in the way of their daily activities insists they are not an alcoholic. D. A man decides to quit smoking but asks his friends and family to identify him as a smoker, not an ex-smoker, because he believes the addiction is lifelong.
D. A man decides to quit smoking but asks his friends and family to identify him as a smoker, not an ex-smoker, because he believes the addiction is lifelong.
________ is taboo in American society. A. Divorce B. Bankruptcy C. Drunkenness D. Drinking blood
D. Drinking Blood
What does a sociological perspective tell us about education in the United States? A. Anyone who works hard can get good grades. B. Education is the pathway to material success and, as such, rewards the best and brightest individuals. C. Tracking helps students from disadvantaged backgrounds achieve material success. D. Educational success often has as much to do with social stratification as it does with individual ability.
D. Educational success often has as much to do with social stratification as it does with individual ability.
The Solomon Asch experiment, in which groups of participants were asked to compare the lengths of lines, demonstrated that A. an authoritarian leader can strongly influence group members. B. peer pressure emerges when a group's task is relatively difficult or demanding. C. the larger the group is, the less each member has a sense of individual responsibility. D. groups have great power to induce conformity.
D. Groups have greater power to induce conformity
What is the principal sociological critique of the culture of poverty? A. The poor often move into the middle class. B. The values and norms of many Americans in all class groups include attitudes of resignation and fatalism. C. Some people simply have a predisposition to making poor choices regarding finances. D. It tends to blame the victims of poverty for their own misfortunes while ignoring the structural causes of inequality.
D. It tends to blame the victims of poverty for their own misfortunes while ignoring the structural causes of inequality.
In the Sermon on the Mount of the Christian New Testament, believers are told, "Whatever you want men to do to you, do also to them." Of which of the functions or dysfunctions of religion does this remind you? A. Religion gives people a set of social connections. B. Religion helps us understand our lives as meaningful. C. Religion reinforces sexism and provides separate roles for men and women. D. Religion provides morals, values, rules, and norms for participants.
D. Religion provides morals, values, rules, and norms for participants.
Members of a fraternity believe that they help create social cohesion by bringing together students with shared values. What perspective best describes their views? A. coercive power B. conflict theory C. symbolic interactionism D. structural functionalism
D. Structural functionalism
In 2009, South African track star Caster Semenya broke the world record in the 800-meter race. Subsequently, she was asked to prove to the world that she was a woman. The International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) subjected her to a complex series of tests that included physical and medical examinations. The controversy over Semenya's gender raises which of the following issues? A. Gender does not vary across cultures. B. The IAAF is perpetuating gender inequality in sports. C. Medical and other physical examinations are often necessary to determine gender. D. The IAAF's response assumes an essentialist idea of gender.
D. The IAAF's response assumes an essentialist idea of gender.
An example of outsourcing shown in the film Ascension was: A. Employees sewing American flags on jeans. B. American hip hop in the pool party. C. Workers using iPhones in the cafeteria. D. The production of Keep America Great merchandise.
D. The production of Keep America Great merchandise.
504 protesters depicted in the film Crip Camp best demonstrated the strength of weak ties when: A. The government signed the regulations they wanted. B. They forged close bonds with other former campers. C. They sustained the occupation over many days. D. They secured assistance from the Black Panthers.
D. They secured assistance from the Black Panthers.
Which of the following groups is MOST likely to be classified as a counterculture? A. New York City taxi drivers B. members of the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) C. students who belong to a Middle Eastern Studies Club D. a militia group living in Montana
D. a militia group living in Montana
Which of the following was not depicted in the film Crip Camp as an agent of socialization? A. Peers B. Families C. Camp Jened D. Churches
D. churches
Every presidential candidate nominated by a major political party in the United States has been, at least publicly, A. homosexual. B. male. C. a feminist. D. cisgender.
D. cisgender
According to the U.S. General Accounting Office, an employer that violates more than one federal or state labor law concerning wages, overtime, child labor, safety and health, or industrial regulation is classified as a(n) A. runaway shop. B. independent contractor. C. postmodern corporation. D. sweatshop.
D. sweatshop
EXAM 1 FROM HERE ON Critical race theory is associated with which of the major theoretical perspectives or schools of thought in sociology? A. symbolic interactionism B. structural functionalism C. functional theory D. conflict theory
D. conflict theory
You are tasked with conducting a research project that investigates the relationship between smoking and gender in blockbuster films. What methodology would you use to conduct your research? A. interviews B. comparative or historical research C. quantitative research D. content analysis
D. content analysis
A social scientist argues that inner-city families cannot escape a cycle of poverty because they see the lack of opportunities around them, decide that the world of the middle class is permanently closed to them, and do not try to maintain steady employment or send their children to college. What concept does this example highlight? A. just-world hypothesis B. closed system C. disenfranchisement D. culture of poverty theory
D. culture of poverty theory
According to Émile Durkheim, what is the basis for the bonds created through organic solidarity in industrialized societies? A. religion and tradition B. globalization, mass communications, and technology C. shared experiences and similar beliefs D. difference, interdependence, and individual rights
D. difference, interdependence, and individual rights
Alice came to the realization that she is attracted to other girls her age. Now that she's started her sophomore year in high school, she wants to ask out girls without being afraid of the consequences. She tests her friends' acceptance of these feelings first by mentioning a hypothetical friend at another high school who just came out as a lesbian. Alice's friends say they overwhelmingly believe that homosexuality is wrong and that anyone who is not heterosexual is a deviant. What concept do the opinions of Alice's friends exemplify? A. gender role socialization B. instrumental role C. social learning D. heteronormativity
D. heteronormativity
Which of the following groups is engaged in contingent work? A. teachers B. service workers C. knowledge workers D. independent contractors
D. independent contractors
What is it an example of when the children of working-class parents manage to attend college and get a job in a professional field? A. horizontal social mobility B. a lack of mobility C. intragenerational mobility D. intergenerational mobility
D. intergenerational mobility
In which states does the combination of TANF (welfare) and SNAP (food stamps) provide enough assistance to lift a family out of poverty? A. California and New York B. Hawai C. California D. None
D. none
What is the sociological imagination? A. the sociological approach that assumes individual decisions and interactions are independent of larger social institutions B. a particular way of understanding the criminal mind, such as that of a serial killer C. a characteristic of society that ensures people remain ignorant of the connections between their lives and social change D. the ability to understand the interplay between the self and larger social forces
D. the ability to understand the interplay between the self and larger social forces
A student at a university explains that he doesn't want to join a fraternity because he believes they create negative in-group and out-group dynamics. What perspective best describes his views? A. conflict theory B. symbolic interactionism C. coercive power D. structural functionalism
a,b, and D - i think he took this question off test
How could the Information Revolution affect urbanization? A. Cities might shrink because people can live anywhere and still work at the same job. B. Cities might grow because technology makes them even more attractive places to live. C. Cities might shrink because people will spend even more time in direct contact with one another. D. It could not affect urbanization at all.
A. Cities might shrink because people can live anywhere and still work at the same job.
The film Ascension showed instruction in emotional labor when depicting: A. Classes that included smiling and hugging instructions. B. Artists creating provocative paintings of the working class. C. Seminars on anger management. D. A worker watching their phone while making goods.
A. Classes that included smiling and hugging instructions.
Which of the following sociological perspectives is concerned with the ways the educational practice known as "tracking" leads to inequality and different outcomes for different categories of students? A. conflict B. labeling C. functionalism D. symbolic interactionism
A. Conflict -Conflict perspective understands society to be comprised of conflicting interests with widespread inequality.
There are usually serious consequences when a politician is caught cheating on his spouse. In some cases, the politician is forced to resign from office when his constituents express their unhappiness with such behavior. According to Émile Durkheim, what function does this reaction serve? A. It helps to clarify moral boundaries and reinforce the idea that marital infidelity is wrong. B. The public outcry helps rehabilitate the offender so he won't cheat in the future. C. It helps to deter politicians from cheating in the future. D. It helps protect the family members of the politician from scrutiny and media coverage.
A. It helps to clarify moral boundaries and reinforce the idea that marital infidelity is wrong. B. The public outcry helps rehabilitate the offender so he won't cheat in the future.
A key challenge for one nation's campaign to improve public health in rural areas was to convince isolated villagers to boil their drinking water in order to kill parasites. The only families who adopted the practice were not well integrated into the village and had few connections to their neighbors. What does this example demonstrate? A. Social ties don't just connect us to others but also influence our behavior. B. There is a need for more virtual communities around the world. C. Globalization leads to the McDonaldization of society. D. Attempts at modernization largely fail without modern technology.
A. Social Ties don't just connect us to others but also influence our behavior
A sociologist wants to study racial discrimination in hiring, and decides to either distribute a survey asking employers about their hiring methods, or conduct an experiment that involves sending fake resumes to employers to see who gets an interview. Which method would best examine racial discrimination in hiring and why? A. The experimental method because the researcher can isolate the effect of race by creating otherwise identical resumes. B. The survey method because experiments outside of a laboratory must deal with the unpredictable intrusions of the real world. C. The survey method because employers will detect the experiment and invalidate the results. D. The experimental method because survey methods are generally unreliable.
A. The experimental method because the researcher can isolate the effect of race by creating otherwise identical resumes.
What is the process called when students are tested and the results are used to place them in a certain category of classes (remedial, advanced, college prep, etc.)? A. tracking B. socialization C. the hidden curriculum D. charter schooling
A. Tracking
For many years, Saturday Night Live ran a series of skits about a character named Pat. The premise of each skit was that no one could tell if Pat was male or female. The other characters would devise ingenious plots to determine Pat's gender, but all attempts failed. The humor in these skits is based on the fact that A. gender identity is so important to our social selves that we can barely interact with anyone without first determining that person's gender. B. Pat was trying to avoid being classified as a woman because expressive and instrumental roles may be complementary, but the social rewards for filling them are far from equal. C. transgender and gender-nonconforming people are challenging old ideas about the relationship between sex and gender. D. men have historically had access to most of society's material resources and privileges. Consequently, they generally seek to maintain their dominant status.
A. gender identity is so important to our social selves that we can barely interact with anyone without first determining that person's gender.
An elementary school student notices that exhibiting good behavior and following the instructions of the teacher can go a long way to earning him decent grades in school. This example highlights what sociological term about the education system? A. hidden curriculum B. flipped classroom C. unschooling D. tracking
A. hidden curriculum
In Los Angeles, you may see cars sporting a bumper sticker that reads, "My favorite teams are UCLA and whoever's playing USC." What is this an example of? A. hostility toward an out-group B. bureaucratic rationalization C. the use of a reference group D. group dynamics
A. hostility toward an out-group
Regardless of their various approaches to social phenomena, what are all sociologists aiming to accomplish with their work? A. illuminating the connection between the individual and society B. understanding how our society is different from other societies C. comparing the present with the past D. explaining why poverty and inequality still exist
A. illuminating the connection between the individual and society
In 1993, six African American Secret Service agents filed a complaint with the Department of Justice against Denny's for refusal of service. They argued that the restaurant took much longer to serve them than other customers. Thousands of other African Americans came forward with similar allegations after the complaint was filed. What are these allegations evidence of? A. institutional discrimination B. situational ethnicity C. assimilation D. individual discrimination
A. institutioanl discrimination
Sociologists examine financial collapses such as those of the 1930s. These often occurred because rumors of insolvency, when believed by enough depositors, resulted in real bank failures. What sociological concept describes this phenomenon? A. dramaturgy B. the Thomas theorem C. expressions given off D. the generalized other
B. The Thomas Theorem
How does US levels of religiosity compare to countries of similar economic development? A. American levels of religiosity are similar to Australia, Canada and the UK, but different from most of Europe. B. The US is an outlier with high levels of religiosity. C. The US is an outlier with low levels of religiosity.
B. The US is an outlier with high levels of religiosity
Sociologists define the self as A. the parts of the human mind that are created through interactions with others. B. the experience of an individual's personal identity that is distinct from other people. C. only the private, innermost parts of the mind that are not usually shown to others. D. the part of an individual that is displayed to other members of a society.
B. The experience of an individuals personal identity that is distinct from other people
American criminologist Richard Quinney theorized that capitalism—and the exploitation and oppression of the working class—make deviant and even criminal behavior nearly inescapable for workers. The ruling class can make laws that target the poor. When the poor act out against repression, they become targets for law enforcement, while the rich and powerful remain free to do what they like. Quinney's theory falls under which sociological perspective? A. structural strain theory B. conflict theory C. structural functionalism D. social control theory
B. conflict theory
Churches usually teach their members rules and often codify these rules into formal commandments to be followed. Given this, churches can be considered A. dramaturgists. B. part of the media. C. agents of socialization. D. total institutions.
C. Agents of socialization
A research team is curious about the relationship between exercise habits and academic performance among American college students. The researchers randomly select seventeen colleges by pulling names out of a hat. They travel to campuses and stand in prominent public places asking for volunteers until they have ten people from each campus willing to be interviewed. What is the researchers' target population? A. the 170 students who were interviewed B. students at the seventeen colleges they visited C. American college students D. young people
C. American college students
Gender role socialization begins A. when children begin attending school. B. around puberty. C. at birth. D. before birth.
C. At birth
Which of the following is the best example of secularization? A. The government announces a number of faith-based initiatives for the provision of social services. B. Mark and Tessa seek premarital counseling from amember of the clergy instead of a therapist. C. Crosses are used for decoration and worn as fashion accessories. D. Christian students are encouraged to wear religious items
C. Crosses are used for decoration and worn as fashion accessories.
French sociologist and postmodernist Pierre Bourdieu suggested that social reproduction, or the tendency of social classes remaining relatively stable as class status is passed down from one generation to the next, occurs in part through the acquisition of A. culture. B. prestige. C. cultural capital. D. everyday class consciousness.
C. Cultural Capital
Which of the following describes how deviance can be explained from the functionalist perspective? A. Deviance makes it easier for the upper class to control the poor. B. Deviance breaks down social cohesion and leads to revolution. C. Deviance clarifies moral boundaries and affirms norms. D. Deviance helps the upper class maintain its power and influence in society.
C. Deviance clarifies moral boundaries and affirms norms.
A woman attributes her teenage son's deviant behavior to him "falling in with a bad crowd." Which symbolic interactionist theory of deviance does this explanation MOST closely resemble? A. self-fulfilling prophecy B. structural strain theory C. differential association D. labeling theory
C. Differential Association
________ is the research method that might involve shifting between participating in a social situation and being an observer. A. Comparative-historical research B. Interviews C. Ethnography D. Surveys
C. Ethnography
Oftentimes, a larger number of people claim that they voted in their recent local elections than the number that actually did vote. This is perhaps because more people believed that they should have voted. This belief is an example of A. cultural diffusion. B. folkways. C. ideal culture. D. popular culture
C. Ideal Culture
How do interviews give "voice" to people who may never have been heard before and offer privileged access to authentic experience, private worlds, and true selves? A. Interviews may contribute to unfair stereotypes. B. Interviews are quick, economical, and can provide a vast amount of data. C. Interviews allow respondents to speak in their own words, which can reveal their thoughts, feelings, and beliefs. D. Respondents are not always forthcoming or truthful, are sometimes difficult to talk to, and may try too hard to be helpful.
C. Interviews allow respondents to speak in their own words, which can reveal their thoughts, feelings, and beliefs.
Michelle was born and raised in the United States, but her grandparents are from Korea. Her white classmate was also born and raised in the United States, but his grandparents are from Poland. He tells Michelle that she speaks English very well because he assumes, based on her race, that she is an immigrant. This is an example of A. color-blind racism. B. white privilege. C. a microaggression. D. reverse racism.
C. a microaggression
As shown in the documentary Hillbilly, what component of Appalachian culture did Silas House discuss in his radio show discussion of code switching? A. Films by local artists compared to mainstream media portrayals of the region B. Literature and poetry by local authors C. Gestures and signs unique to Appalachia D. Language and dialect used at home and at work
D. Language and dialect used at home and at work
White privilege is the idea that one group in society enjoys certain unearned privileges and that group members are A. actively seeking to maintain such privileges. B. seeking to change the racial inequalities. C. discriminating blatantly against minority group members. D. largely unaware of the unequal benefits they possess.
D. Largely unaware of the unequal benefits they possess
Which answer best describes how people who went to Camp Jened maintained their networks after camp? A. They used social networking platforms and regularly shared updates. B. They did not maintain ties, but campers brought their new awareness to their home communities. C. Jim LeBrecht personally kept the network together. D. Many former campers moved to the same cities and kept in touch.
D. Many former campers moved to the same cities and kept in touch.
Josie wore a pair of short shorts to school. This was against the rules and violated school norms. Because this was the third time that she had broken the same rule, the principal gave her a detention. The principal's action was a means of enforcing norms through _____. A. positive sanction B. authoritative action C. academic admonishment D. negative sanction
D. Negative Sanction
On any given day, you probably depend on many strangers to provide electricity, water, natural gas, weather forecasts, and other services. According to Émile Durkheim, this interdependence gives rise to A. class consciousness. B. pragmatism. C. mechanical solidarity. D. organic solidarity.
D. Organic Solidarity
As a presidential candidate, Barack Obama argued that racial prejudice is one of America's defining social problems. He was implicitly acknowledging that A. racism is driven by economic factors, and any solution to racism must involve affirmative action. B. low-income women of all ethnicities see marriage as having few benefits. C. race is constructed almost entirely through interaction. D. membership in socially constructed categories of race and ethnicity can affect people's life chances.
D. membership in socially constructed categories of race and ethnicity can affect people's life chances.
Which of the following research techniques focuses on gaining an insider's perspective of the everyday lives of participants under investigation, which often dispels stereotypes about the group being investigated? A. surveys B. analysis of existing data C. experiments D. participant observation
D. participant observation
What is Mother Teresa an example of, given that she was a person with tremendous power and prestige yet she was very poor? A. status contradiction B. status reversal C. status inequality D. status inconsistency
D. status inconsistency