SOCI-1020 Chapter 3 & 4 Test (Kamolnick)
What is the definition of 'mass media'?
"The means for delivering impersonal communications to a vast audience" - Macionis
Three types of social environments--severely deprived, normal, and enriched--have different effects on genotypes. What can we reasonably infer about the effects of these environments for humans?
*Remember The Fish* Severely Deprived - (sucked the oxygen out) Normal - (equal opportunities, without discrimination) Enriched - (we cannot know for sure, better than deprived)
What is the definition of a 'cohort'?
A category of people with something in common, usually their age.
What is a 'total institution'?
A setting in which people are isolated from the rest of society and manipulated by an administrative staff.
What is the definition of 'peer group'?
A social group whose members have interests, social position, and age in common; Peers have many influences, one of the most important social environmental influence on human beings.
What is the definition of the concept 'status'?
A social position one occupies.
Ascribed Status:
A status assigned at birth
Achieved Status:
A status earned throughout life
Master Status:
A status that consumes the rest of the status set
Role Set:
All of the roles that apply to a single status
What is definition of 'social interaction'?
An exchange of symbols and verbal and non-verbal language between two or more people.
What is the definition of 'social structure'?
Any relatively stable social pattern of behavior.
What are the major characteristics of a social structure?
Arrangement of parts, persistence in time and space, pattern/organization.
What is the definition of the concept 'role'?
Behavior expected of someone in a specific status.
What are the two primary stages in resocialization in a total institution?
Breaking down of prior identity, building a new self related to the institution.
Role Conflict:
Conflict across statuses and the roles associated with those statuses
What is the significance of language for social interaction?
Deeper meanings that means more than the bare definition.
What are Kubler-Ross's five major stages for grieving a major loss?
Denial, Anger, Negotiation, Depression/Resignation, and Acceptance.
What is the significance of humor for social interaction?
Funny jokes? Or is there more to it? A way to play with reality, using the real world in an interesting way.
What according to Dr. K--hint: remember his figure and alternative conception to Macionis-- is the best way to understand the relationship between nature and nurture?
Healthy nurture brings out the potential of nature, nurture is our nature.
What is the 'dramaturgical approach' and what are its key concepts?
Human/people as actors, capability to manipulate roles, individuals in physical co-presence
What do we learn from the Harlow studies of social isolation of rhesus monkeys?
In early life, rhesus monkeys do better growing up if given some kind of social interaction, even with a fake terry cloth "mother".
Why according to Dr. K are findings on social isolation of humans children difficult to interpret?
In order to have an experiment that can be conclusive, we have to isolate it it. We have a problem because we could not figure out what was _____ and what was the environment.
What is Dr. K's friendly amendment to Macionis' description of mass media?
Individual human beings sending information between themselves. It immediates, it is between you and the world.
What is the definition of 'anticipatory socialization'?
Learning that helps a person achieve a desired position.
Carol Gilligan Name of Theory? Concepts? Stages?
Name: Care ? Concept: Justice- effort = reward; cost = benefit Mercy- Effort ≠ Reward Stages: n/a
Jean Piaget Name of Theory? Concepts? Stages?
Name: Cognitive Developmental Theory Concept: Stages: Sensory Motor (exploratory behavior: 0-2); Pre-Operational (object permanence: 2-6); Concrete Operational (logical relation among things: 6-12); Formal Operational (able to engage in reasoning: 12+)
Lawerence Kohlberg Name of Theory? Concepts? Stages?
Name: Moral Developmental (Justice) Concept: Universalize Justice as Fairness; effort ≠ rewards (emphatic sympathy) Stages: Preconventional (Good = for me 4-10); Conventional (Good = for authority 10-13); Post-Conventional (Universal Justice as Fairness 13+)
Sigmund Freud: Name of Theory? Concepts? Stages?
Name: Psychoanalytic Theory Concept: Id, Ego, Superego Stages: n/a
Erik Erickson Name of Theory? Concepts? Stages?
Name: Psychosocial Theory Concept: "Ego Strength" Stages: Infancy (trust and bonding 0-18 m); Toddlerhood (autonomy 18 m-3 yrs); Pre-School (autonomy 4-5 yrs); Pre-Adolescence (understanding, learning, friendships 6-12 yrs) Adolescence (identity, sense of self 13-19 yrs) Young Adulthood (20-39 yrs) Mid-Adulthood (40-64 yrs) Old Age (reflecting on past life 65+ yrs)
George Herbert Mead Name of Theory? Concepts? Stages?
Name: Social Self Theory Concept: Reflected Sense of Self; Self Appraised; Seeing yourself from someone else's perspective Stages: The self is able simultaneously to take the role of... 1. ...no one (no ability to take the role of the other) - Engaging in limitation 2. ...one other in one situation - Engaging in play 3. ...many others in one situation - Engaging in games 4. ...many others in many situations - Recognizing the generalized other
What is meant by 'the social construction of reality'?
Process by which people creatively shape the reality we believe in
What is 'resocialization'?
Radically changing of personality by carefully controlling the environment.
What is meant by an 'agent of socialization'?
Settings and experiences that have special roles in socialization
Why is social experience important to socialization?
So that people can develop their human potential and learning culture.
What are three major traits of a total institution?
Supervised, controlled and standardized, formal rules.
Role Strain:
Tension among the roles connected to a single status
What is meant by 'socialization across the life course'?
That the person acquires and adjusts to the customs and norms of the society throughout childhood, adolescence, adulthood and old age. These categories are generally known as life course stages.
Why is the understanding of the concept 'cohort' important to understanding variation in the life course?
That the person acquires and adjusts to the customs and norms of the society throughout childhood, adolescence, adulthood and old age. These categories are generally known as life course stages.
What are the major agents of socialization and the order in which they typically influence development? (4)
The family, the school, the peer group, and the mass media.
What is the definition of 'socialization'?
The lifelong social experience by which people develop their human potential and learn culture.
What is 'gerontology'?
The science of age.
Status Set:
The set of statuses one occupies and the expectations surrounding the status
What do we learn from the study of social isolation of human children?
The socialization process begins in infancy and is especially productive once a child begins to understand and use language. However, it is a lifelong process. Without socialization, we are almost totally devoid of the qualities we normally associate with being human.
What is the significance of emotions for social interaction?
We can recognize emotions at a distance, nonverbally, without ever being taught.
What is 'the Thomas Theorem' and why is it important to social interaction?
We create reality through our acts, regardless of our beliefs are true
Role Exit:
When one becomes an "ex" something