SOCI 261 Second Midterm Review (Concordia University)

puts forth arguments regarding the differences between men and women based on Michael Gurian's neurology research.

Naomi Wolf

Symbolic Interactionism (*) - ________ and ______ shape gender identities - Most variations between men and women are _______ and ______ - A gendered self develops out of a process of gradual ________, at all levels of social life : women learn to do women's ____ and see themselves as _____ for these tasks. - M___a, r_____n, and l______e help maintain gender differences - Double standards are considered _____.

Socialization, labelling, cultural, learned, socialization, jobs, suited, media, religion, language, normal

Social Constructionism (*) - The creation of gender equality is a social ______ - It usually requires ________ and ________. - Some social periods are more _______ to equalization than others.

process, organization, leadership, conducive

Views of the inherent differences between males and females are captured in a neat _______ found in our culture - and most others - that distinguished masculinity and femininity. Not only is this dichotomy an _________ of the real differences between people, but it is also the source of many _______ for both men and women.

dichotomy, oversimplification, problems

Feminist Theory (*) - Gendered inequality is almost ________. - This inequality is a result of ________ values and institutions. - Gender inequality ______ men over women.

universal, patriarchal, favors

With most women in the paid _______, who looks after their children? Some families rely on ______ provided by ________ caregivers. More, however, rely on ________ who come to the parents' houses, on small-scale child-care operations, or on family members' voluntary care. Most babysitters are _____ and most non-household family members who 'help' with child care are _____. When researchers ask parents how they divide the responsibility of the household, they find women taking much more ________ for the events or tasks of child care. While men might ____ children to doctor's appointments, most often women will have ____ the appointments. Women's lives become much more complicated with the _______ of children. Helena Willen and Henry Montgomery refer to this fact as the '____ __' of marriage; wishing and planning for a child _______ marital happiness, but achieving this wish ______ that happiness. The birth of a child and the resulting intense mother-child relationship ______ marital relations. New parents are ___ happy with each other and experience more ______, sometimes _____, conflicts with each other after the baby ______. For some, the conflict may begin even ______ the baby arrives. The radical shift from ______ activities to _______ activities creates an ________ distance the partners find hard to ______. ________ and _____ decline. ________ nights increase. Mothers, the main providers of child care, change their time use much ____ than fathers. Especially after the birth of a first child, _____ quality and quantity of ____ together decline immediately. Mothers report feeling angrier and more ________ than before the child arrived. The transition to parenthood _______ gender inequality between partners. The ______ relationship between husband and wife changes. Wives, as mothers, devote ____ time to their infants and ____ time to their husbands. Husbands often _____ this change, and wives may adopt a new, _______ way of dealing with husbands to reduce the resentment and conflict. This role change produces resentment on the ____'s side. Typically, marital satisfaction, which decreases with the arrival of children, reaches an all-time low when the children are _______. The presence of children in the household, though pleasing in many respects, also increases the domestic _______ for parents and increases ______. Once the children leave home, creating what some sociologists have called an '_____ ____', many marriages improve to near-_______ levels of satisfaction. In part, this return to marital satisfaction is due to the decline in parental and other work ________. Many couples rediscover each other because they have more _______ time in which to become reacquainted. Thus, older couples show much less _______, less desire for _____ in their marriage, and a more accurate understanding of the _____ of their partners.

workforce, daycare, professional, babysitters, female, female, responsibility, take, made, arrival, catch 22, increases, reduces, strain, less, frequent, violent, arrives, before, spousal, parental, emotional, bridge, romance, privacy, Sleepless, more, marital, time, depressed, increases, social, more, less, resent, subservient, wife, teenagers, workload, conflict, empty nest, newlywed, responsibilities, leisure, distress, change, needs

the differential success of men and women in gaining access to valued rewards. this tends to stem from structural arrangements, interpersonal discrimination, and cultural beliefs.

gender inequality

The suffrage movement, or the '____ ____' of feminism, made important gains for women's rights in Canada through the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. early feminists, represented nationally by the Woman's Christian Temperance Union, the Young Women's Christian Association, the National Council of Women of Canada, and the Federated Women's Institutes, focused mainly on three sets of issues- ______ rights, ____ rights, and _____ reform. These early feminists sought to place the 'woman's role on a more secure ______ footing' rather than attempt to shatter the traditional gender myths that considered the man to be the provider and the woman to be the nurturer. True to these goals, the tactics Canadian feminists employed were _____ and _______, and were _______ in bringing women the right to vote. Only in the last 35 years of the _______ century did the '______ wave' of feminism begin its attacks on the ______ and _____ bases of inequality. Without this questioning of gender ____, as the women's movement has done over several decades, it is unlikely that women would have made strides towards social and economic _______. Granting women's demands in one area led to granting demands in ____ areas. After the right to vote in federal elections was granted in ___, five determined suffragists - the so called Famous Five - pushed for changes to the British North America Act that would deem women to be legal '_____' who qualified for appointment to the ______. In 1929, the declaration of ________ for women by the _______ Committee of the _____ Council increased the likelihood that further rights would be forthcoming. A turning point in gender equalization was the _____ Commission on the _____ of Women, which began in ____ and heard the concerns of individuals and organizations across the country. As well as considering the specifics of women's lives, the Commission also looked at some of the underlying causes of women's ______. one outcome of the Royal Commission's work was the establishment of Status of Women Canada as a government _____, now subsumed within the Department of Canadian ______. Since the Commission, women have continued to push for changes that would bring equality closer to reality. Feminist ideology, or feminism, is a form of political activism that tries to change the _______ under which men and women lead their lives. Feminism, then, has an ________ goal - it aims to free people from ________. If gender relations always reflect the largest pattern of social relations in a society, then changing gender relations requires _______ those social relations as well. Feminism is one of the social movements that - alongside the antiwar, civil rights, gay rights, anti-racism and environmental movements - have reshaped modern ______ in the last 40 years.

first wave, political, legal, social, material, cautious, moderate, successful, twentieth, cultural, social, roles, equality, other, 1918, persons, Senate, personhood, Judicial, Privy, Royal, Status, 1967, inequality, agency, Heritage, conditions, emancipatory, oppression, changing, politics

Throughout most of the twentieth century, women still were expected to be _______. Therefore, they were discouraged from taking on ___ that would prevent them from fulfilling their household duties. However, many women needed or _____ to work, and many companies wanted to ____ women who wanted to work. One attractive feature, for employers, was that women could be paid ___ than men for the ___ work. However, the range of available jobs in the paid workforce was ______. During the first half of the twentieth century, women could find work as teachers, nurses, retail salespersons or as ______ _____ in higher class homes. This was significantly interrupted by World War II, which allowed record numbers of women to enter _____ jobs to replace men who were ____ __ ___. These jobs - hard, dirty, often unsafe and unhealthy - required women to work __ or more hours per week, nearly double the working week today. Then, with war's end, the returning servicemen expected their jobs to be waiting for ____, and women, therefore, were expected to ____ these jobs at which they had worked so hard and so well. Many did just that, and were happy to return to the male _______/ female _______ family model, especially since for a span of about 25 years a growing economy and increased workplace ______ made this possible. But a _______ had been set, and many women sought to ______ working as well. Much has changed since then. We now understand that by excluding women from the most important jobs we significantly limit the country's supply of _____ ______. Today, in many parts of the industrialized world, discrimination against women is ______. Both women and men are encouraged to follow their _______ and _______ talents to the maximum, in whatever ____ they have chosen. Statistics Canada shows that women accounted for nearly ____ of the total national labor force for the year 2009. Unfortunately, however, women continue to suffer ________ in the workplace. If we look at the distribution of occupations, we still find fewer women than men in ___-_____ positions, and, on average, full-time working women will earn about __ cents for every dollar earned by men in similar employment. Some men might say this is because women are perceived to be more ______ - more likely to quit their job for family reasons, especially during the child-bearing years. The data below show there is ____ support for this assertion. In many workplaces, women do have an equal _______. However, in many others, they still hit a ____ ______ when they strive to ______. This term points to the fact that women face nearly ______ obstacles when it comes to advancing into the highest-status jobs. Women are less often hired into these jobs, in part because of an '__ ____' club' mentality and a belief (sometimes) that women are ______. The gendering of work opportunities is far narrower and stricter in _______ countries, like Bangladesh.

homemakers, jobs, wanted, hire, less, same, narrow, domestic servants, factory, away at war, 60, them, leave, breadwinner, homemaker, benefits, precedent, continue, human capital, illegal, educational, occupational, field, half, inequalities, high-paying, 70, transient, some, opportunity, glass ceiling, advance, hidden, old boys, inferior, developing

Remember what structural functionalists ask of every social arrangement : What ______ does it perform for society as a whole? In this case, how does gender inequality contribute to the ____-____ of a society as a whole? Functionalist theorists starting with _____ ______ would say that a gendered division of labor is the most ______ and ______ way to carry out society's tasks. It may even have ________ survival value for the human race. Mothers, by their early ________ to the child (via pregnancy and breast-feeding), are well-suited to ______ the family's children. Since they are at home with the children anyway, mother are also well-suited to caring for the ________ while the husband is at ____ or ______ the home.

role, well-being, Talcott Parsons, effective, efficient, evolutionary, attachment, raising, household, work, outside

_________ and child-_____ continue to be mainly female activities in Canadian society. Women's ____ and _______ make child-bearing possible. However, child-bearing is no longer ______. Effective _____ _______, by reducing the risk of ______ ________, has made the outcome of sexual intercourse more _______ and _______ than at any other time in history. As a result, men and women can lead more ______ lives than ever before. Today, women spend ___ time bearing and raising children than they did in the past. Other parts of their lives -especially education, work, career, and marital companionship- are more _______ than they once were. Even sexual practices and sexual ideas, like the traditional double standard, have changed because of this ________ ________. However, the family household remains a _______ for women more than for men. Before ______ ________ it was men's workplace, too, but the separation of ____ and ____ ____ largely brought this to an end. Under this system, though each family has its own particular division of labour, what is remarkable is how ______ this division is across families and even across nations. Domestic labour, in short, is _______ labor. We still expect adult women to carry out ____ of the work than men., daughters do more of the work than sons. This pattern also persists in _______. The primary caregiver is usually the wife, mother, or daughter. Women do more of the domestic work even if they _____ in _____ ________ outside the home and are parenting infants, and even when they are taking care of ____ or ______ family members. Of course, families do vary. In some studies, for example, remarried couples report a ___ complete or weaker version of ______ _______ than first-time married couples. Couples who become parents in their twenties are more _______ in their gendering of domestic ____ than couples who make this transition in their thirties. Women who ______ do much ____ household work than women who are legally married. And dual-career couples often ________ their domestic division of labour as outside work ______ change.

Reproduction, rearing, genes, hormones, unavoidable, birth control, unwanted pregnancy, predictable, controllable, similar, less, important, contraceptive revolution, workplace, industrial capitalism, home, paid work, similar, gendered, more, caregiving, engage, paid employment, sick, disabled, less, gendered inequality, conservative, work, cohabit, less, renegotiate, duties

Related to this approach, social constructionists always ask the question: _____ and ____ did the arrangement emerge? When, for example, did gender inequality begin to _____ in a particular society, what events _______ this emergence, and what individuals or groups were especially instrumental in this process of '_____ __________'? This approach is much more _________ oriented than the symbolic interactionist approach to which it is related. So, for example, a social constructionist would note that gender equality began to ______ (a second time) in the 1960s and 1970s, largely because of the actions of the women's movement. The women's movement was especially successful because social protest against many things- the rich, imperialists, and racists, for example - was ______ throughout the Western World. The baby boom had _____ and there was ___ desire for child-bearing. However, there was now a desire for ___ family incomes, and therefore a need for more ______ for women. This new agenda - getting women out of the homes and into the ____-world - was aided significantly by the development of reliable _____ ______ that made it possible for people to have sex without having babies. Cutting the _____ between gender, sexuality, and child-bearing was central to the emergence of women as _______ in the working world of men. It also helped ___ and ______ people stake a claim to full social inclusion, for similar reasons. Notably, all these explanations are _______ with one another. Each focuses on a different aspect of the rise of gender equality. However, by far the most influential approach to studying gender issues has been the ______ approach, and that approach has shaped this chapter.

When, how, emerge, preceded, moral entrepreneurship, historically, increase, prevalent, ended, less, two, education, work, birth control, links, contenders, gay, lesbian, compatible, feminist

Symbolic interactionists, for their part, ask : How is an ________ symbolized? For example, how is gender inequality ________, symbolized, and _________ in our society?The presumption is that inequalities arise where social differences have been symbolized, communicated, and negotiated - that is, made into something that is '_____ ___ ______ ' by the population at large. From this standpoint, people are always trying to understand and normalize social interaction through shared _______. Thus, symbolic interactionists are concerned with the ways that gender differences become gender inequalities - for example, the ways that young women become '_______' and turned into sex objects. They would also want to understand how the double sexual standard, which has allowed men more sexual ______ than women, has been 'negotiated' so that many women go along with an agenda that, it would seem to many people, ______ males more than females.

arrangement, negotiated, communicated, taken for granted, meanings, objectified, freedom, benefits

Conflict theorists and feminist theorists, by contrast, always ask the question : Who ______ from a particular social arrangement? In this case, who is best ______ by gender inequality? Marxists would tend to answer this question by ____ ______: capitalism requires the ___ cost social reproduction of a _______ from one ________ to the next. Families are the best and _______ way to raise new _______. Mothers have the job of keeping all the family earners and earners-to-be healthy and well fed, housed, and cared for emotionally. They do this at no ____ to capitalists who will benefit from the _______ value workers produce. The Marxist approach assumes that working-class ___ and _____ are on the same side both equally ______ of the capitalist class. By contrast, the feminist approach assumes that women have a ______ experience from men and may be _______ by men of their own class, as well as by ________. Therefore, they see gender inequality as mainly serving the interests of men who, by lording it over to their girlfriends, wives, and daughters, at least have someone ________ to them just as they are to their own ______. The theory of _________ - that men are the main and universal cause of women's ________ - is compatible with Marxist analyses that view working-class women as being the victims of ____ _____ and ______ oppression.

benefits, served, class relations, low, workforce, generation, cheapest, workers, cost, surplus, men, women, victims, different, exploited, capitalists, subservient, bosses, patriarchy, oppression, both, class, gender

Sex is a _______ concept - the _ _______ must be present for the embryonic sex glands to develop _______. Further, a preponderance of particular ______ must be present in both sexes to reach sexual maturity. Most people are (_____) male or ("") female from the moment of conception, with biological differences between the sexes that are _______, ______, and ________. However, research has not revealed any simple _____ between the sexes or any direct link between ______ and the _______ of each sex. Also, current thinking is that 'male' and 'female' are not discrete biological ________. It would be more accurate to view them as opposite _____ along a continuum of sexual ______. The value of such subtle thinking is obvious when we consider unusual cases. For example, consider the rare condition known as ________ ______, in which an XX individual is exposed in the womb to abnormally high levels of ______, a family of hormones that usually predominates in the development of masculine features. The result is an ________ appearance, with normal internal _______ and external _____ that is intermediate in size between a ______ and a ____. Male or female? For practical purposes, the answer is ______ determined, through socialization and social interaction. Moreover, whatever biological differences that exist between men and women have few (if any) ________ effects on modern-day social life. Men and women have different ________ functions, but there is no scientific proof that there are biologically based ________ differences (such as a 'maternal instinct') between human males and females. And as women spend less and less of their lives bearing children, the reproductive difference becomes less socially _______ to a definition of people's _____. Gender refers to _______ learned notions of masculinity and femininity. From a social standpoint, gender is the social ________ of ________ difference. Males are treated as men because they ____ masculine ____, and females are treated as women because they ____ feminine _____. All known societies have distinguished between male and female ____ in some way. However, the precise distinctions made between men and women, and the resulting divisions of _____, have varied through ____ and across _______. Gender distinctions are by definition ______ constructed. They work within social ________ to decide the roles that men and women can enter and the kinds of experiences they will have within these roles. So what begins as a _______ difference between sexes assumes a vast importance through the _______ construction of _____ _____. Sociologists use the term '_____' when referring to these sex-based social constructions, a practice that suggests that biology is largely irrelevant to understanding the _____ distinctions people make between males and females.

biological, Y chromosome, maleness, hormone, mainly, anatomic, genetic, hormonal, split, genetics, behavior, categories. poles, variation, adrenogenital syndrome, androgens, intersexed, genitalia, phallus, clitoris, penis, socially, unavoidable, reproductive, psychological, relevant, roles, socially, enactment, biological, play, roles, play, roles, roles, labor, time, cultures, socially, institutions, biological, social, gender roles, gender, social

Using data from the General Social Survey, Statistics Canada reported in 2005 that "While overall rates of violent victimization did not differ between men and women, men were at _____ risk of physical assault. Women were at ______ risk of sexual assault. Although men are sometimes the victims of rape and sexual assault, these vicious crimes are ______ directed towards women. Rape is devastating for the victim not only because of the ______ and ________ violations, but also because the victim must come to terms with the fact that she was attacked solely because of her ______. Rape offenders, who are usually male, typically harbour _________, _______ attitudes towards their victims.

greater, higher, mainly, physical, psychological, gender, misogynistic, sadistic

Structural Functionalism (*) - Elements in society are ________ - Inequality rewards _________ and _______ - Inequality is based on value _______ - Gender inequality stems from what was at one time an effective household ________, which has failed to _______ with the times

interrelated, effectiveness, efficiency, consensus, arrangement, develop

Despite major advances in women's ________ and _____ during the twentieth century, ______ of girls and women in the mass _____, especially in television, keep harmful gender ________ alive. In this way, they continue to keep women from achieving full _______ with men or at work. In the mass media, we still see _______ images of women and men, boys and girls. These gendered images are paralleled in media _________ for consumer items - toys, clothes, cars, beers, and deodorant. This level of culture - _______ - assumes what male people and female people will typically want to do, producing a self-fulfilling _______ - our children turn out to be how these others _____ them to. Consider Saturday morning children's television : cartoon shows interspersed with commercials aimed directly at girls or boys, typically matched to the show - Barbie dolls (or the equivalent) for girls, droids or Transformers (or the equuivalent) for boys. These programs entertain children, but they also teach them which toys are for them, how we expect them as girls or boys to behave and what we expect them, as gendered beings, to ___ in our society. Some socially ______ agencies are trying to use commercial media (for example, television advertisements) to promote _____. We will occasionally see, for example, male sports stars talking about problems of violence against women and trying to promote models of _______ that are concerned, caring, and nurturing through strong. However, the idea of a rapid direct _______ influence of media images on viewers, and therefore on society, may be too _______. The media may ______ and _______ culture more than they are able to easily change culture and society. The mass media may not be the ____ cause of gender inequality in Canada, but they do play a major role in ______ and _______ gender stereotypes. In this way, they help to perpetuate existing _______ between men and women.

opportunities, rights, portrayals, media, stereotypes, equality, gendered, advertisements, commerce, prophecy, expect, want, conscious, change, masculinity, imitative, simplistic, reflect, reinforce, main, creating, upholding, inequalities

Women are over-represented among the ____ people of the world. Researchers have labelled this development the ________ __ ______. High rates of female poverty are usually the result of (1) women's ________ _________ in society, (2) women's overall ________ _______ to men, and (3) women's economic difficulties following _______, _____, or ________. Fully up-to-date statistics on the feminization of poverty are hard to find. Over a decade ago the National Anti-Poverty Organization calculated that __ per cent of non-elderly unattached women are poor. Not only are the women who head poor families affected by their impoverished state, but their _______ feel the results of poverty as well. Roughly one-_____ of Canada's children, or 1.2 million people under 18, live in poverty, which, of course, means their parents do, too. Gender differences also ______ with age. Older women are _____ and _____, have less satisfactory ______ and access to ______ ________, and are more likely to experience _________, ______, and _________ than are older men. Women overall, and single mothers in particular, are more likely to be impoverished than __ other demographic group. Various health consequences trouble women who are economically deprived, including increased vulnerability to i_____s and other disease, a______s, s_______h u_____s, m______s, c_______l d_______n, s____s, vulnerability to m_____l i_____s, self-destructive c_____g behaviours, and increased risk of h____t d______e.

poor, feminization of poverty, occupational disadvantage, subordinate position, abandonment, divorce, widowhood, 41, children, sixth, increase, poorer, sicker, housing, private transport, widowhood, disability, institutionalization, any, infections, arthritis, stomach ulcers, migraines, clinical depression, stress, mental illness, coping, heart disease

As one would expect, issues of gender are involved in most if not all aspects of Canadian _____ life. We have already discussed issues associated with education, work, and income that pose particular problems for women. In this section, we consider _____, _______, and ___-_____.

s0cial, crime, violence, self-esteem

discrimination and derogatory attitudes and beliefs that promote stereotyping of people because of gender. Sexism and gender stereotyping are two problems for both men and women, and are most often experienced in institutions and social relationships.

sexism

Problems of structural sexism - that is, the ways _____ institutions outside the home treat men and women differently - and the problems that this different, unequal treatment poses for men and women reinforce one another. it would be hard to get rid of one without getting rid of them all.

social

Conflict Theory (*) - Gender inequality results from ______ for economic and social power. - Capitalists ______ from gender inequality. - Gender inequality forces women to maintain the workforce without ___.

struggle, benefit, pay