soci chapters 3,4,11,6

Freedom Summer

1964: 1,000 volunteers from white colleges were trained in non-violent tactics and sent to Mississippi in a massive project · Two Goals: o Increasing voter registration o Bringing quality education to Mississippi's poorest areas through the establishment of Freedom Schools

Poverty line

20% of Americans live below it

American Indian Movement

Activists participated in acts of civil disobedience that involved over seventy property seizures, including a week-long takeover of the Bureau of Indian Affairs headquarters

Real utopias

Alternative realities

Assimilation

American ideal of the melting pot

Bipolar discursive frame

An exaggerated way of thinking that relies on two paired opposites

Discursive co-optation

Appropriate the language of the Civil Rights Movement while promoting agendas aimed at dismantling the movement

Superficial representation

Process of appointing to political positions nonwhites disconnected from the needs and problems of most nonwhite citizens

Voting Rights Act of 1965

Prohibited voter discrimination, outlawed literacy tests and gave the federal government power to oversee voter registration

Prison boom

Rapid expansion of American incarceration, which began in the early 1970s and continues to this day

Supply-side economics

Reaganomics

Individual action

Requires conducting ourselves in a certain manner within the institutions to which we belong so as to promote racial justice

Code of the street

Requires them to present themselves as aggressive, hard menaces, who are not to be trifled with and who at a seconds notice could resort to violence

Coded language

Right wing politicans used it to defend the white power structure

Four useful techniques for holding people accountable

Take their prejudices seriously · Ask people questions · Do your homework · Do not turn it into a debate you think you can win

Structural disadvantage

The concentrated accumulation of overlapping and mutually reinforcing social problems in a single residential area

Principle-implemenation gap

The disconnect between what whites say they want (no discrimination) and what they do to help (nothing)

Racially polarized

The majority of whites tilt toward the GOP, while the majority of nonwhite lean in the opposite direction

Tribal Sovereignty

The power of Indian tribes to act as semi-autonomous states, designing and running their own system of governance

Interracialism

The process of forming a racially integrated political community that works toward a common goal

Lynch mob

Torture to death

Prison industrial complex

Uneasy alliance between government and private industry

Income

Wages and salaries earned from employment, retirement, or government aid

Multiculturalism

Welcomes both the outsider and her or his qualities

Opportunity hoarding

When members of one race acquire access to a resource that is valuable, renewable, and subject to monopoly and guard that resource from members of other races

Split labor market

a split market is steered by the struggles of three groups: the business elite, higher paid labor, and cheap labor

Affirmative action

an umbrella term referring to a collection of policies and practices designed to address past wrongs, institutional racism, and sexism by offering people of color and women both employment and educational opportunities.

Homosocial reproduction

filling positions of power with people who are like those already in these positions.

Welfare

government provisions intended to help disadvantaged people, including those who are poor, elderly, war veterans, unemployed, and disabled.

Corporate welfare

government provisions reserved exclusively for corporations or industries, payments and benefits including grants, contracts, subsidies, tax relief, low-interest loans, and government services.

Segregated labor force

history of racial domination in the US economy has left us with a highly segregated labor force i.e. there is still "Hispanic work" and "black work" that is actually worked by a majority of people who belong to these races.

spatial mismatch thesis

holds that jobs that employed large numbers of semi-skilled black workers were moved in large numbers from the central city to the suburbs at the end of the 20th century residential segregation

Segmented assimilation theory

mmigrants are absorbed into different segments of the American landscape

Disingenuous reflexivity

not being true to yourself and convincing yourself that you are one of the two extremes "I do not have a racist bone in my body" or "I am so completely racist; I am helpless"

Disadvantage breeds disadvantage

since blacks and Latinos are discriminated against when applying for jobs, many have spotty work history. Since they have a spotty work history, they are less attractive to employers.....etc.

Tyranny of the majority

the fact that our political system is often steered by majority interests that overrun minority rights and concerns

brain drain

the more educated, wealthy, and privileged left behind families who constituted the "truly disadvantaged"

Glass ceilings

unspoken obstacles to advancement designed to handicap members of dominated groups.

Class privileges

what assets immigrants bring with them from their home country like education and multilingual.

Student Nonviolent Coordination Committee (SNCC)

· Formed out of preexisting networks made of black clergy engaged in political action · Incorporated into one organization hundreds of politically mobilized young people, many of whom were college students

GI bill of rights

· Massive

Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)

· Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA) gave was to this larger and more powerful organization

Seven components of successful political protest

· Realize you have power · Build coalitions · Remember that the insurgency matters more than the insurgent organization · Exploit weaknesses in the dominant system · Do not be afraid to break some rules · Plan for the long haul

Freedom Rides

· Small group of black and white activists from a group called, "Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)", decided to test the ruling (supreme court outlawed racial segregation in interstate bus terminals) · Got as far as Birmingham from DC, then were severely beaten

Hyphenation

Does tolerate outsiders' qualities and so is less rigid than assimilation

Embedded

Economy embedded in society- its history and culture

The Civil Rights Movement

Collection of organizations and people who carried out political acts aimed at dismantling the white power structure by abolishing racial segregation, non-white disenfranchisement, and economic exploitation

Underground economy

Combined forms of enterprise classified as criminal under current law

Threat hypothesis

Compared to whites who live in racially homogeneous areas, whites who live near nonwhites are more likely to develop racist attitudes about nonwhite people

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Cracked legal segregation, outlawing discrimination on the basis of race, religion, sex or national origin in hotels, theaters, transportation, restaurants, and the workplace

Felon disenfranchisement

Effective way of diminishing nonwhite political power Implicit racial appeals · Two conditions: o politicians wish to avoid violating the norm of racial equality o politicians face incentives to mobilize racially resentful white voters reparations social movement that need not speak its name

New Deal

FDR: several programs dealing with welfare, work and war designed to uplift Americans

Montgomery Bus Boycott

First major demonstrations of the Civil Rights Movement · Few days after December 1, 1955 · Rosa Parks, in defiance of Alabama segregation laws, refused to relinquish her bus seat to a white man

Substantive representation

Genuine political representatives and those of nonwhite citizens

Selma to Montgomery March

Hundreds of activists lined up in pairs and began the march · Never made in out of Selma, were stopped with billy clubs and tear gas

White collar crime

Illegal activities: fraud, identity theft, tax evasion, money laundering

Three-Strikes law

Intensified punishment for repeat offenses, with many such laws imposing a life sentence for the third offense

Gerrymandering

Irregularly shaped political districts to secure reelection

United

Labor union dedicated to "provide farm workers and other working people with the inspiration and tools to share in society's bounty · Secured union contracts that secured fair working conditions such as rest periods, access to clean water, and pension plans

Racial intelligence

Logic, rational decision making and good sense

Deindustrialization

Manufacturing jobs began disappearing from the Northeast and Midwest

Urban street gangs

Members of which are vital players in the underground economy

White backlash

Mounted in direct response to the Civil rights movement, a backlash fueled by conservatives and liberals alike

Deterrent effect

Must weight costs with rewards of the crime

NAACP

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People · The dominant black protest organization that preceded the modern Civil Rights Movement

Vagabond laws

Outlawed begging and loitering

Wealth

Owned assets that yield monetary return, such as stocks and bonds, savings accounts, houses and real estate, business and farm ownership

Ethnic enclave

semi-autonomous economy, large or small, that is owned, operated, and managed by members of the same immigrant or ethnic community

Immigration and nationality act of 1965

Abolishing national-origin quotas

Neoliberalism

A form of social organization in which the dynamics of the market are given priority over other concerns

Scientization of politics and public opinion

A situation in which "scientific experts advise the decision makers and in which politicians consult scientists in accordance with practical needs"

black ghetto

racial institution marked by social isolation and economic vulnerability frist formed when blacks emigrated north during the early 20th century