soci chapters 3,4,11,6
Freedom Summer
1964: 1,000 volunteers from white colleges were trained in non-violent tactics and sent to Mississippi in a massive project · Two Goals: o Increasing voter registration o Bringing quality education to Mississippi's poorest areas through the establishment of Freedom Schools
Poverty line
20% of Americans live below it
American Indian Movement
Activists participated in acts of civil disobedience that involved over seventy property seizures, including a week-long takeover of the Bureau of Indian Affairs headquarters
Real utopias
Alternative realities
Assimilation
American ideal of the melting pot
Bipolar discursive frame
An exaggerated way of thinking that relies on two paired opposites
Discursive co-optation
Appropriate the language of the Civil Rights Movement while promoting agendas aimed at dismantling the movement
Superficial representation
Process of appointing to political positions nonwhites disconnected from the needs and problems of most nonwhite citizens
Voting Rights Act of 1965
Prohibited voter discrimination, outlawed literacy tests and gave the federal government power to oversee voter registration
Prison boom
Rapid expansion of American incarceration, which began in the early 1970s and continues to this day
Supply-side economics
Reaganomics
Individual action
Requires conducting ourselves in a certain manner within the institutions to which we belong so as to promote racial justice
Code of the street
Requires them to present themselves as aggressive, hard menaces, who are not to be trifled with and who at a seconds notice could resort to violence
Coded language
Right wing politicans used it to defend the white power structure
Four useful techniques for holding people accountable
Take their prejudices seriously · Ask people questions · Do your homework · Do not turn it into a debate you think you can win
Structural disadvantage
The concentrated accumulation of overlapping and mutually reinforcing social problems in a single residential area
Principle-implemenation gap
The disconnect between what whites say they want (no discrimination) and what they do to help (nothing)
Racially polarized
The majority of whites tilt toward the GOP, while the majority of nonwhite lean in the opposite direction
Tribal Sovereignty
The power of Indian tribes to act as semi-autonomous states, designing and running their own system of governance
Interracialism
The process of forming a racially integrated political community that works toward a common goal
Lynch mob
Torture to death
Prison industrial complex
Uneasy alliance between government and private industry
Income
Wages and salaries earned from employment, retirement, or government aid
Multiculturalism
Welcomes both the outsider and her or his qualities
Opportunity hoarding
When members of one race acquire access to a resource that is valuable, renewable, and subject to monopoly and guard that resource from members of other races
Split labor market
a split market is steered by the struggles of three groups: the business elite, higher paid labor, and cheap labor
Affirmative action
an umbrella term referring to a collection of policies and practices designed to address past wrongs, institutional racism, and sexism by offering people of color and women both employment and educational opportunities.
Homosocial reproduction
filling positions of power with people who are like those already in these positions.
Welfare
government provisions intended to help disadvantaged people, including those who are poor, elderly, war veterans, unemployed, and disabled.
Corporate welfare
government provisions reserved exclusively for corporations or industries, payments and benefits including grants, contracts, subsidies, tax relief, low-interest loans, and government services.
Segregated labor force
history of racial domination in the US economy has left us with a highly segregated labor force i.e. there is still "Hispanic work" and "black work" that is actually worked by a majority of people who belong to these races.
spatial mismatch thesis
holds that jobs that employed large numbers of semi-skilled black workers were moved in large numbers from the central city to the suburbs at the end of the 20th century residential segregation
Segmented assimilation theory
mmigrants are absorbed into different segments of the American landscape
Disingenuous reflexivity
not being true to yourself and convincing yourself that you are one of the two extremes "I do not have a racist bone in my body" or "I am so completely racist; I am helpless"
Disadvantage breeds disadvantage
since blacks and Latinos are discriminated against when applying for jobs, many have spotty work history. Since they have a spotty work history, they are less attractive to employers.....etc.
Tyranny of the majority
the fact that our political system is often steered by majority interests that overrun minority rights and concerns
brain drain
the more educated, wealthy, and privileged left behind families who constituted the "truly disadvantaged"
Glass ceilings
unspoken obstacles to advancement designed to handicap members of dominated groups.
Class privileges
what assets immigrants bring with them from their home country like education and multilingual.
Student Nonviolent Coordination Committee (SNCC)
· Formed out of preexisting networks made of black clergy engaged in political action · Incorporated into one organization hundreds of politically mobilized young people, many of whom were college students
GI bill of rights
· Massive
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
· Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA) gave was to this larger and more powerful organization
Seven components of successful political protest
· Realize you have power · Build coalitions · Remember that the insurgency matters more than the insurgent organization · Exploit weaknesses in the dominant system · Do not be afraid to break some rules · Plan for the long haul
Freedom Rides
· Small group of black and white activists from a group called, "Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)", decided to test the ruling (supreme court outlawed racial segregation in interstate bus terminals) · Got as far as Birmingham from DC, then were severely beaten
Hyphenation
Does tolerate outsiders' qualities and so is less rigid than assimilation
Embedded
Economy embedded in society- its history and culture
The Civil Rights Movement
Collection of organizations and people who carried out political acts aimed at dismantling the white power structure by abolishing racial segregation, non-white disenfranchisement, and economic exploitation
Underground economy
Combined forms of enterprise classified as criminal under current law
Threat hypothesis
Compared to whites who live in racially homogeneous areas, whites who live near nonwhites are more likely to develop racist attitudes about nonwhite people
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Cracked legal segregation, outlawing discrimination on the basis of race, religion, sex or national origin in hotels, theaters, transportation, restaurants, and the workplace
Felon disenfranchisement
Effective way of diminishing nonwhite political power Implicit racial appeals · Two conditions: o politicians wish to avoid violating the norm of racial equality o politicians face incentives to mobilize racially resentful white voters reparations social movement that need not speak its name
New Deal
FDR: several programs dealing with welfare, work and war designed to uplift Americans
Montgomery Bus Boycott
First major demonstrations of the Civil Rights Movement · Few days after December 1, 1955 · Rosa Parks, in defiance of Alabama segregation laws, refused to relinquish her bus seat to a white man
Substantive representation
Genuine political representatives and those of nonwhite citizens
Selma to Montgomery March
Hundreds of activists lined up in pairs and began the march · Never made in out of Selma, were stopped with billy clubs and tear gas
White collar crime
Illegal activities: fraud, identity theft, tax evasion, money laundering
Three-Strikes law
Intensified punishment for repeat offenses, with many such laws imposing a life sentence for the third offense
Gerrymandering
Irregularly shaped political districts to secure reelection
United
Labor union dedicated to "provide farm workers and other working people with the inspiration and tools to share in society's bounty · Secured union contracts that secured fair working conditions such as rest periods, access to clean water, and pension plans
Racial intelligence
Logic, rational decision making and good sense
Deindustrialization
Manufacturing jobs began disappearing from the Northeast and Midwest
Urban street gangs
Members of which are vital players in the underground economy
White backlash
Mounted in direct response to the Civil rights movement, a backlash fueled by conservatives and liberals alike
Deterrent effect
Must weight costs with rewards of the crime
NAACP
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People · The dominant black protest organization that preceded the modern Civil Rights Movement
Vagabond laws
Outlawed begging and loitering
Wealth
Owned assets that yield monetary return, such as stocks and bonds, savings accounts, houses and real estate, business and farm ownership
Ethnic enclave
semi-autonomous economy, large or small, that is owned, operated, and managed by members of the same immigrant or ethnic community
Immigration and nationality act of 1965
Abolishing national-origin quotas
Neoliberalism
A form of social organization in which the dynamics of the market are given priority over other concerns
Scientization of politics and public opinion
A situation in which "scientific experts advise the decision makers and in which politicians consult scientists in accordance with practical needs"
black ghetto
racial institution marked by social isolation and economic vulnerability frist formed when blacks emigrated north during the early 20th century