SOCI201 Exam 2

Talcott Parson's functionalist view of the family

(1950s) nuclear family fulfills the societal need for productive workers and child nurturers

Explain Philip Zimbardo's broken window experiment and it's results

- 2 abandoned cars in different environments. In a privileged context, people were less likely to vandalize the car - Explains how social context and social cues affect the way individuals act - People who wouldn't exhibit a certain behavior in one social context might do so in another context where the behavior seems more permissible - Expansion of Zimbardo's findings led to a new approach to policing - Instead of channeling most resources into solving major crimes, they should instead try to clean up the streets and maintain order - Famously applied by Rudy Giuliani in New York City

Because of the significant increase in the use of pharmaceuticals to treat mental illness, what are some negative aspects of the change?

- Devaluation of the benefits of talk therapy - Overprescribing or misprescribingof pharmaceuticals. - Increasing power of pharmaceutical companies, which have benefited from the growth of the diagnostic approach.

White Hall studies

- Investigation of social determinants of health in the United Kingdom starting in the 1960s. - Found a strong association between occupational status and health, even when controlling for other differences and health care access. - These important studies established the interconnectedness of socioeconomic position, psychosocial factors, and health, a concept that is now at the very center of public health.

Industrial Revolution family

- Men were associated with the public world of wage-earning work. - Women were relegated to the private world of managing a household and raising children, work for which they were not paid. - Led to the creation of the "cult of domesticity."

Mohave

- alyha (male adopts female role) - hwame (female adopts male role)

structural functionalist approach to studying gender

- assumes that gender differences exists to fulfill necessary functions in society - doesn't allow for the possibility the that other structures could fulfill the same function or for the fact that structures change throughout history

Since the 1970s, what kind of change in the United States justice is noticed? and what is this evidenced by?

- change from a more rehabilitative sense of justice to a more punitive one - this is evidenced by historically high rates of incarceration

Why can it be difficult to measure crime rates over time?

- changes in how crimes are defined - fluctuations in whether people report crimes - in the case of murders, improvements in medical technology

What are some differences between fathers and mothers when it comes to childcare?

- childcare as a double or secondary activity (moms multitask) - childcare task allocation (moms do the time restrictive tasks like bathing and cooking) - time spent with children in sole charge (not many dads have alone time with kids without the mom)

James Rosenbaum's study of the Gautreaux Assisted Living Program in Chicago and the Moving to Opportunity (MTO) study

- designed to see if moving to less impoverished communities might affect the quality of life - showed that living in a quieter, less stressful environment did have very positive effects on children

In the motherhood/fatherhood impact experiment where mothers and fathers had the same job qualifications, who was advantaged and disadvantaged?

- disadvantaged mothers - advantaged fathers

psychoanalytic theories of studying gender

- focus on individualistic explanations for gender differences as opposed to societal ones - support that there are natural differences between men and women that dictate how they behave

What are some factors that have brought about significant changes in the organization of work and family life since the 1970s?

- increasing divorce rates - decreasing marriage and fertility rates - increasing participation of women in the workforce

preindustrial family

- operated like a small business - home was a site for work and production, and the entire family was involved - early modern families depended heavily on kinship networks (weakened as families became more mobile)

process of "racial formation"

- race is formed, transformed and destroyed - highlights the ongoing dilemmas of defining race and racial boundaries in social and institutional life - views race neither as an essence or biology, but also not as "mere illusion, which an ideal social order would eliminate"

Why do doctors have a great amount of social power, political power, and prestige?

- they offer a universally valued product: health and longevity - there is a limited number of doctors due to the extensive education and training as well as the strict regulation of the profession

What are some of the challenges that women still face in the working world today?

- unequal pay - the glass ceiling - motherhood penalty - sexual harassment

What was the dominant view prior to the 19th century about what vaginas and ovaries were?

- vagina = inverted penis - ovaries = testes inside the body

Navaho: "nadle"

-masculine men - feminine women - one whose sexy is ambiguous

What are Merton's 4 types of people based on prejudice and discrimination?

1. active bigot 2. timid bigot 3. fair-weather liberal 4. all-weather liberal

What are 2 things that black, latina, and transnational feminists argue and point out?

1. argue that gender doesn'tfunction in a vacuum and that gender studies must take into account that there is no single category of women or men 2. point out that some women are not only more privileged than other women but also are more privileged than some men

What are the 4 main types of healthcare since the US doesn't offer universal health care?

1. fee-for-service 2. health maintenance organizations (HMOs) 3. medicare 4. medicaid

What are 3 theories of the effects of poverty on children's life chances?

1. material deprivation 2. parenting stress hypothesis 3. poverty has "no effect" on children

In what 2 ways did Émile Durkheim theorize that social cohesion is established?

1. mechanical solidarity 2. organic solidarity

What 2 things does the labeling theory state?

1. people see how they are labeled and accept the label as being "true" 2. people behave the way they think someone with their label should behave

What are the 3 general schools of thought within the framework of the social determinants of health?

1. psychosocial 2. materialist 3. fundamental causes

What are the 3 main theories that attempt to explain why people with higher socioeconomic status have better health?

1. selection theory 2. drift explanation 3. social determinants theory

What are 4 examples of the "boy code" in our society?

1. the sturdy oak (show no emotion) 2. give them hell (take risks and dares, have no fear) 3. the big wheel (be on top/in charge, achieve high status, avoid shame) 4. no sissy stuff (feel no emotion)

What are 2 informal social sanctions of deviance and social control?

1. unspoken rules and expectations about the behavior of individuals 2. help maintain a base level of order and cohesion in society and form a foundation for formal social control

Loving v. Virginia Supreme Court Case

1967 Supreme Court Case that ended anti miscegenation laws or laws that said that interracial couples could not marry

Do married or single people tend to live longer?

Married! - it isn't clear whether marriage benefits a person's health or if healthier people tend to get married

Do women or men tend to live longer?

Women! - this can be attributed to the types of illnesses each sex is more susceptible to as well as to how willing each sex is to seek medical care

For juveniles, does time in prison increase their likelihood of their reoffending?

Yes!

poverty

a condition of deprivation due to economic circumstances that is severe enough that the individual in this condition cannot live with dignity in his or her society

nuclear/traditional family

a family consisting of a father and mother and their biological children

race

a group of people who share a set of characteristics (usually physical ones) and are said to share a common bloodline (a social construct that changes over time and across different contexts)

relative poverty

a measurement of poverty based on a percentage of the median income in a given location

stigma

a negative social label that changes your behavior toward a person and also changes that person's self-concept and social identity (has serious consequences in terms of the opportunities made available or more likely not made available to people in a group)

deterrence theory

a philosophy of criminal justice based no the notion that crime results from a rational calculation of its costs and benefits (stiffer penalties, increased prison terms, and stricter parole guidelines should help reduce crime)

gender

a social construct that consists of a set of social arrangements that are built around sex categories

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of mental Disorder (DSM)

a standard categorization of mental disorders and their definitions

polygamy

a system of marriage that allows people to have more than one spouse at a time

corporate crime

a type of white-collar crime committed by the officers or executives of a company

metrosexual

a usually urban heterosexual male given to enhancing his personal appearance by fastidious grooming, beauty treatments, and fashionable clothes

Why did the changes brought about during the Industrial Revolution lead to the erosion of kinship networks? a) As industry developed, farming and subsistence lifestyles declined because migration forced a restructuring of family units as men left to work in factories. b) Industrial processes brought greater efficiency to the family, which made it easier for members of the household to move away. c) As children took up work in factories, they became less responsive to parental authority. d) Changes in both transportation and land availability made it easier for members of the extended family to move apart.

a) As industry developed, farming and subsistence lifestyles declined because migration forced a restructuring of family units as men left to work in factories.

What have studies shown about the overall health of black and white Americans with similar incomes and education levels? a) Blacks have worse health than whites, regardless of income or education level. b) Blacks with lower income and lower education levels have higher rates of diabetes and obesity, while whites with lower income and a lower level of education have higher rates of lung cancer and a higher incidence of stroke. c )Blacks and whites with similar incomes and levels of education levels have similar health outcomes. d) Blacks with higher income and a higher level of education have higher rates of heart disease and high cholesterol, while whites in the same category have higher rates of hypertension and respiratory disease.

a) Blacks have worse health than whites, regardless of income or education level.

The changing attitudes toward marijuana can be difficult to fit into our understanding of crime. At the federal level, the drug is classified as a controlled substance and possession and distribution may carry severe penalties. In most states, possession is a criminal offense with penalties including jail. In a few states, possession is treated as a misdemeanor and in a handful of states, beginning with Colorado and Washington, recreational marijuana possession is now legal. What does this suggest about the difficulties of measuring changes in crime rates over time? a) Definitions of crimes change over time. b) Law enforcement agencies keep unreliable records. c) Increasing numbers of people are committing crimes but may not be caught. d) Federal and state laws often contradict each other.

a) Definitions of crimes change over time.

_________ is a concept presented in the Loearticle on Viagra to capture the way diagnostic categories can change in their inclusiveness in response to social forces. a) Diagnostic expansion b) Sociology of diagnosis c) Stickiness d) Fundamental causes

a) Diagnostic expansion

In his interview with Dalton Conley, David Grusky explains why the notion of perverse incentives is outdated. Which of the following is an example of a perverse incentive? a) Entry to a special honors program is based solely on grades with no review of the types of classes students have taken, so some students take easier classes the semester before applying to boost their grade point average. b) An elementary school teacher gives students candy for the correct answer even though this is forbidden by the school district. c) A woman builds a fence around her property so her children won't kick their balls into the neighbor's yard, but after the fence has been built, the neighbor complains about the noise of the children's balls hitting the fence. d) People were so enthusiastic about Nintendo Wii when it was first released that accidents occurred as customers stormed store entrances to purchase it on the day of its release.

a) Entry to a special honors program is based solely on grades with no review of the types of classes students have taken, so some students take easier classes the semester before applying to boost their grade point average.

Which of the following are characteristics of the preindustrial family? a) Families worked as a unit to produce the food, clothing, and other goods they needed to survive. b) There were very separate public and private spheres. c) A nuclear family tended to be very isolated from its extended family. d) Women ran the household and raised the children while men worked in the fields.

a) Families worked as a unit to produce the food, clothing, and other goods they needed to survive.

The Sociological Conversations interview with Victor Rios highlights the differential treatment that racial and ethnic minorities, particularly those in the inner cities, receive from a young age. In his youth, Rios often encountered police intrusion upon his daily life, including at school. What sociological idea epitomizes Rios's experience? a) Foucault's panopticon b) Goffman's total institution c) Merton's strain theory d) Durkheim's anomie

a) Foucault's panopticon

In 1964, President Lyndon Johnson declared a "War on Poverty." This ambitious plan led to the creation of numerous agencies, some of which persist today. These include which of the following? a) Head Start and College Work Study b) Environmental Protection Agency and the Department of Agriculture c) Congressional Budget Office and the Office of Minority Health d) Department of Labor and Peace Corps

a) Head Start and College Work Study

Which of the following characterized the preindustrial family? a) Husbands and wives were partners in both homemaking and economic labor. b) There were distinct differences between public and private spheres. c) Divisions between men's work and women's work were strict and reinforced by religion. d) The nuclear family was isolated from extended kin

a) Husbands and wives were partners in both homemaking and economic labor.

Why has the idea of the "traditional family" helped social scientists better understand black families in America? a) Its identification as a specific historical phenomenon that has rarely applied to black families helps us better understand the unique characteristics in a less judgmental way. b) Its identification as a universal aspect of human behavior has helped us understand the relationship between different ethnic groups more effectively. c) Its applicability to both black and Latino families has helped social scientists better understand both these groups in a less judgmental manner. d) Its identification with family characteristics found in the preindustrial period of America has helped us understand the consequences of slavery more effectively.

a) Its identification as a specific historical phenomenon that has rarely applied to black families helps us better understand the unique characteristics in a less judgmental way.

After mental illness became "medicalized," what was one major change that occurred? a) Medication replaced counseling. b) Insurance companies started paying for face-to-face treatment. c) Therapy and medications went hand in hand. d) Mental illness decreased with the use of medications.

a) Medication replaced counseling.

What concept describes an unequal effect of parenthood on employers' perceptions of male vs. female job candidates' competence and commitment? a) Motherhood penalty b) Glass ceiling c) Motherhood benefit d) Fatherhood penalty

a) Motherhood penalty

Barack Obama is frequently referred to as the first black president, even though his mother was white. What concept from the unit does this best represent? a) One drop rule b) Symbolic ethnicity c) Racialization d) Racial formation

a) One drop rule

How has the Internet affected the doctor-patient relationship? a) Patients can research their symptoms prior to meeting with a physician and may (or may not) speak more knowledgeably about their condition and possible treatments. b) Patients have less need to see physicians in person because they can research their condition and possible treatments and request treatment online. c) Patients refuse to participate in "virtual visits," which involve connecting with doctors online to ask questions. d) Confidentiality rules make less information for patients available online.

a) Patients can research their symptoms prior to meeting with a physician and may (or may not) speak more knowledgeably about their condition and possible treatments.

In the United States, the one-drop rule broadly separated people into "black" and "white." Under apartheid in South Africa, on the other hand, there were four racial categories; and in Brazil there are up to a dozen racial categories, depending on whom you ask. What general insight can we draw from these differences in racial categories? a) Racial categories are social constructs, not biological absolutes that transcend time and place. b) Brazil is a more diverse society than either South Africa or the United States. c) The United States has had stricter laws against miscegenation than either South Africa or Brazil. d) There are more blacks in the United States than in South Africa or Brazil, which influenced how racism was manifested.

a) Racial categories are social constructs, not biological absolutes that transcend time and place.

The passage of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) involved a lengthy political battle between Congress and President Obama. How did the ACA represent a shift in the relationship between doctors and patients? a) The ACA further reduced the power that doctors have. b) The ACA gave health insurance companies less power and doctors more power. c) The ACA relied on the American Medical Association to empower doctors. d) The ACA allowed millions of formerly uninsured people to choose any doctor they wanted.

a) The ACA further reduced the power that doctors have.

Which of the following is a major critique of how the poverty line is calculated in the United States? a) The formula does not reflect the fact that housing now takes up a much larger portion of family budgets. b) The formula includes income and assets, though it should only include income. c) The formula only accounts for male earnings and not female earnings for a household. d )The formula takes regional considerations into account, which creates inconsistencies.

a) The formula does not reflect the fact that housing now takes up a much larger portion of family budgets.

Why did the negative income tax experiment lead to more women leaving their marriages? a) The guaranteed payment that people received through the program meant that many women were no longer financially dependent on a man. b) People could make earnings from a low-wage job stretch further because they paid less income tax, making some women feel financially independent enough to leave their husbands. c) Two single people received a larger amount than a married couple, so the financial incentive motivated couples to split up to earn more money. d) A larger percentage of men than women took their guaranteed payment and essentially "blew through it" quickly, so to have more control over their money, some women found it better to leave their husbands.

a) The guaranteed payment that people received through the program meant that many women were no longer

What is the current gender wage gap, which is defined by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). as the "difference between male and female earnings expressed as a percentage of male earnings"? a) Women earn approximately 81 cents to every $1 men earn. b) Women earn approximately 50 cents to every $1 men earn. c) Women earn approximately 68 cents to every $1 men earn. d) Women now earn as much as men.

a) Women earn approximately 81 cents to every $1 men earn.

Josephine's parents divorced when she was five years old. By the time she was eight, both her parents had remarried and she had two stepsiblings on her father's side and a half-brother on her mother's side. Josephine's two new families are examples of what type of family? a) a blended family b) an extended family c) a nuclear family d) a kinship network

a) a blended family

What is the collective conscience? a) a set of norms by which members of society abide b) the legal system c) a measure of how well people relate to each other d) the dominant religion of a society

a) a set of norms by which members of society abide

Betty Friedan's The Feminine Mystique championed women's right to work in the early 1960s. But for many black feminists, Friedan's book ignored thousands of working women by suggesting that a) all women experience oppression in the same way. b) men benefit from relegating women to the domestic sphere. c) gender influences daily life. d) gender is constructed.

a) all women experience oppression in the same way.

In his interview with Dalton Conley, Victor Rios shares his own experience as a gang member in Oakland, California. His description of watching his best friend die in his arms, how police randomly upended his own and his friends' daily lives, and the sense of despair, chaos, and disconnection from society that resulted are a powerful reflection on what Durkheim called a) anomie. b) high social integration. c) excessive social regulation. d) social cohesion

a) anomie

The brief review of Peggy McIntosh's essay on white privilege lists just a few of the 50 privileges that McIntosh identified in her original work, which included not being asked to represent your entire race and being able to match bandage colors to your skin tone. Which of the following could also be considered white privilege? a) being able to choose any seat you wish on public transportation b) offers of scholarships based on affirmative action c) having to worry about how to pay for college d) socializing sons how to interact with police to avoid fatal confrontations

a) being able to choose any seat you wish on public transportation

Definitions of deviant behavior tend to a) change over time and vary from one context to another. b) be impervious to changes in notions of acceptable behavior. c) be defined by a few elite members of society. d) be copied from one society to another.

a) change over time and vary from one context to another.

The common faith or set of social norms by which a society and its members abide is defined by Emile Durkheim as: a) collective conscience b) anomie c) division of labor d) organic solidarity

a) collective conscience

Illegal work, multigenerational living arrangements, multifamily households, serial relationships in place of marriage, and swapping are part of the a) culture of poverty. b) failure of government programs. c) cycle of dependence. d) problem of unintended consequences.

a) culture of poverty.

Supplier-induced demand in the health care industry refers to a) doctors creating excess demand for their services. b) the scarcity of the supply of doctors in the United States relative to the number of patients. c) health insurance companies creating excess demand for doctors' services. d) patients demanding medical diagnoses and treatments for a wider range of health problems.

a) doctors creating excess demand for their services.

Gausa has fallen in love with Niso, a man who is outside her ethnic group. Her family shames her and convinces her to marry Xhoso, a man within her group. Gausais following her ethnic group's rule of a) endogamy. b) monogamy. c) exogamy. d) polygamy.

a) endogamy.

In the last few decades, women's earning power has increased, yet they continue to do more domestic work than men. The text notes that when a woman's earnings surpass that of her husband's, the husband often quits doing housework. From a sociological perspective, we might attribute this to a) entrenched norms and values concerning masculinity and femininity. b) a perceived drop in the utility of the man in the household. c) the fact that as their parents age, one of them must take on the responsibility of caring for them. d) changes in how employers provide benefits such as child care and time off to women.

a) entrenched norms and values concerning masculinity and femininity.

Between 1924 and 1979, the state of Virginia performed sterilizations on individuals deemed "unfit." This included people with epilepsy, which today is recognized and treated as a medical condition. These cases represent a manifestation of a) eugenics. b) nativism. c) social Darwinism. d) environmentalism.

a) eugenics.

In his interview with Dalton Conley, Matthew Desmond talks about the "Aspen effect," wherein people who work in fashionable places like Aspen, Colorado, are forced to commute long distances. But Desmond notes another factor that has a major impact: eviction. Families that cannot pay their rent must move and find a new place to live. The major challenge faced by those being evicted is that a) eviction is time-consuming and forces people to miss work. b) after moving due to eviction, the commute times become even longer. c) eviction takes a lot of money to fight in court. d) eviction forces families into bad neighborhoods.

a) eviction is time-consuming and forces people to miss work.

If Jerome won't have a relationship with someone who lives in his dormitory, which he jokingly refersto as "dorm-cest," he is practicing the rule known as: a) exogamy. b) cohabitation. c) endogamy. d) principleof least interest.

a) exogamy.

Native Americans have been the target of racial and ethnic abuses since Europeans arrived. In Indian Bureau boarding schools and schools provided on reservations, English was mandatory and children were severely punished if they spoke or wrote their native language, resulting in the gradual erosion of culture. This policy was an attempt at a) forced assimilation. b) ethnic cleansing. c) linguistic purity. d) educational parity.

a) forced assimilation.

Talcott Parsons's claim that the nuclear family was necessary to modern industrial society because it fulfilled society's need for productive workers (men) and child rearers (women) is an example of a functionalist approach to sociology. The main problem with this idea is that the a) function of fulfilling a need for productive workers is not exclusively that of a single institution. b) function of fulfilling a need for productive workers is a matter of gender and not of family. c) problem of how to fulfill the need for productive workers is more clearly understood as a symbolic process. d) entire idea of a productive worker in modern society is a fallacy.

a) function of fulfilling a need for productive workers is not exclusively that of a single institution.

Talcott Parsons'sclaim that the traditional family was necessary to modern industrial society because it fulfilled society's need for productive workers (fathers) and childrearers(women) is an example of a __________ approach to sociology. a) functionalist b) micro-level c) symbolic interactionist d) postmodern

a) functionalist

Which of the following jobs could be described as a "pink-collar" job in the United States? a) hotel maid b) nurse practitioner c) professor d) human resources manager

a) hotel maid

A child struggles to learn how to read and is frequently teased about it by his siblings and referred to as "slow" by his parents and teachers. He underperforms in school and never thinks about going to college. Ultimately, he drops out before graduating from high school, telling the school counselor that he's just not "book smart." This is an example of which theory of deviance? a) labeling theory b) strain theory c) reflection theory d) role theory

a) labeling theory

We often see sex and gender as immutable: sex is a biological fact, which in turn determines the gender of an individual. As the examples of Deirdre McCloskey and David Reimer demonstrate, however, neither sex nor gender are as straightforward as many people would like to believe. A lot of how we understand sex and gender is found in how we understand the differences and interplay between a) nature and nurture. b) sex and sexuality. c) men and women. d) sexual preference and social environment.

a) nature and nurture.

Winona is picking up her children from day care. Her nine-hour minimum-wage shift as a temp leaves her exhausted. As she piles her two kids into the car, she loses her temper after one of them refuses to sit still for her to fasten the seatbelt. Winona's solution is to yell at the child until he does what she asks. A sociologist might say that Winona's situation is an example of the a) parenting stress hypothesis. b) absolute definition of poverty. c) worst form of child abuse. d) way wealth creates poverty.

a) parenting stress hypothesis

Tyrone is frustrated by having submitted dozens of resumes to tech companies around the Pacific Northwest, resulting in zero job interviews. He decides to try submitting three resumes as "Tyler," and receives two calls from prospective employers. What is this an example of? a) passing b) withdrawal c) assimilation d) acceptance

a) passing

Following the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, the U.S. government decreed that all people of Japanese descent living in the United States, whether or not they were citizens, were subject to internment in concentration camps. At the time, enclaves of Japanese Americans thrived in several American cities. The fear and rejection of anyone with Japanese ancestry following the attacks reflected a decline in a) pluralism. b) ethnocentrism. c) racism. d) segregation.

a) pluralism.

In the text, we read about Marlin, who was fed by food stamps, housed by the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), and moved through the education system into prison. Marlin's life is a case study of the puzzle of whether a) poverty is the cause or the result of social problems. b) individuals provided for by so many institutions can be considered truly poor. c) income is the primary cause of poverty. d) the poverty line is accurately measured.

a) poverty is the cause or the result of social problems.

Avi is disappointed that his daughter is marrying a Latino immigrant because he thinks Latinos oppose women having successful careers. This is an example of a) prejudice. b) discrimination. c) ethnocentrism. d) racialization.

a) prejudice.

In 1942, 120,000 Japanese Americans were sent by federal order to internment camps. Afterward, all Asian Americans (regardless of their country of origin and/or U.S. citizenship status) went from being a relatively unnoticed group to being singled out for discrimination. This is known as: a) racialization. b) whiteness. c) prejudice. d) stereotyping.

a) racialization.

Wellesley College made the news after experiencing a large number of students who applied as women but then made the decision to transition to male after they enrolled. At a historically all-women's college, this presents a challenge. One of the central questions that the college faces now is reconciling what kind of difference with this student population? a) sex and gender b) gender and sexuality c) social status and sexual identity d) sex and sexuality

a) sex and gender

In her interview with Dalton Conley, Devah Pager discusses her fieldwork in Milwaukee and New York, in which she sent out job applicants, both black and white, with half of them pretending to have prison records. Pager found that having a criminal record negatively affected an applicant's ability to be offered a job. In addition, she found that black applicants were far less likely to be called back for an interview than white applicants. This racial disparity in hiring indicates unconscious stereotypes in the minds of the hirers, in addition to the challenge of a criminal record's a) stigma. b) secondary deviance. c) class solidarity. d) organic solidarity.

a) stigma.

Although deviant behavior can be threatening and damaging, paradoxically it also: a) strengthens society by exercising mechanisms that preserve cohesion. b) benefits as many people as it harms. c) fizzles out once it becomes too damaging. d) can never be precisely defined due to constantly changing social construction.

a) strengthen society by exercising mechanisms that preserve cohesion

Following a friend's biopsy, which was benign, the doctor and the staff scheduled a few future appointments for her. Your friend tells you how difficult it was to try to stop what she called "auto-bookings." Within the medical profession, this approach to health care is common and refers to a) supplier-induced demand. b) continuity of care. c) managed care. d) patient hysteria.

a) supplier-induced demand.

According to sociologist Jennifer Pierce's research on gender disparities in the legal field, trial lawyers perform masculine emotional labor, using aggression, intimidation, and manipulation, behavior which is often deemed inappropriate ("bitchy") when enacted by female litigators. What social fact does this help us understand? a) the discrepancy between women's representation among law school and their representation among partners at law firms b) the tendency of female litigators to use a "motherly" approach to win cases c) the wage gap between male and female trial lawyers d) the lack of women judges

a) the discrepancy between women's representation among law school and their representation among partners at law firms

The GautreauxAssisted Living Program in Chicago and the Moving to Opportunity study provided opportunities to explore a) the effects of living in a low-poverty versus a high-poverty neighborhood. b) how home ownership affects parental employment children's education. c) regional differences in public housing programs. d) how social conditions come to be a greater determinant of outcomes than income.

a) the effects of living in a low-poverty versus a high-poverty neighborhood.

Numerous methods have been devised to ensure that people's racial categorization was clear. The "one-drop" rule was a particular U.S. method, which arose from miscegenation laws forbidding interracial marriage. The fundamental flaw with the "one-drop" rule is that a) the one-drop rule depended on a nonexistent ability or test to detect, biologically, the presence of African heritage. b) the one-drop rule was not as accurate a determination as other tests. c) enforcement of the one-drop rule meant that, if found out, the individuals would need to get a divorce. d) the one-drop rule required blood testing verification of race on birth certificates, which were later used to reinforce antimiscegenation laws.

a) the one-drop rule depended on a nonexistent ability or test to detect, biologically, the presence of African heritage.

Which of the following statements most accurately describes the notion of traditional family (stay-at-home mom and working father) in U.S. history? The traditional family: a) was unique to a particular time in history (1950s) and in broader historical view, seems almost unusual. b) is a phrase that, when correctly used, describes preindustrial families. c) is the family arrangement that best defines America's history. d) was the dominant family for Americans of all races and classes until recently.

a) was unique to a particular time in history (1950s) and in broader historical view, seems almost unusual.

In her interview with Dalton Conley, Jennifer Lee observes that the black-white divide is now the black-nonblack divide. Her argument is based on the experiences of first- and second-generation Asians and Latinos, a group in which each successive generation's outcomes improve. Among black Americans this is not the case, however. Disparities are apparent between blacks and all other groups in a) wealth and educational attainment. b) wealth and income. c) marriage patterns and net worth. d) ability to solve their own problems involving poverty.

a) wealth and educational attainment.

secondary deviance

acts of rule breaking that occur after primary deviance and as a result of a person's new, deviant label

Social Darwinism

another nineteenth-century theory that was the notion that some groups or races had evolved more than others thus were better fit to survive e and even to rule other races

social deviance

any transgression of socially established norms

the culture of poverty theory

argues that poor people adopt certain practices, which differ from those of middle-class, "mainstream" society, in order to adapt and survive in difficult economic circumstances

concept of the sick role

assigns a sick person rights and obligations, but doesn't take into account how social conditions can affect a person's health

Term for the way that gender performance is constrained by social expectations in West and Zimmerman's theory of "Doing Gender"? a) Social construction of gender b) Accountability c) Gender role incongruity d) Intersectionality

b) Accountability

In the United States, the infant mortality rate is highest for which of the following groups? a) Latinos b) African Americans c) Native Americans d) Asians and Pacific Islanders

b) African Americans

The documentary Unequal Causes uses which concept to discuss the relationship between inequality and mortality rates? a) Parenting stress hypothesis b) Excess death c) Fundamental causes d) Psychosocial effects

b) Excess death

Which of the following best captures West and Zimmerman's argument in "Doing Gender" that gender is something we do? a) Gender is a role we play, which we can perform and change at will. b) Gender is less a fixed component of identity that we take with us into our interactions than it is the product of those interactions. c) We are forced to reiterate our gender over and over because it is such an unstable category that it must be performed constantly. d) Secondary sex characteristics are more important than primary sex characteristics.

b) Gender is less a fixed component of identity that we take with us into our interactions than it is the product of those interactions.

Same-sex marriage is now legal in all U.S. states, and the number of people marrying those of the same sex has skyrocketed, with such couples becoming more visible in society. In Brazil, the travesti take on distinctly female characteristics, yet declare themselves as men and have penetrative sex with men who appear exclusively as male. How do these two different examples help describe the difference between homosexuality and homosexual behavior? a) Homosexuality is a fixed social identity that is determined at birth, and homosexual behavior is the outward manifestation of that identity. b) Homosexuality is a certain social identity, whereas homosexual behavior is an activity that is not necessarily tied to a social identity. c) Homosexuality involves obtaining a social identity through repeated homosexual behavior. d) There is no difference between homosexuality and homosexual behavior.

b) Homosexuality is a certain social identity, whereas homosexual behavior is an activity that is not necessarily tied to a social identity.

How has the timing of the transition to a free-market economy been used to partially explain the great difference in inequality and poverty between the United States and other advanced democracies? a) Countries that transitioned to a free-market economy later than the United States usually had a more centralized form of government that could impose very high taxes on citizens. b) Institutions that could better protect the weak or disadvantaged were more fully developed in countries that transitioned to a free-market economy later than the United States. c) institutions that could better protect the weak or disadvantaged were more fully developed in countries that transitioned to a free-market economy sooner than the United States. d) Countries that transitioned to a free-market economy later than the United States usually had no history of feudalism.

b) Institutions that could better protect the weak or disadvantaged were more fully developed in countries that transitioned to a free-market economy later than the United States.

Which of the following schools of thought maintains that there is no singular meaning for gender, which varies depending on one's other social identities? a) Gender queer b) Intersectionality c) Two spirit d) Accountability

b) Intersectionality

After studying the story of FouaYang and her daughter Lia, what might a sociologist say to doctorsserving in cross-cultural settings? a) Medical conditions and treatment must be explained in basic terms that the patient can understand. b) Medical conditions can be interpreted in different ways, and these differences are not easily reconciled. c) It is better for patients to make health care decisions themselves, because when families get involved, it becomes too complicated. d) Grief is long-lasting.

b) Medical conditions can be interpreted in different ways, and these differences are not easily reconciled.

Which of the following is an accepted explanation for higher mortality rates among men? a) Men are less likely than women to stick to a healthy diet and exercise plan. b) Men are less likely than women to see a doctor for seemingly minor illnesses or injuries that can become more serious if not treated. c) Even among men and women with similarly stressful jobs, men tend to cope by eating, smoking, and drinking, while women are more likely to exercise to deal with the stress. d) Men are genetically predisposed to develop forms of cancer that are more likely to lead to death.

b) Men are less likely than women to see a doctor for seemingly minor illnesses or injuries that can become more serious if not treated.

Which of the following statements is most closely associated with a conflict theory approach to gender studies? a) Boys and girls develop masculine and feminine personality structures through interactions with their parents. b) Men benefit economically from women's inferior position in the family and the workplace. c) Women are socialized to prioritize the private, domestic sphere over the public sphere of wage-earning work. d) The traditional family is the best way to meet society's constant need to add to the labor force.

b) Men benefit economically from women's inferior position in the family and the workplace.

What is feminist philosopher Elizabeth Grosz's model for the relationship between sex and gender? a) base and superstructure b) Möbius strip c) conductor and orchestra d) character and performer

b) Möbius strip

According to West and Zimmerman, is it possible to avoid doing gender? a) Yes b) No c) Sometimes d) Rarely

b) No

How do street crime and white-collar crime compare in terms of cost to society and prevalence? a) Street crime costs society more, while white-collar crime is more prevalent. b) Street crime is the most prevalent type of crime, while white-collar crime has greater financial impact. c) Street crime and white-collar crime cost society roughly the same, though street crime is more prevalent. d) Street crime is the most prevalent type of crime and is also more costly to society than white-collar crime.

b) Street crime is the most prevalent type of crime, while white-collar crime has greater financial impact.

Same-sex marriage has been at the forefront of America's "culture wars" for over a decade. What progress preceded the Supreme Court's 2015 decision to legalize same-sex marriage nationally? a) The federal tax code allowed same-sex couples to file a joint return. b) The Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) was struck down. c) A majority of Americans agreed that a heterosexual union need not define a family. d) A majority of states legalized same-sex marriage.

b) The Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) was struck down.

Why do many women often "bite the second shift bullet" when the threat of a divorce looms? a) The threat of abuse forces them into this decision. b) The anticipated financial cost of a divorce leads them to this decision. c) The cost of childcare leads them to this decision. d) The appeal of the "supermom" role leads them to make this choice.

b) The anticipated financial cost of a divorce leads them to this decision.

Which of the following is partially responsible for the comparatively high levels of inequality found in the United States today? a) The top-down nature of federal power makes a providing a comprehensive safety net impossible. b) There have been efforts to prevent blacks from political participation. c) Political institutions in the United States have been able to protect the weak. d) A culture of state paternalism developed.

b) There have been efforts to prevent blacks from political participation.

A family that cannot afford the basic necessities of life or purchase enough to physically sustain its members lives in: a) objective poverty. b) absolute poverty. c) marginal poverty. d) relative poverty.

b) absolute poverty.

Some theorists argue that there can never be an absolute definition of poverty. In fact, the text suggests that wealth actually creates poverty. In other words, poverty is a) impossible to ever measure with certainty. b) always relational. c) based on the needs of individuals. d) contingent on family size.

b) always relational.

Herrnstein and Murray questioned whether poverty was a result of ________ conditions or whether itactually caused limited opportunities for children. a) educational b) biological c) environmental d) structural

b) biological

Alain's daughter wears dresses, plays with dolls, and likes to pretend she is a princess. Alain does not think society has influenced her preferences or games at all. He views his daughter as evidence that human behavior is determined by genes and hormones. Which term best describes Alain's views? a) dimorphism b) biological determinism c) the binary system d) essentalism

b) biological determinism

Understanding of gender as caused by biology: a) sex category b) biological determinism c) gender role d) intersexuality

b) biological determinism

Your good friend Emma comes to you in a state of exasperation and tells you that she just left the women's bathroom and saw what she swears was a man dressed in women's clothing walking in. "Men need to use their own bathroom. There's a reason we have different restrooms for different sexes!" Emma is expressing what many people feel, reflecting ideas about a) feminism. b) biological determinism. c) the one-sex model. d) the nature versus nurture argument.

b) biological determinism.

This chapter concludes with a look at the criminal justice system of the United States, noting that incarceration rates have risen significantly. A close look at current prison populations in America shows that the largest percentage of prison inmates are a) Hispanic. b) black. c) women. d) white.

b) black.

There was an empty lot in a middle-class neighborhood, maintained by a nearby resident. That man moved away, and within a few weeks several bags of garbage and some old furniture were sitting in the lot. Then an old car was parked in the lot and teenagers started to gather there to drink beer and hang out. Within a few months, there was a mugging by the lot and the police made a handful of arrests for drug dealing there. This series of events is an illustration of __________ theory. a) differential opportunity b) broken windows c) labeling d) strain

b) broken windows

In his interview with Dalton Conley, Mario Luis Small notes that the culture of poverty argument has been rejected empirically and theoretically due to its flaws. In its place, what does Small suggests as an explanatory tool in research about poverty? a) race b) culture c) urban poverty d) economics

b) culture

A politician who argues that poverty causes people to reject the practices of "mainstream" society is making a(n) ______ argument. a) Functionalist b) culture of poverty c) Marxist d) life chances

b) culture of poverty

Robert Park's model of how immigrants adapted to a new setting was called straight-line assimilation. Milton Gordon refined this theory and suggested that an immigrant population can pass through seven stages of assimilation. Harold Isaacs then observed that, despite what seemed to be full assimilation, ethnic identity persisted. His findings led Clifford Geertz to conclude that because it was not biological, ethnicity must be the result of a) conflict and competition. b) culture. c) accommodation and tolerance. d) the "melting pot."

b) culture.

To combat rising crime rates, a state introduces tough new sentencing laws. The hopes of politicians and law enforcement officials for a subsequent decrease in crime are based on a) Foucault's theory of discipline. b) deterrence theory. c) differential opportunity theory. d) labeling theory.

b) deterrence theory.

Prejudice is to discrimination as thinking is to: a) believing b) doing c) developing d) being

b) doing

The Moving to Opportunity study didn't show any change in which factors between the control and treatment groups? a) test scores and truancy b) employment and earnings c) injuries and asthma d) violence and health

b) employment and earnings

Nancy is a white woman who believes all races are equal, and she is committed to civic groups that promote diversity. She is walking down the street and passes a white man. She acknowledges him with a nod. She sees a black man coming down the street, and she crosses to the other side of the street to avoid passing by him because his blackness makes her feel unsafe. Robert Merton would describe Nancy as a(n): a) active bigot b) fair-weather liberal c) timid bigot d) all-weather liberal

b) fair-weather liberal

What is one of the two strongest predictor of sibling-on-sibling violence? a) genetic factors b) fathers with short tempers c) poverty d) single-parent households

b) fathers with short tempers

The battle over bathroom access for transgender Americans is expressed through their use of hashtags such as #WeJustNeedtoPee on social media. In making this statement, these individuals are expressing their desire to use bathrooms that correspond to their a) sex. b) gender. c) biology. d) sexuality

b) gender.

The classification of homosexuality as a deviant personality type by the American Psychiatric Association and the American Psychological Association, which was only changed in 1973, as well as the U.S. Supreme Court ruling in 2003 decriminalizing homosexual sex, both reflect Michel Foucault's assertion that a) changes in the nineteenth century with regard to the notion of the ideal man required a categorization of "deviance." b) homosexuality appears as the result of the state and the medical profession's interests in asserting their power. c) the development of the field of psychoanalysis in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries initiated a careful evaluation of deviant sexuality. d) society has a need to establish cohesion by identifying and classifying all forms of deviant behavior.

b) homosexuality appears as the result of the state and the medical profession's interests in asserting their power.

Jane is a single mother in poverty. She has intermittent, low-paying employment. Because she isforced to move a lot, she hasn't established a reliable social network for support or friendships for her children. To determine what effect this has on her children's outcomes, what factors would the parenting stress hypothesis examine? a) Jane's ability to secure the basic necessities of life, including food, clothing, and socioemotional support for her children b) household stress levels and their effect on Jane's patience and parenting style c) welfare policies in the city Jane moved to d) parental and children's IQ

b) household stress levels and their effect on Jane's patience and parenting style

The Tobachnik family has one son and two daughters. The son mows the lawn and takes out the garbage. The daughters do laundry, dust, vacuum, and clean up after meals. This distribution of the chores is an example of a) the importance of teaching children to share household management duties. b) how gender roles are learned at home. c) the natural division of labor between boys and girls. d) children bearing part of the burden of women's "second shift."

b) how gender roles are learned at home.

Suppose you are a participant in an online forum where people review online games, and one participant recently posted an angry rant in all caps, which elicited a harsh rebuke from several other users. Such a reprimand is a kind of a) formal social sanction. b) informal social sanction. c) expression of mechanical solidarity. d) violation of the collective conscience.

b) informal social sanction.

Feminists argue that gender matters because a) it is the basis of sex role theory. b) it structures social relations between people. c) it emphasizes natural differences that exist between men and women. d) there are roles for which men are better suited and other roles for which women are better suited.

b) it structures social relations between people.

Which of the following is an example of a symbolic interactionist theory of deviance? a) strain theory b) labeling theory c) normative theory d) functionalist theory

b) labeling theory

Melinda is a woman with advanced diabetes who no longer works or performs household tasks for her family. Her husband and children work to support the household and care for her. She won't take insulin and won't change her diet because she says she is too sick. Using Talcott Parson's role theory, we can see that Melinda is: a) living out the sick role according to the theory. b) living out part of the sick role, but failing to meet her obligation to comply with doctor's orders. c) an exception to the sick role, because her condition is congenital. d) creating psychological "sickness" in her family, as the theory predicts.

b) living out part of the sick role, but failing to meet her obligation to comply with doctor's orders.

A society characterized by a high degree of sameness among the individual participants, in which participants perform largely the same functions, has ______ solidarity. a) anomic b) mechanical c) egoistic d) organic

b) mechanical

In her interview with Dalton Conley, Paula England highlights the changing gender dynamics of relationships for college students. England's research found that students hook up rather than date, and that when they do, "something sexual happens" (which may or may not be intercourse). In contrast, dating has a very different meaning than hooking up, with the expectation that it might mean a relationship, and that it is a) only done after college. b) monogamous. c) not done for pleasure. d) a guarantee of marriage.

b) monogamous.

Jane does a study of illness rates and how they vary by gender. She is studying ______ rates. a) mortality b) morbidity c) acuteness d) sickness

b) morbidity

Marissa Mayer was appointed the CEO of Yahoo Corporation in July 2012. While she did not become not the highest paid CEO in the United States, her position suggests that a) more women are able to negotiate better salaries. b) more women are able to break the glass ceiling. c) more women are able to enter technical fields. d) more women are overcoming the obstacles to better pay and prestige.

b) more women are able to break the glass ceiling.

In the Moynihan report, The Negro Family, released in 1965, it was found that 25 percent of black wives outearned their husbands, leading the report to conclude that there was a "pathological" matriarchy. One of the chief conclusions that emerged from this report was that black women a) spent too much time away from home. b) needed to be more feminine in order to be successful wives. c) were a reminder that women in general can be powerful and successful. d) were the fundamental cause of poverty

b) needed to be more feminine in order to be successful wives.

The U.S. television show Sister Wives tells the true story of Kody Brown, a Utah man with four wives. Existing legal sanctions in the United States prohibit polygamy, including the type of polygamy that Brown practiced, which is referred to as a) polyandry. b) polygyny. c) monogamy. d) polyamory.

b) polygyny.

What factors, besides access to drug therapies, are key to fighting diseases in developing countries? a) increasing access to urban areas b) proper nutrition and clean water c) population control d) monetary support from financial institutions

b) proper nutrition and clean water

The text discusses the plight of the Irish immigrants in the United States in the late 1800s, when vicious, racially motivated attacks were directed toward them. In 2014, there was a series of angry demonstrations in Waterford, a town in Ireland, directed against the Roma (formerly referred to as gypsies). The irony of the attacks on the Roma in Waterford is that, like the anti-Irish attacks in the United States, they are an example of a) prejudice. b) racism. c) discrimination. d) racialization.

b) racism.

Tracy rejects the goals of owning a big house and earning lots of money, which she feels are defined by society. However, she still works hard and follows the rules. Robert Merton would classify Tracy as a(n): a) innovator. b) ritualist. c) retreatist. d) rebel.

b) ritualist

In the nineteenth century, theories of race moved from religious-based racism to: a) neo-racism b) scientific racism c) humanistic racism d) political racism

b) scientific racism

The model family in the 1950s in America was a happy, simple one. Mom stayed home and raised the kids, and Dad went to work and made a good living. Even the dog was happy. In this nuclear family model, we can clearly see the structure of a) postmodern theory. b) sex role theory. c) Marxist theory. d) "doing gender."

b) sex role theory.

Which of the following was NOT discussed in this chapter as an arena in which the gender dichotomy is being destabilized on college campuses? a) personal pronouns b) study abroad offices c) residence halls d) sports

b) study abroad offices

Steve is a white American whose family has lived in the United States for 200 years. During the Olympics, Steve cheers for Britain in swimming, because, he says, "I'm British!" During soccer, he cheers for Sweden, saying, "I have some Swedish in me, too!" Steve is displaying: a) white racial identity b) symbolic ethnicity c) externally imposed ethnicity d) exclusive white ethnicity

b) symbolic ethnicity

A woman whose maternal grandparents came to the United States from Norway participates in a Norwegian folk dance group and bakes Norwegian pastries for special occasions. This is an example of a) inherited ethnicity. b) symbolic ethnicity. c) racialization. d) assimilation.

b) symbolic ethnicity.

A sociologist studying the meaning of bicycle theft finds that the young men in her neighborhood who steal bicycles do so as a way or proving that they are more clever than the owners of expensive bicycles, since they can get away with rifling through unlocked or poorly secured garages, porches, and basements unnoticed. In a way, stealing these pieces of sports equipment is a sport in itself for the thieves. This researcher's focus on how those who steal bicycles think of their actions is an example of a) means-ends theory of deviance. b) symbolic interactionism. c) functionalist theory. d) social control.

b) symbolic interactionism.

Which of the following is an example of informal deviance? a) spray painting public property b) telling the hostess of a dinner party the main dish was oversalted c) cheating on a sociology exam in college d) driving drunk

b) telling the hostess of a dinner party the main dish was oversalted

A surgeon recommends surgery to make the genitals of an intersex infant conform to an ideal of normal genitalia. A sociologist might view the doctor's recommendation as a result of a) medical necessity. b) the belief in a binary sex system. c) a social emergency. d) a spectrum approach to gender

b) the belief in a binary sex system.

People who are born into poverty and ultimately raise their own children in poverty learn how to live in poverty. They learn the norms and values associated with that particular way of life. Oscar Lewis called this: a) the War on Poverty. b) the culture of poverty. c) the informal social safety net. d) cascading pathologies.

b) the culture of poverty.

One of the consequences of mass incarceration in the United States has been a) a more equal percentage of races in prison. b) the disenfranchisement of millions of former felons. c) a more efficient prison system. d) the development of successful work-training programs for inmates.

b) the disenfranchisement of millions of former felons.

During World War II, the U.S. economy suffered. With imposed price and wage controls, employers were often not able to offer raises to employees who worked long hours at hard, sometimes hazardous, jobs. Instead, many companies began to offer free health care as a benefit. This is often cited as the origin of a) safety monitoring in the workplace. b) the employer-based health care system. c) laws preventing the government from imposing price controls. d) tax laws allowing individuals to deduct benefits from their taxes.

b) the employer-based health care system.

In our society, many people take for granted that sex has only two categories and tend to ignore facts that suggest sex itself is socially constructed. Which of the following is an outcome of this sexual dichotomization? a) viewing sexual variation as a part of our diversity as a species b) the exclusion of those who don't fit neatly into one category or the other c) the common belief that a person's genitalia do not always correspond to a person's gender d) the assumption that gender is fluid

b) the exclusion of those who don't fit neatly into one category or the other

The Nazi regime's belief that it had to protect a superior race from contamination by inferior races stemmed in part from a) the concept of racialization. b) the notion of social Darwinism. c) the science of phrenology. d) concerns about racial passing.

b) the notion of social Darwinism.

It was not until 1967 that black-white marriage was legalized in the United States as a result of the case of Loving v. Virginia. For many people, that couple's union represented a violation of social norms because a) there were clear social sanctions that they chose to ignore. b) they married outside their group. c) they were from very different socioeconomic backgrounds. d) they were social equivalents with very different backgrounds.

b) they married outside their group.

Which of the following is an example of medicalization? a) increasing requirements for medical degrees b) viewing drug addiction as a disease that can be treated c) an increase in antibiotic-resistant strains of diseases from overprescribing antibiotics d) decreased rates of elective cesarean sections in the United States

b) viewing drug addiction as a disease that can be treated

organic solidarity

based on the interdependence of specialized parts of members

mechanical solidarity

based on the sameness of society's parts or members

intersexuality

biological variation in sex (genitals, hormones, internal sex organs, chromosomes)

What is the difference between "sex" and "gender"? a) "Gender" refers to physiological differences between men and women; "sex" refers to differences that various cultures attach to physiological sexual differences. b) "Gender" is about thought; "sex" is about emotion. c) "Sex" refers to physiological differences between men and women; "gender" refers to differences that various cultures attach to physiological sexual differences. d) They are essentially the same thing.

c) "Sex" refers to physiological differences between men and women; "gender" refers to differences that various cultures attach to physiological sexual differences.

In research by sociologists Kathryn Edin and Laura Lein, what did they find that contradicts the media myth of lazy welfare mothers? a) It took as long as eight years for the welfare system to process a request to move off of welfare. b) Single mothers on welfare stayed only long enough to qualify for welfare-to-work programs. c) All single mothers prefer self-reliance to welfare. d) Most single mothers do not seek job training that would allow them to get off welfare.

c) All single mothers prefer self-reliance to welfare.

What does the example of the nadle in Navajo tribes teach us about gender? a) All indigenous cultures more easily embrace nonstandard notions of gender. b) Western notions of gender have been imposed on non-Western cultures. c) Binary concepts of gender are not absolute and unchanging. d) Gender can change on a daily basis.

c) Binary concepts of gender are not absolute and unchanging.

n the documentary clip, The House We Live In, which of the following were presented as examples of the social construction of race: a) Different definitions of whiteness in different states, so that one's race could change when crossing state lines. b) Inconsistent use of scientific definitions of whiteness depending on whether they agreed with social and political beliefs. c) Both a & b. d) None of the above.

c) Both a & b.

Why are Asian Americans sometimes labeled a "model minority"? a) Asian Americans have experienced very little discrimination because they have adapted so well to white norms. b) In general, Asian Americans have not tried to hold on to their ethnic identities and have instead adopted white culture. c) Compared to other minorities, most Asian Americans have achieved educational and financial success in the United States. d) Asian immigration has mostly brought highly educated and highly skilled people to the United States.

c) Compared to other minorities, most Asian Americans have achieved educational and financial success in the United States.

What has research revealed about the effect of divorce on children? a) Divorce does not harm children. b) Divorce is bad for children. c) Divorce has different effects on different kids, even within a single family. d) Divorce is worse for boys than girls.

c) Divorce has different effects on different kids, even within a single family.

In his interview with Dalton Conley, Andrew Cherlin states that the most politically and religiously conservative states in the United States have the highest levels of divorce. How does he explain this seemingly contradictory finding? a) Divorce has only recently become socially acceptable in these states, leading to a sharp rise in divorce levels. b) The average age of first marriage is younger in these states, which have higher odds of ending in divorce. c) Economic struggles, not personal values, may contribute to rocky marriages, and these states are relatively poor. d) Higher fertility levels in these states are associated with increased pressure on couples, which is detrimental to marriage.

c) Economic struggles, not personal values, may contribute to rocky marriages, and these states are relatively poor.

Which of the following scenarios represents a common gender imbalance of domestic chores in the United States? a) Kimya is primarily responsible for the children as well as cooking and cleaning during the week; Pablo takes on all those responsibilities on the weekends. b) Chandra does most of the cooking and cleaning; Shawn usually picks the kids up from school and helps them with homework. c) Marta does most of the grocery shopping, cooking, and laundry; James mows the lawn, makes chili on special occasions, and cleans the garage twice a year. d) Amy does most of the laundry, cleaning, and gardening; Lucas does most of the cooking and usually walks and feeds the dogs.

c) Marta does most of the grocery shopping, cooking, and laundry; James mows the lawn, makes chili on special occasions, and cleans the garage twice a year.

According to Durkheim, why is a society predominantly bound by mechanical solidarity more likely to apply punitive justice rather than rehabilitative justice to a person who violates a law or social norm? a) Such societies do not yet have the intellectual capacity to develop more sophisticated punitive measures. b) A society characterized by mechanical solidarity exhibits little social control over criminals and noncriminals. c) People in such a society are bound by sameness, and any violation of social norms must be punished severely to reinforce the boundaries of acceptable behavior. d) People in such a society view themselves only as agents of social order and not as objects of social order as well.

c) People in such a society are bound by sameness, and any violation of social norms must be punished severely to reinforce the boundaries of acceptable behavior.

Policy influenced by David Grusky'swork would likely: a) target the underclass for character education. b) intervene in the generational transmission of values that encourage poverty. c) Reduce or eliminate residential segregation. d) reduce the safety net and encourage the poor to take advantage of mainstream economicopportunities.

c) Reduce or eliminate residential segregation.

What might be the reason why gay and lesbian couples spend twice as long doing domestic chores as their heterosexual equivalents? a) Both partners earn at similar levels in the labor market, so they act equally egalitarian at home. b) Same-sex couples with children must do twice as much to compensate for the lack of parenting skills. c) Same-sex couples see domestic work as legitimizing their households, which makes domestic work a validating activity. d) Same-sex couples do not have children in the same numbers as heterosexual couples, and therefore have more time to devote to domestic work.

c) Same-sex couples see domestic work as legitimizing their households, which makes domestic work a validating activity.

Family wealth means debt subtracted from salable assets. Given the prevalence of debt for those in poverty, what are the possible implications for inheritance for the children of impoverished parents? a) The debt is passed to the children, making debt heritable. b) All assets owned by the deceased are used to pay off the debt, making the inheritance to the children of poor people low or nonexistent. c) Since people living in poverty rarely have salable assets such as a house, there is usually nothing to pass on to their children. d) The courts may excuse inheritors (the children) from any financial obligations incurred by the parents, meaning that poverty is not inevitably heritable.

c) Since people living in poverty rarely have salable assets such as a house, there is usually nothing to pass on to their children.

What is the paradox of using antibiotics to fight bacterial infections? a) Antibiotics are very effective at fighting bacterial infections, but they can also trigger other illnesses in patients who use them. b) As antibiotics have become more effective and available, their price has increased, making it more difficult for the people who need them most to obtain them. c) The increased use of antibiotics has led to the development of antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria. d) As antibiotics have become cheaper, pharmaceutical companies choose to focus on developing more profitable drugs, with an accompanying decrease in research and development for basic antibiotics.

c) The increased use of antibiotics has led to the development of antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria.

Height brings benefits to the tall, so we expect good things for the Dutch, who are now the tallest in the world. What is part of the reason why the United States lags behind in average height, despite the nation's general prosperity? a) Earning more money leads to poor health due to poor diet and exercise habits and excessive work among Americans. b) Shorter people in the United States lead unusually unhealthy lifestyles. c) The psychological stress induced in victims of the inequality present in the United States may exact a toll via stress reactions. d) Compared to Americans, Dutch people spend less money on junk food when they are rich.

c) The psychological stress induced in victims of the inequality present in the United States may exact a toll via stress reactions.

Meanings of race change over time and depend on social context. Whom we consider to be"white" has changed throughout history. New boundaries are also drawn around formerly unnoticed groups of people (e.g., racialization). What is the sociological term for this? a) Colorblindness b) Majority-minority relations c) The social construction of race d) Symbolic ethnicity

c) The social construction of race

While racial justice advocates might seem to be cheered by the use of DNA databases in identifying perpetrators of crimes, what potential grounds for injustice do these databases create? a) They can only identify people with African ancestry generally, rather than down to an individual, thus casting the net of criminality more widely. b) They are only available to richer police forces. c) They are more likely to include black individuals, making their relatives easier to identify in run-ins with police than uncatalogued whites. d) They cannot be used to overturn past convictions

c) They are more likely to include black individuals, making their relatives easier to identify in run-ins with police than uncatalogued whites.

How did the development of licensing standards in the nineteenth century affect the medical profession? a) They led to an increase in demand for medical training as the profession became more appealing. b) They led to the emergence of more specialties and subspecialties in the field of medicine. c) They made the medical profession more exclusive and gave doctors more economic power. d) They gave patients the power to hold doctors accountable for their actions through legal action.

c) They made the medical profession more exclusive and gave doctors more economic power.

Poverty can best be defined as a) when a household's income falls below a percentage of the median income in a given location. b) the unequal distribution of wealth that results from private ownership. c) a condition of deprivation due to economic circumstances that is severe enough that the individual in this condition cannot live with dignity in his or her society. d) the point at which a household's income falls below the necessary level to purchase food to physically sustain its members.

c) a condition of deprivation due to economic circumstances that is severe enough that the individual in this condition cannot live with dignity in his or her society.

The nuclear family consists of a) parents or stepparents and their children and stepchildren. b) a single generation in a familial network. c) a father and mother and their children. d) no more than three generations of a family.

c) a father and mother and their children.

Since 1970, the U.S. Census Bureau reports that there has been about an 8 percent jump in the number of male nurses. A pay disparity also exists, with male nurses being paid about 20 percent more than their female counterparts. This change in gender balance in this profession seems counter to the idea that a) a profession becomes less competitive and there is a greater emphasis on communication when it is largely a female dominated profession. b) there is no significant difference between male and female numbers in many professions. c) a female-dominated profession is the result of fewer men entering the field, with the corresponding increase in women in that field. d) men in any given profession may initially feel threatened, but they ultimately learn to work with women and view them as equals.

c) a female-dominated profession is the result of fewer men entering the field, with the corresponding increase in women in that field.

Some policy experts believe that welfare creates more problems than it solves because it discouragespeople from finding work. This is also known as: a) a social disease b) the cycle of poverty c) a perverse incentive d) consequence

c) a perverse incentive

The U.S. surgeon general published a report in 1964 that clearly outlined the health dangers of smoking. In 1994, the government began what would become a decades-long effort to prosecute the tobacco companies for fraud: criminal misrepresentation of the health issues and deliberate intent to deceive and cover up evidence about tobacco's effects. Despite the government's efforts, however, the tobacco industry continues to market tobacco products. In 2014, the industry finally agreed to publicly state that their advertising campaigns had lied about the harms of smoking. Taken together, the tobacco industry's actions can be understood as a protracted case of __________ crime. a) environmental b) street c) corporate d) white-collar

c) corporate

Differential opportunity theory links what two things in analyzing deviance? a) crime rates and penal codes b) formal and informal social sanctions c) economic opportunities and crime rates d) recidivism and rehabilitative justice

c) economic opportunities and crime rates

In the United States, the poverty line is established by a) calculating the country's median income and then setting a percentage of that median income as the threshold by which poverty is measured. b) estimating minimum food, housing, transportation, and health insurance costs for different types of families. c) estimating food costs based on meeting minimum nutritional requirements and assuming that the average family spends about one-third of their budget on food. d) looking at regional variances in income and cost of living.

c) estimating food costs based on meeting minimum nutritional requirements and assuming that the average family spends about one-third of their budget on food.

You're traveling with a group in a foreign country. After a homestay with a local family, a member of your group remarks that the meal he had last night was horrifying: roasted dog! "No one eats dog!" he exclaims. "It's barbaric!" This person is speaking from a perspective of a) nationalism. b) equality. c) ethnocentrism. d) ethnicity

c) ethnocentrism.

A crime such as burglary is also known as which type of deviance? a) informal b) secondary c) formal d) social

c) formal

Aisha is a successful television producer with two children, and is married to an attorney. She overhears a conversation at work about the dangers of bisphenol A (BPA) exposure from plastic bottles. She does some research on the Internet and contacts her family doctor with questions. Then she replaces her family's plastic cups and bottles with non-BPA products. The fact that after Aisha learned about the dangers, she could research the subject and take action to protect her family is an example of which interpretation of the theory that social position causes health outcomes? a) materialist interpretation b) drift interpretation c) fundamental causes interpretation d) psychosocial interpretation

c) fundamental causes interpretation

When the official poverty line was first set, food made up the largest percentage of householdbudgets. In today's society, what now makes up the largest percentage? a) transportation b) heating homes c) housing d) health care

c) housing

Celiac disease affects a moderate number of people worldwide. Gluten intolerance is claimed to be more widely spread and is more difficult to evaluate clinically. A recent clinical study found that even when subjects were given a strictly controlled placebo diet, they reported a worsening of the symptoms commonly reported by people complaining of gluten intolerance. This is an example of a) the ease of diagnosing celiac disease. b) the reactions of others to a chronic illness. c) how people learn the sick role and behave accordingly. d) how a stigma can be attached to anyone.

c) how people learn the sick role and behave accordingly.

Health maintenance organizations (HMOs) were an early attempt to control health care costs. In this model, the provider (doctor) receives a capitation, which is a fee per person and not per treatment. The major shortcoming of this approach is that a) it still requires the patient to pay a fee. b) the incentive is to avoid going to the doctor c) it may lead to undertreatment. d) doctors may try to see a patient more often than necessary.

c) it may lead to undertreatment.

Under Adolf Hitler, the Nazis developed a carefully planned network of concentration camps. These were designed to hold all those deemed "undesirable" by the Nazi leadership. An individual consigned to a camp was forced to work, wore a specific uniform, had a limited ration of food, and faced a near certain death. This tragic episode in human history is an extreme example of a) an attempt at applying rehabilitative justice. b) an attempt to control and suppress deviant behavior. c) life in a total institution. d) an attempt to mandate normative compliance on individuals

c) life in a total institution.

In 2011, a Toronto police officer said, during a crime prevention talk, that "women should avoid dressing like sluts in order not to be victimized." The idea that women are supposed to dress within a particular set of (largely unspoken) social boundaries, and thereby avoid being called "sluts," speaks to the a) need to police female sexuality. b) sharp divisions between biological males and biological females. c) maintenance of a gender order. d) role of language in society.

c) maintenance of a gender order.

We often think that the role of women in Western societies prior to the 1960s was largely unchanging: a matter of doing what women were expected to do. During World War II, however, the roles of women silently upended conventional ideas about gender roles. Women worked as bomb makers and in factories and were later revealed as having been a key part of the code-breaking effort that won the war. These examples lend insight into how we create our identities through interactions and not through fixed definitions. As such, they reflect ideas posited by a) psychoanalytic theory. b) conflict theory. c) microinteractionist theory. d) postmodern theory.

c) microinteractionist theory.

Social deviance is a breach of ______; crime is a breach of _______. a) society; persons b) propriety; decency c) norms; law d) private norms; public norms

c) norms; law

In her interview with Dalton Conley, Jen'nan Read discusses the meaning of the terms "Arab" and "Muslim." Prior to the terrorist attacks of 9/11, Arab Americans were mostly unnoticed in the United States. Since then, however, Arab Americans have been the targets of racism and discrimination, and they have now been effectively racialized because a) the census has determined that all Arab Americans are Muslim. b) of the interest in identifying members of the same ethnic group. c) of the tendency to conflate the terms "Arab" and "Muslim." d) right-wing nativists have enacted laws that identify Arab Americans as Muslim.

c) of the tendency to conflate the terms "Arab" and "Muslim."

Which of the following is an example of informal deviance? a) rolling through a stop sign when driving b) jaywalking c) picking your nose d) littering

c) picking your nose

In What Money Can't Buy, sociologist Susan Mayer challenged the common assumption that a) the welfare system encourages dependence on government handouts. b) many welfare recipients do not want transition to work. c) poverty directly causes poor health, behavioral problems, and a host of other problems for children. d) low-income neighborhoods breed dependence on welfare, crime, and divorce.

c) poverty directly causes poor health, behavioral problems, and a host of other problems for children.

Having to wait after checking in for an appointment to see a doctor is evidence of the a) individualized objectivity demonstrated by doctors. b) scarcity of doctors in the United States. c) power and prestige of doctors in our society. d) problem of supplier-induced demand

c) power and prestige of doctors in our society.

The Industrial Revolution had a dramatic effect on the division of labor between (white) men and women, changing the nature of gender roles and shifting kinship networks. This represents a major shift in the a) importance of women in industry. b) role of children in the family. c) realms of the public and private. d) increasing importance of wages as a marker of social importance.

c) realms of the public and private.

When a prison offers educational opportunities, mental health treatment, and job training programs to inmates, which response to deviance is it engaging in? a) restitutive b) repressive c) rehabilitative d) recidivist

c) rehabilitative

A policy maker wants to recalculate poverty based on a set percentage of the median income for each metropolitan area in the United States instead of a national average. This is an example of _______ poverty. a) absolute b) median c) relative d) variable

c) relative

In Discipline and Punish, the French theorist Michel Foucault examines how the modern penal system a) discriminates against minorities. b) unfairly incarcerates drug addicts. c) represents a transformation in social control. d) gives special treatment to white-collar criminals.

c) represents a transformation in social control.

Suppose a teenage girl caught smoking marijuana in her car in the high school parking lot is suspended. As a result, she gains a reputation around school as a "druggie." After that, she begins using cocaine and eventually tries heroin. The girl's actions following the initial suspension are an example of a) primary deviance. b) public indecency. c) secondary deviance. d) lewd and lascivious behavior.

c) secondary deviance.

In some urban neighborhoods, buying food staples requires a lengthy journey to another (more white) part of the city. "Food deserts" are a significant problem for people whose resources are limited. Based on the text, a food desert is a possible marker of a) pluralism. b) racialization. c) segregation. d) apartheid.

c) segregation.

Structural changes brought on by the Industrial Revolution had major consequences for families. Oneimportant consequence is that the Industrial Revolution: a) forced families to tighten their budgets. b) created new wealth and a variety of new consumer products. c) separated work and home and created new roles for men and women. d) made new expectations for women and children to make and use their own food, clothes,and goods.

c) separated work and home and created new roles for men and women.

Which of the following situations provides an example of how the social categories of gender influence the biology of sex? a) parents who refuse to let their three-year-old son paint his fingernails b) how people react differently to two women who hold hands in public versus two men who hold hands in public c) the decision to perform sex reassignment surgery on a male infant born with a micropenis(e.g., a phallus measuring less than 2 centimeters in length) and raise the baby as a female d) how a one-sex model of human bodies dominated thinking among ancient Greeks, but atwo-sex model dominates current Western biological thought

c) the decision to perform sex reassignment surgery on a male infant born with a micropenis(e.g., a phallus measuring less than 2 centimeters in length) and raise the baby as a female

The Gautreaux Assisted Living Program in Chicago and the Moving to Opportunity study provided opportunities to explore a) the stress of moving on low-income families. b) how home ownership affects children's educational outcomes. c) the effects on families of living in a low-poverty versus a high-poverty neighborhood. d) regional differences in public housing programs.

c) the effects on families of living in a low-poverty versus a high-poverty neighborhood.

Luis is a Mexican American man who says terrible things about African Americans when he is with his Mexican American friends. When they encounter a group of African Americans on the street, Luis smiles, says "Hello," and passes by. Robert Merton would describe Luis as a(n): a) active bigot. b) fair-weather liberal. c) timid bigot. d) all-weather liberal.

c) timid bigot.

During European colonialism, ethnocentrism classified whites as normal, and nonwhites as abnormal and inferior, to help justify: a) ideas of ontological equality. b) cultural relativism. c) unequal treatment and conquest. d) ancient definitions of race.

c) unequal treatment and conquest.

Your friend Narayan is visiting from India. You both have just finished checking out at a department store. As you walk to the exit, the burly white security guard stops Narayan and insists that he open his parcel for inspection. However, you, a white person, are allowed to continue. Why might this be? Following 9/11, people from South Asia a) are often likely to be considered suspicious. b) are randomly spot-checked for honesty in large department stores. c) who are white are usually ignored in situations like this. d) who are white are generally targeted as often, just not in this case.

c) who are white are usually ignored in situations like this.

white-collar crime

committed by a professional against a corporation, agency, or other business

street crime

crime committed in public and is often associated with violence, gangs, and poverty

The Rosenhanarticle, "On Being Sane in Insane Places," emphasizes the _________ of mental illness labels. a) Contextual meaning b) Stickiness c) Changing definitions d) A & B

d) A & B

The documentary clip, The House We Live In, discussed the "bootstrap myth of European ethnics," which emphasized that with enough hard work, anyone can succeed in America. Which of the following examples from the film demonstrates that African Americans were systematically barred from economic opportunities made available to whites? a) Originally Social Security programs under the New Deal as well as trade unions excluded nonwhites. b) The GI Bill and Federal Housing Administration guidelines that allowed huge numbers of white veterans to purchase a home left out nonwhites, effectively racializing housing wealth for decades. c) The practice of "redlining" led to the undervaluation of real estate and highly restricted mortgage lending in areas inhabited by nonwhites. d) All of the above.

d) All of the above.

______ is the process by which immigrants achieve full integration in a homogeneous country (e.g., Irish immigrants adopt the values an language of the dominant group and soon becomeindecipherable from the dominant group). a) Pluralism b) Racial formation c) Segregation d) Assimilation

d) Assimilation

Hypertension is directly related to stress, which can be attributed to being poor. However, poor African Americans in the United States have rates of hypertension that are similar to middle-and upper-class African Americans. What could explain this? a) Socioeconomic status is not as strongly related to health as sociologists once believed. b) Hypertension is not really related to stress. c) African Americans have a genetic predisposition for hypertension. d) Even middle-and upper-class African Americans may still experience discrimination.

d) Even middle-and upper-class African Americans may still experience discrimination.

Why is the official formula for calculating the poverty line outdated? a) The dollar amount has not been increased in a decade. b) The minimum wage has increased. c) The poor have many unrecorded sources of income. d) Housing now makes up a larger proportion of household budgets than in the past.

d) Housing now makes up a larger proportion of household budgets than in the past.

Think for a moment about the story in the text of Marlin, how his life turned out, and how he wound up where he is today. Based on all you have read about him throughout the entire chapter, which of the following seems the best explanation for his life and his story? a) Low income, unstable employment, and lack of resources affected Marlin's mother, which in turn affected Marlin. b) Poor nutrition, lack of medical care, and unsafe environments directly affected Marlin. c) Marlin's father was never in the picture, which had a negative impact on his life. d) Marlin's mother suffered from many problems herself, which led to a detrimental outcome for Marlin.

d) Marlin's mother suffered from many problems herself, which led to a detrimental outcome for Marlin.

Which of the following is one of the reasons why sociologists view gender as a social construction rather than a biological given? a) Contemporary studies show us that men and women have different personality structures, the innate by-product of existing social structural relations. b) There are no social or biological differences between men and women. c) Societies in various historical periods have not made any distinction between different genders. d) Our understandings of, categorizations of, and behaviors toward what it means to be aman or woman have changed throughout history.

d) Our understandings of, categorizations of, and behaviors toward what it means to be aman or woman have changed throughout history.

According to William Julius Wilson, how do factors such as deindustrialization, globalization, suburbanization, and discrimination contribute to high rates of welfare-dependent, single-mother families? a) Such factors mean that low-income workers must take on two or more jobs to earn a living wage, which means that they spend all their time working and no longer participate in the community where they would be most likely to find a spouse. b) Such factors have led to a decline in marriage rates for young men under thirty because they cannot afford to move out of their parents' house, which makes it more difficult to find a stable life partner. c) Such factors mean that many poor people travel further from their communities to find jobs, which creates tensions and stress that often destroy marriages and lead to men abandoning their families. d) Such factors have contributed to a net shrinkage of the pool of employed, unincarcerated men, thus greatly limiting women's opportunity to find a stable life partner.

d) Such factors have contributed to a net shrinkage of the pool of employed, unincarcerated men, thus greatly limiting women's opportunity to find a stable life partner.

The text discusses the concept of the "second shift": the extra domestic duties that women do for the family, in addition to paid employment. Why have time-saving devices and products such as dishwashers and laundry machines not made men's housework contributions equal to women's housework? a) Technology gains have been impressive, but the manufacturers of these products have not yet attained the level of sales that they desire. b) Technology advances have helped bring more women into the workforce, but have not made the kinds of gains hoped for. c) Technology advances have attempted to sell to men unsuccessfully, resulting in women "picking up the slack." d) Technology advances have raised the bar on levels of acceptable cleanliness, and domestic housework has long been seen as "women's work."

d) Technology advances have raised the bar on levels of acceptable cleanliness, and domestic housework has long been seen as "women's work."

How was racism expressed in Ancient Greece? a) Non-Greeks were generally enslaved and formed the bulk of the agricultural labor force. b) People were categorized according to their abilities as warriors rather than by physical traits. c) The Ancient Greeks tended to view people from the Far East with great suspicion because they had minimal contact with them. d) There is no evidence that racism, as we know it today, was a part of Ancient Greek culture.

d) There is no evidence that racism, as we know it today, was a part of Ancient Greek culture.

Umbrella term for someone who is not cisgender. a) Gender queer b) Intersex c) Gender fluid d) Transgender

d) Transgender

Which of the following statements offers an essentialist explanation for gender differences? a) Women find themselves in lower-paying jobs with fewer opportunities for advancement because these jobs make it easier for them to balance work and family. b) Women take on more responsibility for domestic tasks because men still think of these tasks as women's work. c) There are far fewer women professors in the hard sciences because women are encouraged to study the humanities and social sciences. d) Women are overrepresented in professions such as nursing, teaching, and social work because they are inherently more nurturing and caring than men.

d) Women are overrepresented in professions such as nursing, teaching, and social work because they are inherently more nurturing and caring than men.

Traditionally, doctors have had the power to a) prescribe medications. b) set their pay rates. c) regulate themselves. d) all of the above

d) all of the above

Which of the following raises challenges for the thesis of biological determinism? a) Historical change in gender roles. b) Cross-cultural variation in gender. c) Gender diversity in contemporary culture, such as tomboys or metrosexuals. d) All of the above.

d) all of the above

Building on Émile Durkheim's classic theory of suicide, sociologist Matt Wray describes a contemporary "American Suicide Belt." Wray finds elevated suicide rates in the American West, particularly among white men isolated from social contact by unemployment or being unmarried. What type of suicide are residents of this area prone to, according to Durkheim's typology? a) fatalistic b) egoistic c) altruistic d) anomic

d) anomic

How did social scientists in the 1960s view the strong role held by women in many African American families? a) as the inevitable result of years of poverty and discrimination that stripped black families of their husbands and fathers b) as an anomaly that was the result of increased job opportunities for black women after World War II c) as a positive characteristic that ultimately would bring more balance to relationships and make African American families stronger d) as a negative characteristic that served to emasculate black men and ultimately increase social problems in African American communities

d) as a negative characteristic that served to emasculate black men and ultimately increase social problems in African American communities

According to the theory of the bell curve, a theory developed by two academics, genes have a key impact on children's outcomes. This argument is an updated approach to the idea that the dominant factor in the creation and persistence of poverty is a) socioeconomic status. b) education. c) parenting. d) biology

d) biology

A Muslim classmate from your introductory sociology course helps organize a march protesting discrimination against Muslim Americans on campus. Hundreds of students from area colleges participate. What type of action is this? a) withdrawal b) code switching c) straight-line assimilation d) collective resistance

d) collective resistance

The "new racism" couches its rhetoric in terms of __________ between groups rather than __________. a) religious differences; intellectual differences b) learned differences; innate ones c) behavioral differences; physical differences d) cultural differences; physical differences

d) cultural differences; physical differences

In What Money Can't Buy, sociologist Susan Mayer challenged the common assumption that poverty directly causes poor health, behavioral problems, and many other problems for children. Mayer's work clearly demonstrates how a) the welfare system encourages dependence on government handouts. b) many welfare recipients do not want to transition to work. c) low-income neighborhoods are at the root of welfare dependence, crime, and divorce. d) documenting an association between two factors is different from showing causation.

d) documenting an association between two factors is different from showing causation.

In the Moving to Opportunity study done as a follow-up on the Gautreax Assisted Housing Program, which of the following measures showed no improvement? a) happiness b) truancy rates c) asthma rates d) earnings

d) earnings

Paul is a father and a successful manager earning six figures. At age forty-eight, he is diagnosed with multiple sclerosis. Paul finds it increasingly difficult to do basic tasks such as driving, typing, and even walking. As his disease progresses, he is eventually terminated from his job, leaving him unemployed. Gradually, friends stop calling and party invitations taper off. Paul and his family have been "downgraded" in their socioeconomic status, arguably according to drift, the idea that a) the relationship between higher morbidity and income is spurious. b) one's social status determines health. c) differential access to a healthy life is the result of socioeconomic factors. d) health determines social position.

d) health determines social position.

The level of income inequality in the United States is a) higher than that of most other advanced democracies. b) about equal to income inequality in most other advanced democracies. c) lower than that of most other advanced democracies. d) higher than that of all other advanced democracies.

d) higher than that of all other advanced democracies.

The level of income inequality in the United States is a) lower than that of most other developed countries. b) higher than that of most other developed countries. c) higher than that of many developing countries. d) higher than that of all other developed countries.

d) higher than that of all other developed countries.

A person who desires a big mansion and the perfect "American dream" lifestyle, but sells illegal drugs to achieve this, is known by Robert Merton as a(n): a) ritualist. b) rebel. c) conformist. d) innovator.

d) innovator

Women working in male-dominated professions often find that there are _____opportunities for advancement, and men working in female-dominated professions often advance _____ their female colleagues. a) limited; more slowly than b) limited; as quickly as c) ample; as quickly as d) limited; more quickly than

d) limited; more quickly than

Devah Pager's research on employment prospects for individuals with a prior criminal record exemplifies the serious consequences for certain stigmas. If an individual with a criminal record cannot easily find a job and decides to return to committing crimes to support his or her family, what sociological idea is this an example of? a) strain theory b) primary deviance c) general deterrence d) recidivism

d) recidivism

Since the 1970s, both violent and overall crime rates have gone down, while at the same time, incarceration rates in the United States have a) steadily decreased. b) cycled through various highs and lows. c) remained steady. d) risen dramatically.

d) risen dramatically.

While the notion of sex refers to biological characteristics, the concept of gender refers to _______ characteristics. a) psychological b) philosophical c) physical d) social

d) social

The importance of the Whitehall Study was to show that a) equal access to health care equalizes health outcomes for people of different socioeconomic backgrounds. b) universal health care is a better predictor of positive health outcomes than socioeconomic status. c) social networks predict health outcomes in both parents and their children. d) social factors such as where a person lives, what a person does for a living, and how much money a person earns have a great influence on health.

d) social factors such as where a person lives, what a person does for a living, and how much money a person earns have a great influence on health.

Devah Pager's research on how criminal records affect hiring illustrates the consequences of a) secondary deviance. b) strain. c) anomie. d) stigma

d) stigma

The chapter includes a hypothetical example of a very poor, frugal man who wins the lottery, leaving him with a deep feeling of anomie. His formerly successful pattern for living on a strict budget is no longer necessary, and he lacks a behavioral template by which to live. According to Merton, this is an example of a) internalization. b) nonconformity. c) selfishness. d) strain theory.

d) strain theory.

Your introductory sociology professor believes that gender roles serve a purpose in society by fulfilling certain functions. What type of theoretical background is your professor espousing? a) conflict b) postmodern c) feminist d) structural functionalism

d) structural functionalism

Liam is a sociologist studying which factors determine health outcomes. He is doing a study that will refine the outcomes of the Whitehall Study. Thus, he looks at differences in health outcomes between the following groups: a) married, divorced, never married b) smokers, nonsmokers c) young, middle-aged, elderly d) teachers, lawyers, service workers

d) teachers, lawyers, service workers

Cho is working on poverty reduction in a Philadelphia public housing development. In the analysis hewrites after the project, he uses Mario Luis Small's idea of "culture as frames" instead of Oscar Lewis's "culture of poverty" because the "culture of poverty" thesis: a) does not include recommendations for public housing. b) is less popular among sociologists today than it used to be. c) applies only to Mexico. d) tends to blame the poor.

d) tends to blame the poor.

Gordon is a graduate student wanting to develop a projection model for understanding race in thefuture. He consults with sociologist Jennifer Lee, and she recommends that he study: a) ethnicity instead of race, because culture is the dividing line of the future. b) the black/white divide, because it is a common thread from the founding of America into the future. c) the "browning of America," because biracial populations are growing so quickly. d) the "black/nonblack" divide, because distinctions between blacks and all other groupscombined are becoming increasingly important.

d) the "black/nonblack" divide, because distinctions between blacks and all other groupscombined are becoming increasingly important.

In his interview with Dalton Conley, Jeffrey Sachs explains that malaria has been a major cause of economic failure in Africa, but not in Asia. Morbidity is very high with malaria, thereby lowering productivity. One of the major reasons why malaria is a bigger problem in Africa than in Asia has to do with a) the failure of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) to provide adequate antimalarial programs. b) the widespread corruption in African governments, which siphons money from health programs. c) the Vedic farming system, which was not able to succeed in Africa due to the prevalence of discriminatory attitudes against Hindus by African peoples. d) the absence of a mixed animal-crop system, which makes the mosquitoes find a new target.

d) the absence of a mixed animal-crop system, which makes the mosquitoes find a new target.

Which of the following is a professional norm for doctors? a) their social prestige and respectability within a community b) the level of education required to become a doctor and the high economic value of their services c) their ability to analyze medical data about patients d) the intimate but objective nature of their conversations with patients

d) the intimate but objective nature of their conversations with patients

The divorce rate in the United States rose steadily since the nineteenth century. In his interview with Dalton Conley, Andrew Cherlin suggests that one of the primary reasons for this paradox of the increasing divorce rate at the same time the "love of marriage" persists is due to a) dramatic shifts in our economy since the 1900s. b) the "sexual revolution" of the 1960s. c) increased poverty in many states. d) the pervasive idea of individualism that has flourished in America since the Colonial period.

d) the pervasive idea of individualism that has flourished in America since the Colonial period.

In the United States, poverty is usually thought of as severe economic deprivation that prevents people from living with dignity. Despite decades of effort and billions of dollars, poverty in the United States continues unabated. Recent research suggests that poverty is a kind of proxy, or stand-in, for the a) failure of a capitalist market to provide food supply points in poor areas. b) failure of the tax code to fairly levy taxes on income. c) inability of the government to develop successful programs to halt poverty. d) underlying social disease of inequality and economic segregation.

d) underlying social disease of inequality and economic segregation.

Which of the following are criticisms of how the poverty line is calculated in the United States? a) The formula does not reflect that housing now takes up a much larger portion of family budgets. b) The formula should focus only on income instead of also including assets. c) The formula does not take into account regional variations. d) all of the above e) both a and c

e) both a and c

symbolic ethnicity

ethnicity that is individualistic in nature without real social cost for the individual

rehabilitative justice

examines the specific circumstances of an individual transgressor and attempts to find ways to rehabilitate him or her

punitive justice

focuses on making the violator suffer and thus defines the boundaries of acceptable behavior

discrimination

harmful or negative acts against people who deemed inferior on the basis of their racial category

race

imposed (usually on physical differences), hierarchical, exclusive, and unequal

formal deviance or crime

major transgressions of social norms that involves the violation of laws

informal deviance

minor transgressions of social norms

Who has the leading role in African American families?

mother

prejudice

negative thoughts and feelings about an ethnic or racial group

According to research, does prison have an effect on whether adult commit future crimes?

no, it has very little effect

all-weather liberal

non prejudiced person who does not discriminate

fair-weather liberal

nonprejudiced person who discriminates

recidivism

occurs when a person who has been involved in the criminal justice system reverts to criminal behavior

South Asia and South Pacific: "two-spirit person"

one who dresses and acts according to the other gender

parenting stress hypothesis

parental stressors lead to detrimental parenting practices

symbolic interactionists in gender

people that argue that gender is a process that people participate in with every social interaction they have

conformists

people who accept the goals of the society and the means of achieving those goals

innovators

people who accept the goals of the society, but they look for new ways of achieving those goals

ritualists

people who aren't interested in the goals of the society, but they do accept the means of achieving those goals

socialist feminists

people who argue that all social relations, including relations between workers and owners of the means of production, stem from unequal gender relations

retreatists

people who don't accept the goals of the society or the means of achieving those goals

rebels

people who don't accept the goals of the society or the means of achieving those goals, so they create their own goals using new means

symbolic interactionists

people who take a micro view of society, examining the beliefs and assumptions people bring to their everyday interactions to find the causes or explanations for deviance

active bigot

prejudiced person who discriminates

timid bigot

prejudiced person who does not discriminate

exogamy

refers to marriage to someone from a different social group

endogamy

refers to marriage to someone within one's social group (race, ethnicity, class, education, religion, region, or nationality)

gender roles

sets of behavioral norms assumed to accompany one's status as a female or male (has more to do with social status than biology)

social determinants theory

states that social status can determine a person's health

the drift explanation

states that there is a connection between income and health (if you have poor health, you may be less likely to find gainful employment)

kinship networks

systems of relationships between people related by blood and marriage

normative compliance

the act of abiding by society's norms or simply following the rules of group life

one-drop rule

the belief that "one drop" of black blood makes a person black in order to keep the white population "pure"

racism

the belief that members of separate races possess different and unequal human traits

sex

the biological differences that distinguish males and females

sexuality

the desire, sexual preference, sexual identity, and behavior of an individual

primary deviance

the first act of rule breaking, which may result in the rule breaker being labeled "deviant" and thus influencing how people think about and act toward him or her

racialization

the formation of a new identity, in which new ideological boundaries of difference are drawn around a formerly unnoticed group of people

ethnocentrism

the judgment of other groups by one's own standards and values

segregation

the legal or social practice of separating people on the basis of their race or ethnicity

absolute poverty

the point at which a household's income falls below the necessary level to purchase food to physically sustain its members

monogamy

the practice of marrying (or being in a relationship with) one person at a time

pluralism

the presence and engaged coexistence of numerous distinct groups in one society, with no one group being in the majority

glass escalator

the promotion of men over women into management positions in female-dominated fields such as nursing, librarianship, education, and social work

eugenics

the science of genetic lines and the inheritable traits they pass on from generation to generation

social control

the set of mechanisms that create normative compliance in individuals

social cohesion

the way people form social bonds, relate to each other, and get along on a day-to-day basis

symbolic interactionist theory

theory focused on meaning, interaction, and how people respond to their social environment

Robert Merton's strain theory

theory that argues that deviance occurs when a society doesn't give all its members equal ability to achieve socially acceptable goals

selection theory

theory that states that the connection between low income and poorer health has mediating factors (for instance, other factors, like genetics, might affect socioeconomic status and health)

glass ceiling

unofficial barrier to advancement that women face in the workplace preventing them from rising up the corporate ladder

the second shift

unpaid labor inside the home that is often performed by women after they get home from working at paid labor outside the home

ethnicity

voluntary, self-defined, nonhierarchical, fluid, cultural, and not as closely linked with power differences