Social Psych Cumulative
________ are mental shortcuts that provide serviceable but often inexact answers to common judgmental problems. a. Base rates b. Heuristics c. Mental deliberations d. Pluralistic judgments
b. Heuristics
The Westlake Hills Little League team just lost a game. According to research on attribution biases, right after the game, the Westlake Hills coach is likely to say, a. "Our opponents played better than ever today." b. "You guys really played well today." c. "We just do not seem to have what it takes to be a winning team." d. "Some of the team members just did not seem motivated to win.
a. "Our opponents played better than ever today."
All of the following people are likely to resist persuasive attempts to adopt a different brand of soap EXCEPT a. Jack, who does not have a vested interest in any particular brand of soap. b. Rafael, who is knowledgeable on the subject of soap. c. Kelly, who has previously made public commitments to her favorite brand of soap. d. Tanya, who loves the way her soap smells.
a. Jack, who does not have a vested interest in any particular brand of soap.
Marco, a physics major, and Tim, a social work major, always take the school bus together. Today the bus was delayed. Tim is going to be late for a midterm, whereas Marco does not have class for the first few hours. While walking from the bus stop, Marco and Tim pass a woman crying on a bench. According to Darley and Batson's Good Samaritan study, how are Marco and Tim likely to behave? a. Marco is more likely to help the woman, given that he does not have to rush to a midterm. b. Tim is more likely to help the woman because he will feel especially heroic helping her despite being in a rush. c. As a social work major, Tim is more likely to help the woman. d. As a physics major, Marco is more likely to help the woman.
a. Marco is more likely to help the woman, given that he does not have to rush to a midterm.
________ is the study of how people think about the social world and arrive at judgments that help them interpret the past, understand the present, and predict the future. a. Social cognition b. Sociology c. Cognitive psychology d. Social psychology
a. Social cognition
The adult attachment style characterized by excessive attempts to get closer to others and frequent worry about relationships is a. anxious-ambivalent. b. secure. c. avoidant. d. communal.
a. anxious-ambivalent.
A group of social psychologists is working on a research project with the aim of promoting condom use as a way to prevent the spread of sexually transmitted diseases. This type of research project is probably best described as a. applied science. b. hard science. c. pseudo-science. d. basic science.
a. applied science.
Sarah and William got into an argument. The next day, Sarah reflects on why they behaved the way they did. According to the actor-observer difference, Sarah should think a. "I wonder what William did to make me so angry." b. "I happened to have a bad day, but William is just plain nasty." c. "I wonder what I did to make William so angry." d. "William must have had a bad day, but I am just plain nasty."
b. "I happened to have a bad day, but William is just plain nasty."
Amir just saw a movie that he somewhat liked. According to the process of thought polarization, how is Amir likely to feel after he thinks more extensively about the film? a. Amir will come to dislike the film. b. Amir will come to like the film even more. c. Amir will question his initial attitude about the film. d. Amir will feel indifferent about the film.
b. Amir will come to like the film even more.
An experiment by Darley and Batson (1973) looked at seminary students' willingness to help. In one condition, participants were made to hurry from one building to another by being told they were late to give a speech, which was described as part of the study requirements. In the other condition, participants were only told to go over to another building in order to give the speech. Both groups encountered a person lying on the ground on their way to the other building. The experimenter observed the participants from both groups and counted the number of people who stopped to check on the person lying on the ground. It was found that the participants who were in a hurry stopped much less frequently than the participants who were not in a hurry. In this experiment, what was the independent variable? a. being made to hurry from one building to another or not b. the person lying on the ground c. the number of people stopping to check on the person lying on the ground d. going from one building to another
a. being made to hurry from one building to another or not
Which of the following concepts is most relevant to people who want to make someone act on his or her intentions? a. channel factors b. the fundamental attribution error c. naturalistic fallacy d. tension systems
a. channel factors
Ellen and Ernesto feel extra happy when reflecting on their relationship and the fact that they almost didn't meet at that party five years ago. It was only because Ellen's best friend's coat disappeared that she was still there when Ernesto arrived. When they think about how easily they could have missed each other, they are engaging in ________, and that they feel especially happy when they do so reflects ________. a. counterfactual thinking; emotional amplification b. emotional amplification; counterfactual thinking c. cognitive dissonance; the augmentation principle d. the augmentation principle; cognitive dissonance
a. counterfactual thinking; emotional amplification
Social psychologists often run pilot studies that are very similar to actual experiments that they intend to run later but that differ in that participants are used as consultants to check that the experiment instructions are understandable, that the scenarios are believable, and so forth. Running a pilot study such as this particularly helps to increase the ________ of an experiment. a. internal validity b. statistical significance c. external validity d. measurement validity
a. internal validity
The independent variable in an experiment is a. manipulated and is the hypothesized cause of a particular outcome. b. based on self-selection. c. measured and is the hypothesized effect of a particular manipulation. d. an indication of the degree of the relationship between two variables.
a. manipulated and is the hypothesized cause of a particular outcome.
According to Shanto Iyengar's concept of agenda control, the a. media shape what people think about, care about, and believe to be true. b. media directly influence people's moment-by-moment behavior. c. government manipulates people's social beliefs. d. government controls people's purchasing patterns.
a. media shape what people think about, care about, and believe to be true.
Joanna does not think carefully and deliberately about what a politician says during a debate. Instead, she attends to the politician's winning smile and boyish good looks. Joanna is attending to the ________ route to persuasion. a. peripheral b. surface c. central d. systematic
a. peripheral
Social psychology can be defined as the ________ study of the ________ of individuals in social situations. a. scientific; feelings, thoughts, and behaviors b. rational; feelings, thoughts, and behaviors c. behavioral; thoughts and feelings d. scientific; behaviors
a. scientific; feelings, thoughts, and behaviors
Jason conducted an experiment in which participants were shown (a) three news stories dealing with the U.S. national deficit; (b) six news stories dealing with the U.S. national deficit; or (c) no news stories dealing with the U.S. national deficit. According to research on agenda control, Jason should expect that participants who read ________ news stories dealing with the deficit should be ________ likely to cite the deficit as one of the most important problems facing the country. a. six; most b. three; most c. no; most d. six; least
a. six; most
The ________ dimension of explanatory style considers whether the causes of a particular behavior will be present again in the future. a. stable/unstable b. internal/external c. global/specific d. positive/negative
a. stable/unstable
According to construal level theory, ________ framing impacts the ways we make judgments. a. temporal b. spin c. positive d. negative
a. temporal
Kurt Lewin's concept of the field of forces emphasizes that ________ underlie(s) much of human behavior. a. the characteristics of a situation b. natural selection c. physical stimulation d. genetics
a. the characteristics of a situation
Hedwig just met her friend's new boyfriend, and her initial impression wasn't positive. He was so reserved; he barely talked at all. Hedwig then spends some time and energy thinking about all of the good things her friend has told her about him, and considers the fact that sometimes it takes a little while to feel comfortable around new people. She decides he is probably cool after all. In forming this new, positive impression of the boyfriend, Hedwig relied on a. the rational system. b. top-down processing. c. the intuitive system. d. schema-driven processing.
a. the rational system.
Which of the following indicates the strongest relationship between variables? a. −0.9 b. +0.8 c. −0.6 d. −0.2
a. −0.9
How does social class relate to causal attribution? a. Lower- or working-class individuals make attributions similar to those from independent cultures. b. Lower- or working-class individuals make attributions similar to those from interdependent cultures. c. Social class does not relate to causal attribution. d. Social class relates to causal attribution for Asians, but not for Westerners.
b. Lower- or working-class individuals make attributions similar to those from interdependent cultures.
Maria, Min, and Bobby ran for class president. When the votes were tallied, Maria received 38 votes, Min received 37 votes, and Bobby received 35 votes. According to Medvec and colleagues' (1995) study of Olympic athletes' emotional reactions, one would expect ________ to be the LEAST happy with the election outcome. a. Maria b. Min c. All three would be equally happy. d. Bobby
b. Min
Tiesha thinks that she did poorly on her exam because the questions were too hard, but that her friend did poorly because he is not smart. Tiesha's attributions reflect the a. discounting principle. b. actor-observer difference. c. fundamental attribution error. d. covariation principle.
b. actor-observer difference.
Because schemas have been shown to influence ________, participants who are told to watch a video of a basketball game and count the number of times people in white shirts pass the ball might completely miss seeing a person in a black gorilla suit walk through the game. a. behaviors b. attention c. bottom-up processes d. priming
b. attention
According to Dan Gilbert, the first stage of the attributional process entails making ________ attributions that are ________. The second, adjustment, stage entails making ________ that are ________. a. situational; deliberate; dispositional attributions; automatic b. dispositional; automatic; situational attributions; deliberate c. temporary; subconscious; stable attributions; conscious d. defensive; self-enhancing; realistic attributions; deliberate
b. dispositional; automatic; situational attributions; deliberate
When random sampling is used, it means that a. some members of a population are more likely than others to be selected. b. every member of a population has an equal chance of being selected. c. participants are equally likely to be assigned to one condition or another. d. participants are assigned to different conditions based on a particular trait or variable.
b. every member of a population has an equal chance of being selected.
An American soldier is captured and tortured by enemy forces. The enemy then releases a videotape of the soldier proclaiming a deep hatred for America. According to the discounting principle, Americans who later view this videotape are likely to explain the soldier's proclamations in terms of ________ causes. a. internal b. external c. dispositional d. global
b. external
When we engage in a self-serving bias, we attribute failure and other bad events that happen to us to ________, but we attribute success and other good events to ________. a. distinctive factors; global factors b. external circumstances; ourselves c. controllable circumstances; uncontrollable circumstances d. permanent circumstances; temporary circumstances
b. external circumstances; ourselves
All of the following are examples of resources used in archival research EXCEPT a. newspaper articles. b. firsthand observations of behavior. c. police records. d. databases.
b. firsthand observations of behavior.
When judgments or decisions are influenced by the way in which information is presented, this is called a a. pluralistic-ignorance effect. b. framing effect. c. biased-information effect. d. processing failure.
b. framing effect.
Students are often surprised to learn about the results of the Milgram study, in which the majority of participants were willing to administer potentially life threatening electric shocks to someone because the experimenter urged them on. When thinking about these results, students often assume that only a bad person would do such a thing, despite the fact that MOST of the study participants were willing to administer the shocks. Such consensus seems to suggest that it was the powerful situation that brought about the participants' behavior. In this way, students' attributions for the participants' behavior in the Milgram study seem to be more consistent with the ________ than the ________. a. fundamental attribution error; actor-observer difference b. fundamental attribution error; covariation principle c. covariation principle; fundamental attribution error d. actor-observer difference; fundamental attribution error
b. fundamental attribution error; covariation principle
People tend to make ________ attributions when levels of consensus and distinctiveness are low and consistency information is high. a. unstable b. internal c. external d. specific
b. internal
Jamie is the sort of person who likes to think, puzzle, ponder, and consider multiple perspectives. Compared with people who do not like these activities, Jamie is a. equally likely to be influenced by peripheral aspects of a persuasive communication. b. less likely to be influenced by peripheral aspects of a persuasive communication. c. less likely to be influenced by the quality of the arguments used in a persuasive communication. d. more likely to be influenced by the tangential aspects of a persuasive communication.
b. less likely to be influenced by peripheral aspects of a persuasive communication.
Which of the following is the best example of observational research? a. examining the relationship between two variables b. living with a group of people and observing their behavior c. reviewing historical records to find trends in behavior patterns d. recording participants' responses on questionnaires
b. living with a group of people and observing their behavior
Recall that Dan Gilbert studied why people tend to attribute others' behaviors to dispositional factors. According to his theoretical framework, this pattern of attribution occurs because people tend to a. be emotionally invested in explaining others' behaviors in terms of stable personal characteristics. b. make initial dispositional inferences without later adjusting them on the basis of situational information. c. consider a person's behavior and the situation simultaneously. d. have difficulty identifying what other people's behaviors signify.
b. make initial dispositional inferences without later adjusting them on the basis of situational information.
The view that personality is malleable and that abilities can be changed by environmental factors is most characteristic of a. people from independent cultures. b. people from interdependent cultures. c. all people, regardless of culture. d. people who live in the United States.
b. people from interdependent cultures.
Recall that in one experiment, participants were assigned to one of two roles: questioner or responder. The questioner read a series of questions to the responder and told the responder how to answer each question. In fact, the questioner used a preprinted list to tell responders exactly how to answer each question. The results of this research showed that the a. responders formed negative impressions of the questioners. b. questioners still drew inferences about what the responders were like. c. questioners made judgments that support the false consensus effect. d. responders relied on the discounting principle.
b. questioners still drew inferences about what the responders were like.
The function of an institutional review board (IRB) is to review a. university research spending. b. research proposals and judge the ethical appropriateness of the research. c. the reliability of research findings at the institution. d. grant proposals, to ensure that they are financially feasible.
b. research proposals and judge the ethical appropriateness of the research.
Psychologists have discovered that people store information in coherent configurations called a. flashbulb memories. b. schemas. c. primes. d. information nodes.
b. schemas.
What is the "field of forces" that Kurt Lewin emphasized in understanding human behavior? a. personal attributes b. social situations c. underlying genetics d. biological factors
b. social situations
Kurt Lewin's concept of channel factors emphasizes how ________ rather than ________ shape(s) human behavior. a. genetic predisposition; childhood upbringing b. subtle situational features; internal dispositions c. childhood upbringing; genetic predisposition d. internal dispositions; subtle situational features
b. subtle situational features; internal dispositions
According to ________, our confidence that a particular cause is responsible for a given outcome is reduced if there are other plausible causes that might have produced it. a. plausibility theory b. the discounting principle c. the principle of refutation d. the augmentation principle
b. the discounting principle
The just world hypothesis, believing that good things happen to good people, is used to explain which psychological phenomenon? a. the cultural priming effect b. the fundamental attribution error c. the covariation principle d. the augmentation principle
b. the fundamental attribution error
Ahmed went to the Museum of Modern Art during his vacation to New York City. Afterward, he remembers that he liked many pieces, but he can really only recall the details of the Andy Warhol painting he saw at the very end, as he was walking out the door. Ahmed is displaying a. spin framing. b. the recency effect. c. the primacy effect. d. positive framing.
b. the recency effect.
Research in basic science aims to a. solve difficult questions in science. b. understand a phenomenon in its own right, without concern about real-world issues. c. understand simple questions in science. d. solve real-world problems, without concern about understanding the phenomena in its own right.
b. understand a phenomenon in its own right, without concern about real-world issues.
Samantha wants to persuade her roommate Larissa to allow her to get a dog. Samantha's arguments for wanting the dog are not very strong, but they are uplifting. According to research on mood and persuasion, when should Samantha approach Larissa if she wants the best chance of persuading her roommate? a. when Samantha is feeling unsure about getting a dog b. when Larissa is listening to beautiful music c. when Larissa has just finished a long day at work d. when Larissa is in a bad mood
b. when Larissa is listening to beautiful music
In which situation would someone be more likely to perform well on a test? a. when a specific example of a genius is activated b. when a professor schema is activated c. when a soccer hooligan schema is activated d. when a specific example of a supermodel is activated
b. when a professor schema is activated
What do the results of the Milgram experiment and Darley and Batson's Good Samaritan study have in common? a. Both highlight universality in behavior across cultures. b. Both highlight how people respond differently to the same situation. c. Both highlight the power of the situation in determining behavior. d. Both highlight cultural differences in behavior.
c. Both highlight the power of the situation in determining behavior.
What is one of the most important differences between correlational and experimental research designs? a. Correlations only examine one variable. b. It is impossible to determine cause by doing an experiment. c. Experiments use random assignment. d. Experiments measure the degree of the relationship between two variables.
c. Experiments use random assignment.
________ molds animals and plants so that traits that enhance the probability of survival are passed on to subsequent generations. a. The naturalistic fallacy b. Social Darwinism c. Natural selection d. Connectionism
c. Natural selection
Which of the following advertising strategies BEST illustrates an attempt to persuade people through the central route? a. A famous actor claims he loves drinking a particular brand of soda. b. An attractive woman is shown eating a gourmet brand of chocolate. c. Research is presented demonstrating that a particular moisturizing lotion is more effective than other products. d. An upbeat song is played during a car ad.
c. Research is presented demonstrating that a particular moisturizing lotion is more effective than other products.
Which of the following news headlines would be most likely to make a lasting impression on readers? a. Navy Helps Giant Sea Turtles! b. Baby Elephant Takes First Steps! c. Stocks Plummet on Release of Dire Economic Forecast! d. The Prince Marries!
c. Stocks Plummet on Release of Dire Economic Forecast!
Social psychologists would be MOST likely to focus on which of the following potential causes underlying the military abuses at Abu Ghraib prison during the Iraq War? a. The soldiers who instigated these abuses were bad people. b. The soldiers were not in their right minds, having been traumatized by their experiences during the war. c. The power imbalance at the prison facilitated the soldiers' bad behavior. d. American foreign policy encouraged anti-Arab behavior in many spheres.
c. The power imbalance at the prison facilitated the soldiers' bad behavior.
Which of the following scenarios is LEAST consistent with the fundamental attribution error? a. When someone at a party smiles at you, you think to yourself, "This person smiles at everyone." b. When someone swerves into your lane while driving, you think to yourself, "This person is a terrible driver!" c. When someone talks loudly to his or her friend on the bus, you think to yourself, "This person might be talking to someone who has a hearing problem." d. When you slip and fall down at a shopping mall, you think to yourself, "I was born clumsy!"
c. When someone talks loudly to his or her friend on the bus, you think to yourself, "This person might be talking to someone who has a hearing problem."
Which of the following instances of what we call common sense may be due to the representativeness heuristic? a. Eating turtle meat makes you a worse swimmer. b. You should drink milk when you have a cold. c. You should avoid potato chips if you suffer from greasy skin and acne. d. Handwriting analysis cannot reveal certain things about your personality.
c. You should avoid potato chips if you suffer from greasy skin and acne.
The process by which small attacks on our beliefs help counteract larger attacks on our beliefs is called a. thought forewarning. b. attitude habituation. c. attitude inoculation. d. thought polarization
c. attitude inoculation.
People rely on the ________ heuristic when they judge the frequency or probability of some event by the readiness with which similar events come to mind. a. accessibility b. encoding c. availability d. representativeness
c. availability
A key difference between automatic processes and controlled processes is that automatic processes a. are objectively more accurate. b. do not influence behavior. c. can operate in parallel. d. run only serially
c. can operate in parallel.
According to the textbook, which route to persuasion is most likely to lead to long-lasting attitude change? a. direct b. peripheral c. central d. surface
c. central
An intervention is a(n) a. punishment delivered to a person. b. measure taken by psychologists to minimize bias in study results. c. effort to change a person's behavior. d. debriefing conducted at the conclusion of an experiment.
c. effort to change a person's behavior.
As they walked down the street, participants (who were unaware they were part of a study) were approached by a confederate posing as a panhandler (a person who begs for money). The confederate asked the participant either for 75 cents or for whatever change he or she had handy. The researchers compared how much money participants gave across these two conditions. This is best characterized as which type of research design? a. correlational study b. longitudinal study c. field experiment d. natural experiment
c. field experiment
When forming judgments about others, people often rely on the representativeness heuristic. Unfortunately, this can lead people to a. ignore how much a person resembles a prototypical group member. b. rely too heavily on base-rate frequency information. c. ignore base-rate information. d. use information that is causally relevant.
c. ignore base-rate information.
Random assignment is a crucial component of experiment design. Failing to use random assignment when placing participants into groups would have the strongest effect on the ________ of an experiment. a. measurement validity b. statistical significance c. internal validity d. external validity
c. internal validity
In an experiment, the control condition a. does not include a dependent variable. b. does not include an independent variable. c. is compared with the experimental condition. d. is run before the experimental condition.
c. is compared with the experimental condition
You think of Jan as a very introverted person. The confirmation bias predicts that you will a. be likely to form a strong relationship with her. b. be unlikely to form a strong relationship with her. c. look for examples of introverted behaviors in Jan. d. look for examples of extroverted behaviors in Jan.
c. look for examples of introverted behaviors in Jan.
When there is a high correlation between a measurement instrument and the outcomes that the instrument is supposed to predict, this instrument is said to be high in a. internal validity. b. reliability. c. measurement validity. d. statistical significance.
c. measurement validity.
Base-rate information includes information about the a. degree of resemblance between members of a category and a base prototype. b. relative frequency of utilizing the representative heuristic in a population. c. relative frequency of members of different categories in a population. d. rate of basing estimates on similarity between a member and the population
c. relative frequency of members of different categories in a population.
In her social psychology course, Maria learns that the more one is exposed to something, such as a song on the radio, the more one tends to like it. Maria thinks this is obvious and questions why she signed up for the class. What might Maria be displaying? a. biased sampling b. the learning bias c. the hindsight bias d. random sampling
c. the hindsight bias
Many people think that victims of domestic abuse and rape are responsible for their fates. This disturbing tendency is most closely related to a. a pessimistic explanatory style. b. the false consensus effect. c. the just world hypothesis. d. the augmentation principle.
c. the just world hypothesis.
The Good Samaritan study conducted by Darley and Batson (1973) examined helping behavior in seminary students at Princeton University. These students were either rushed or not rushed to get to an appointment. The results of this study showed that a. when rushed, only participants who viewed religion as a means for personal salvation were less likely to help a person in need. b. participants who viewed religion as a means toward personal salvation were less likely to help a person in need than participants who viewed religion as a means to develop moral and spiritual values. c. the nature of participants' religious orientations did not predict helping behavior; only whether or not they were rushed predicted whether they helped a person in need. d. when rushed, only participants who viewed religion as a means to develop moral and spiritual values were less likely to help a person in need.
c. the nature of participants' religious orientations did not predict helping behavior; only whether or not they were rushed predicted whether they helped a person in need.
When people make public statements regarding their attitudes, a. their tendency to resist counterattitudinal messages is unchanged. b. they are unlikely to change the attitudes of others. c. they are more likely to resist later counterattitudinal messages. d. they are less likely to resist counterattitudinal messages.
c. they are more likely to resist later counterattitudinal messages.
Which of the following is LEAST characteristic of the goals of social psychology? a. understanding how people control each other's behaviors b. understanding how people in different cultures think, feel, and behave c. understanding how personality traits predispose people to respond to major events in their lives d. evaluating the accuracy of folk theories about how situations influence behavior
c. understanding how personality traits predispose people to respond to major events in their lives
Research on the hostile media phenomenon has shown that a. we remember negative news stories better than positive news stories. b. the media are biased against politicians. c. we all tend to believe that the media are biased against our particular causes. d. politicians are more likely than other people to perceive the media as biased against them.
c. we all tend to believe that the media are biased against our particular causes.
Which of the following correlations indicates the weakest relationship between two variables? a. −0.6 b. 0.8 c. −0.2 d. 0.1
d. 0.1
Who is most likely to be influenced by peripheral cues when processing a televised message from an antilittering campaign? a. Linda, whose best friend works for the antilittering campaign b. Sam, who is passionate about environmental issues c. Josh, who is paying careful attention to the message d. Doug, who is distracted by a conversation he is having with his roommate
d. Doug, who is distracted by a conversation he is having with his roommate
________ refers to a person's habitual way of explaining many different types of events. a. The correspondence bias b. Causative thinking c. Dispositional attribution d. Explanatory style
d. Explanatory style
Which of the following is a fundamental difference between individualist and collectivist cultures? a. Independent cultures tend to emphasize hierarchical relationships with others, whereas collectivist cultures do not. b. Independent cultures have few social norms, whereas collectivist cultures have many. c. Independent cultures tend to value group status and success, whereas collectivist cultures do not. d. Independent cultures tend to view family relationships as voluntary, whereas collectivists tend to see family relationships as more binding.
d. Independent cultures tend to view family relationships as voluntary, whereas collectivists tend to see family relationships as more binding.
A reader for American schoolchildren from the 1930s shows a little boy running, whereas a reader for Chinese children from the same time period shows a boy with his brother. What cultural difference does this highlight? a. This example does not relate to any consistent cultural difference. b. Individualistic cultures place a higher value on self-esteem than collectivistic cultures. c. Individualistic cultures emphasize active relationships, whereas collectivistic cultures emphasize passive relationships. d. Individualistic cultures emphasize individual action, whereas collectivistic cultures emphasize relationships.
d. Individualistic cultures emphasize individual action, whereas collectivistic cultures emphasize relationships.
Which of the following statements is NOT consistent with the evolutionary perspective? a. Physical characteristics are subject to selection pressures. b. Behavioral propensities are subject to selection pressures. c. People share many practices and institutions with animals, especially higher primates. d. People will inevitably do what they are biologically predisposed to do.
d. People will inevitably do what they are biologically predisposed to do.
Andy, an advertising executive, wants to use subliminal advertising to encourage people to buy his product. What effect will the use of subliminal advertising likely have on product sales? a. Sales will double. b. Sales will drop by a third. c. Sales will triple. d. Sales will not be affected.
d. Sales will not be affected.
Which of the following examples best shows how expectations (i.e., schemas) can be self-fulfilling prophecies? a. A schema that is frequently activated will be more likely to be applied to a new stimulus than one that is seldom activated. b. Participants primed to think of the elderly actually walk slower down a hallway. c. People are more likely to apply the trait of dependence to a female character in a novel than to a male character. d. Teachers who expect that some children will do well in school actually enable those children to perform better.
d. Teachers who expect that some children will do well in school actually enable those children to perform better.
According to the textbook's description of positive and negative framing, which of the following statements would be most likely to influence someone NOT to undergo a risky surgery? a. The odds are very high that you will survive this surgery. b. Ninety out of a hundred people who have this surgery survive. c. Of 100 people who have had this surgery, 68 were still alive after a year. d. Ten out of a hundred people who have this surgery die.
d. Ten out of a hundred people who have this surgery die.
________ is the tendency to believe you could have predicted an outcome accurately, when in reality you probably could not have. a. Internal validity b. The prediction bias c. External validity d. The hindsight bias
d. The hindsight bias
Imagine that your local campus police officers need help solving a crime. They have two witnesses whose accounts of the event are inconsistent, and they suspect that at least one of these witnesses might be lying. Whom should the local police call to best assist them in detecting whether either witness has lied? a. a clinical psychology professor on campus b. a local attorney c. They do not need help: most people are good at detecting lies. d. a Secret Service agent
d. a Secret Service agent
Jamal watches how his new boyfriend reacts to a performer at a comedy club. Is he easily amused or is the comedian really that funny? If he compares his boyfriend's response to the comedian to other people in the audience, he is focusing on ________ information. a. distinctiveness b. shared c. consistency d. consensus
d. consensus
Which of the following do people share with animals, especially higher primates? a. wariness around spiders b. social taboos c. belief in the supernatural d. facial expressions
d. facial expressions
Consider the following quote from the writings of Joseph Stalin: "The death of a single Russian soldier is a tragedy. The death of a million soldiers is a statistic." This quote illustrates the idea behind the ________ effect. a. vivid image b. "Baby Jessica" c. abstract statistic d. identifiable victim
d. identifiable victim
If you want to ________, you should rely on attitude inoculation. a. polarize your beliefs b. increase the effect of emotion on persuasion c. decrease selective attention d. increase your resistance to attitude change
d. increase your resistance to attitude change
Pat has listed ten things that describe who he is. The first three are "I am a son," "I am fun when I am with my friends," and "I am a manager." Pat is most likely part of a(n) ________ culture. a. independent b. evolutionary c. universal d. interdependent
d. interdependent
Jim watched a videotape of a woman talking about her life. Throughout the tape, the woman said many things that are stereotypical of a professor. She also said many things that are stereotypical of an engineer. Before watching the video, Jim was told that the woman was employed as an engineer. According to schema research, Jim will probably remember a. little information about the woman due to her gender. b. an equal amount of engineer-consistent and professor-consistent information. c. more professor-consistent utterances than engineer-consistent utterances. d. more engineer-consistent information than professor-consistent information.
d. more engineer-consistent information than professor-consistent information.
Because of the availability heuristic, people can be more likely to a. overestimate the frequency of common illnesses that can become fatal, such as diabetes or asthma. b. underestimate the frequency of dramatic accidents that lead to death. c. underestimate the frequency of dramatic natural disasters. d. overestimate the frequency of dramatic natural disasters.
d. overestimate the frequency of dramatic natural disasters.
Stacie listens to a radio commercial for toothpaste. She finds the soothing voice of the announcer appealing, so she buys the toothpaste he advocates. This illustrates the research finding that when people primarily attend to aspects of a message that are tangential to the substance of the message, they are taking the ________ route to persuasion. a. central b. indirect c. distinct d. peripheral
d. peripheral
People use the ________ heuristic when they try to categorize something by judging how similar the object is to their conception of the typical member of the relevant category a. anchoring b. availability c. correspondence d. representativeness
d. representativeness
Nancy is gathering information about different cars in order to decide which car she wants to buy. According to the elaboration likelihood model of persuasion, Nancy will be more likely to process this information through the central route if a. she does not care about cars. b. she is cheerful while researching information about cars. c. she does not know much about cars. d. she is personally motivated to devote time and energy to the information.
d. she is personally motivated to devote time and energy to the information.
Sandra thinks that smiling a lot during a job interview increases a person's chances of getting a job offer. The main difference between Sandra's folk theory and social psychological theories is that social psychological theories are a. always more complicated. b. almost always counterintuitive. c. based on logic. d. tested using the scientific method
d. tested using the scientific method
Sebastian is high in the need for cognition. This means he likes to a. criticize the perspectives of others. b. experience cognitive dissonance. c. experience strong mood states. d. think deeply about issues.
d. think deeply about issues.
Social psychologists have shown that all of the following practices boost happiness EXCEPT a. being generous. b. expressing gratitude to others. c. valuing experiences. d. valuing material goods.
d. valuing material goods.